C2 noun /priˈɛmpʃən/

preemption

優先権

Meaning

The act of taking action before someone else; the right to purchase or act before others.

Example

The company exercised preemption to acquire the land before competitors.

会社は競争相手より先に土地を取得するために優先権を行使しました。

C1 adjective /ˈpɪər.ləs/

Peerless

比類のない; 無敵の; ライバルなし

Meaning

unequaled; having no match or equal; without rival

Example

Her peerless beauty captivated everyone.

彼女の比類のない美しさはすべてを魅了しました。

C1 adjective /ˈpɔːltri/

paltry

取るに足りない, 些細な

Meaning

small or meager; lacking in value or importance

Example

They offered him a paltry sum for his work.

彼らは彼の仕事に対して取るに足りない金額を提案した。

C1 adjective /ˌfɪz.i.əˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/

physiological

身体の機能と活動に関連する

Meaning

Relating to bodily functions and activities.

Example

Exercise improves physiological functions of the body.

運動は身体の生理的機能を改善します。

B2 noun ˌprɒd.ʌkˈtɪv.ɪ.ti

productivity

生産性

Meaning

The effectiveness of productive effort, especially in industry, as measured in terms of the rate of output per unit of input.

Example

Improved irrigation boosts productivity.

改善された灌漑は生産性を向上させる。

B1 noun /ˈpɑː.vər.t̬i/

Poverty

貧困; 基本的なニーズの不足

Meaning

the state of being extremely poor; lack of basic necessities

Example

Many organizations work to reduce poverty around the world.

多くの団体が世界中で貧困を減らすために働いています。

C1 noun /ˈpraɪ.meɪt/

primate

霊長類, 類人猿

Meaning

A member of the group of animals including humans, apes, and monkeys.

Example

Humans are classified as primates.

人間は霊長類として分類されます。

C2 noun /pəˈnʌmbrə/

penumbra

部分的な影

Meaning

a partially shaded area around the shadow of an object, especially during an eclipse

Example

The moon’s penumbra created a dim shadow over the Earth.

月のペヌンブラが地球上に薄暗い影を作り出しました。

C1 verb /ˈpæri/

parry

攻撃をかわす

Meaning

to ward off or deflect an attack, especially in fencing or conversation

Example

He managed to parry the opponent’s sword with quick reflexes.

彼は素早い反応で相手の剣をかわすことができた。

C1 verb /ˈpɑːzɪt/

posit

Meaning

To assume or suggest something as a fact or basis for reasoning.

Example

The scientist posited a new theory to explain the phenomenon.

B2 noun prəˈɡreʃ.ən

progression

進展

Meaning

The process of developing or moving gradually towards a more advanced state.

Example

Progression in technology drives innovation.

技術の進展はイノベーションを促進する。

C2 adjective /prɪˈhɛnsaɪl/

prehensile

把握するための適応

Meaning

adapted for seizing or grasping, especially by wrapping around an object

Example

The monkey used its prehensile tail to hang from the branch.

サルはそのプリヘンシル尾を使って枝からぶら下がっていた。

C1 adjective /ˈpɪt.i.ləs/

pitiless

無慈悲

Meaning

showing no pity or compassion; cruel

Example

The pitiless ruler ignored the suffering of his people.

無慈悲な支配者は自分の民の苦しみを無視した。

C1 noun /pəˈræl.ə.sɪs/

Paralysis

麻痺

Meaning

the loss of the ability to move part or all of the body; complete inability to act or function

Example

The accident left him with paralysis in his legs.

事故は彼に足の麻痺を残した。

C1 noun /pɒmp/

pomp

壮大, 豪華

Meaning

ceremonial display or splendor; grandeur

Example

The graduation ceremony was full of pomp and circumstance.

卒業式は壮大で豪華でした。

B2 noun /pledʒ/

Pledge

誓約; 約束; 保証;

Meaning

a solemn promise or undertaking; something given as security for a loan; a commitment or guarantee

Example

He made a pledge to donate money to charity.

彼はチャリティーにお金を寄付する誓約をした。

C2 noun /pɜːrtʃt raɪs/

Perched rice

膨らんだご飯

Meaning

puffed rice; rice that has been heated and puffed into light, crispy grains

Example

I enjoy eating puffed rice as a healthy snack.

私は健康的なおやつとして膨らんだご飯を食べるのが好きです。

C2 adjective /ˈplændʒənt/

plangent

哀愁を帯びた、または響く音

Meaning

having a loud, mournful sound; resonant

Example

The plangent toll of the church bell echoed through the village.

教会の鐘の哀愁を帯びた音が村中に響いた。

B1 noun, verb /ˈfəʊtəʊˌkɒpi/

photocopy

コピー

Meaning

a copy of a document made using a photocopying machine; to make such a copy

Example

Please photocopy these documents before the meeting.

会議の前にこれらの書類をコピーしてください。

C2 /ˈpæn.ə.pli/

panoply

全装備

Meaning

A complete or impressive collection of things; a full set of armor.

Example

The museum displayed a panoply of ancient weapons.

博物館は古代の武器の全装備を展示しました。

C2 noun /ˈpɑːdreɪ/

padre

神父

Meaning

A title for a priest, especially in the Roman Catholic Church; also used informally for 'father'.

Example

The soldiers attended mass led by the padre.

兵士たちは神父が主催したミサに参加しました。

C2 noun /ˈpæsɪt/

Passet

カッテージチーズ

Meaning

Fresh cheese curds; cottage cheese made from curdled milk

Example

The cook prepared fresh passet by curdling warm milk with lemon juice.

料理人は温かい牛乳にレモン汁を加えて新鮮なカッテージチーズを作りました。

A2 noun /prəˈfɛsər/

professor

教授

Meaning

a senior teacher or academic at a college or university

Example

The professor explained the theory clearly.

教授は理論を明確に説明しました。

B1 adjective ˈpræktɪkəl

practical

実用的

Meaning

Concerned with actual use rather than theory; realistic and sensible.

Example

A practical approach is needed for solving complex problems.

複雑な問題を解決するには実用的なアプローチが必要です。

B2 noun /ˈpɑː.tɪ.klz/

particles

粒子

Meaning

Minute portions of matter.

Example

PM2.5 particles harm respiratory health.

PM2.5粒子は呼吸器系の健康に害を与えます。

C1 adjective /pɪˈkjuːniˌɛri/

pecuniary

財政的な

Meaning

relating to money or financial matters

Example

They faced pecuniary difficulties after the business failed.

彼らはビジネスが失敗した後、財政的な困難に直面しました。

C1 noun, adjective /ˌproʊlɪˈtɛəriən/

proletarian

プロレタリアン

Meaning

Relating to the working class, especially those who do not own property.

Example

The movement was rooted in proletarian struggles.

その運動はプロレタリアンの闘争に根ざしていた。

C1 noun /ˈpɑːrlər/

parlor

サロン、店

Meaning

A sitting room in a private house, or a shop providing specified services.

Example

They welcomed the guests into the front parlor.

彼らは前のパーラーでゲストを迎えました。

C2 noun /ˈpælɪmpsɛst/

palimpsest

パリンプセスト

Meaning

a manuscript or document that has been written over but still bears traces of earlier writing; something reused or altered but still retaining traces of its earlier form

Example

The ancient manuscript was a palimpsest, showing faint traces of previous texts beneath the new writing.

その古代の写本はパリンプセストであり、新しい文字の下に以前のテキストの微弱な痕跡が見られた。

C2 adverb /ˌpɛlˈmɛl/

pell-mell

無秩序に

Meaning

In a confused, rushed, or disorderly manner.

Example

The children ran pell-mell through the playground.

子供たちは遊び場を無秩序に走り回った。

B1 noun /prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən/

pronunciation

発音

Meaning

the way a word or language is spoken; the act or result of pronouncing words

Example

Her pronunciation of French words has improved significantly.

彼女のフランス語の単語の発音は大きく向上した。

C1 noun /ˌprɑːfɪˈtɪr/

profiteer

利益を不正に得る者

Meaning

a person who makes excessive profits, especially unfairly or illegally

Example

The government punished war profiteers.

政府は戦争の利益を不正に得る者を罰した。

C1 noun /prɪˈtɛnʃən/

pretension

虚偽、見せかけ

Meaning

A claim or assertion to something, often without justification; an attempt to impress by showing greater importance or talent than is actually possessed.

Example

His pretension to be an expert was quickly exposed.

彼の専門家であるというプリテンションはすぐに暴かれた。

C1 noun /ˈpoʊl.stɑːr/

Polestar

北極星

Meaning

a bright star that appears to stay in the same position in the sky and is used for navigation

Example

Sailors used the polestar to navigate across the ocean.

船乗りはポールスターを使って海を渡った。

C1 noun /ˈsuːdənɪm/

pseudonym

筆名

Meaning

a fictitious name used by an author instead of their real name

Example

Mark Twain was the pseudonym of Samuel Clemens.

マーク・トウェインはサミュエル・クレメンスの筆名でした。

C1 verb /ˈpoʊ.lə.raɪz/

polarize

極化する

Meaning

to divide or cause to divide into two sharply contrasting groups or sets of opinions or beliefs

Example

The controversial decision polarized public opinion.

論争を呼んだ決定は世論を二つの対立する意見に分けた。

C1 noun /prɪˈzʌmp.ʃən/

Presumption

推定; 仮定;

Meaning

an idea that is taken to be true without proof

Example

There is a presumption of innocence in the legal system.

法的なシステムには無罪の推定があります。

B1 noun /freɪz/

phrase

フレーズ

Meaning

a small group of words standing together as a conceptual unit

Example

He gave a memorable phrase at the conference.

彼は会議で記憶に残るフレーズを言った。

A2 adjective /ˈpeɪ.ʃənt/

Patient

幸せ

Meaning

able to wait calmly; tolerant

Example

She was very patient with her young students.

彼女は賞を受け取ったとき、自分の幸せを隠すことができませんでした。

B2 noun /pəˈræmɪtər/

parameter

パラメーター

Meaning

a limit, boundary, or measurable factor that defines or determines something

Example

We need to set clear parameters for this project.

このプロジェクトのために明確なパラメーターを設定する必要があります。

C1 noun /ˈpɪl.fər.ɪdʒ/

Pilferage

窃盗

Meaning

the theft of small amounts or items, especially from one's workplace

Example

The company installed cameras to prevent pilferage.

会社は窃盗を防ぐために監視カメラを設置した。

B2 verb /ˌpɜːrsəˈvɪr/

persevere

忍耐する

Meaning

to continue trying to achieve something despite difficulty or delay

Example

He persevered through many failures before succeeding.

彼は多くの失敗を乗り越えて成功しました。

C1 noun /ˌpɜː.mɪˈæbɪlɪti/

permeability

透過性、液体や気体が通過できる特性または状態

Meaning

The quality or state of being permeable; allowing liquids or gases to pass through.

Example

The permeability of the soil affects water retention.

土壌の透過性は水分保持に影響を与えます。

A2 noun /ˈpɜːpəs/

purpose

目的

Meaning

the reason for which something is done or created

Example

The purpose of this meeting is to discuss the new project.

この会議の目的は新しいプロジェクトについて議論することです。

B2 adverb /pəˈlɪtɪkəli/

politically

政治的に

Meaning

in a way that relates to politics or government

Example

The country is politically divided between two major parties.

その国は二つの主要な政党の間で政治的に分裂しています。

A2 noun /ˈpoʊɪm/

poem

詩

Meaning

a piece of writing that expresses ideas, feelings, or tells a story in a distinct form, often using rhyme or meter

Example

She wrote a beautiful poem for her mother.

彼女は母親のために美しい詩を書きました。

B1 adjective /ˈpeɪn.fəl/

painful

痛みを伴う

Meaning

causing physical or emotional pain

Example

The injury was very painful, and he needed immediate care.

その怪我は非常に痛みを伴い、すぐに治療が必要だった。

B2 adjective /ˈpɪt.i.fəl/

pitiful

悲惨な, 哀れな, とても小さい

Meaning

deserving or arousing pity; very small or inadequate

Example

The team's performance was pitiful compared to last year.

チームのパフォーマンスは昨年に比べて悲惨でした。

B2 adjective /ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl/

presidential

大統領に関連する

Meaning

relating to a president or presidency

Example

The presidential election is scheduled for next month.

大統領選挙は来月に予定されています。

C2 verb /ˈprɑː.məl.ɡeɪt/

promulgate

公布する

Meaning

To announce or make a law, decree, or idea officially known.

Example

The government promulgated new regulations on data privacy.

政府はデータプライバシーに関する新しい規則を公布しました。

C1 adjective /ˈpiːs.ə.bəl/

Peaceable

平和的な; 紛争を避ける傾向のある

Meaning

peaceful; inclined to avoid conflict

Example

The peaceable protest ended without any violence.

平和的な抗議は暴力なしで終わった。

C1 noun /ˈpædʒənt/

pageant

美人コンテスト

Meaning

A public entertainment consisting of a procession of people in elaborate costumes, or a beauty contest.

Example

She won first place in the beauty pageant.

彼女は美人コンテストで一位を獲得しました

C2 verb /ˈpɔːltər/

palter

あいまいに話す、騙す

Meaning

to act insincerely or deceitfully; to equivocate or lie

Example

He paltered when asked about his involvement in the deal.

取引に関与しているか尋ねられたとき、彼は回避しました。

A2 adjective /ˈpɑːt taɪm/

part-time

パートタイム

Meaning

working for only part of the usual working day or week

Example

She works part-time as a waitress.

彼女はパートタイムのウェイトレスとして働いています。

B2 adjective /ˈprɪm.ɪ.tɪv/

Primitive

原始的; 基本的; 粗野; 未発達; 単純

Meaning

ancient; basic; crude; undeveloped; simple

Example

The tribe still uses primitive tools for hunting and farming.

部族は狩猟と農業のために未開の道具を使用し続けています。

A2 noun /ˈpɪloʊ/

Pillow

枕

Meaning

a soft cushion used to support the head while sleeping

Example

She rested her head on the soft pillow.

彼女は柔らかい枕の上に頭を置きました。

C1 adjective /ˈprɪs.tiːn/

pristine

原始的な, 手つかずの, 清潔で新鮮な

Meaning

In its original condition; unspoiled, clean, and fresh.

Example

The forest remains in a pristine condition.

その森は原始的な状態を保っています。

C2 adjective /ˈpɜːrviəs/

pervious

透水性の

Meaning

Allowing water, air, or other substances to pass through; permeable.

Example

The soil here is pervious to rainwater.

ここでは土壌が雨水を通すことができます。

C1 adjective /ˈpruː.dənt/

Prudent

慎重な; 賢明な; 注意深い;

Meaning

wise; careful; cautious;

Example

It's prudent to save money for the future.

将来に備えてお金を貯めることは慎重です。

C2 noun /fɪˈlɒl.ə.dʒi/

philology

書かれた歴史的な資料における言語の研究; 言語学

Meaning

the study of language in written historical sources; linguistics

Example

She devoted her career to philology, researching ancient manuscripts.

彼女はフィロロジーに自分のキャリアを捧げ、古代の写本を研究していました。

C2 noun /pɪˈnɒlədʒi/

penology

刑務学

Meaning

The study of prison management and criminal rehabilitation.

Example

He decided to specialize in penology to help improve the prison system.

彼は刑務学を専門にすることに決め、刑務所制度の改善に役立つことを目指しました。

C1 noun/verb ˈpɪv.ət

pivot

戦略的変更、軸、プロセスの変更

Meaning

A significant change in business strategy or direction.

Example

The company decided to pivot its business strategy.

会社はビジネス戦略を変更する決定をしました。

B1 noun, verb /praɪz/

prize

賞

Meaning

something given as a reward for achievement; to value highly

Example

He won the first prize in the competition.

彼はコンペティションで一等賞を受賞した。

C1 noun /pəˈnæʃ/

panache

独自のスタイル

Meaning

Flamboyant confidence of style or manner; distinctive and stylish elegance.

Example

He delivered his speech with great panache.

彼は素晴らしいスタイルでスピーチを行った。

B1 noun /ˈpiː.kɒk/

Peacock

クジャク

Meaning

a large bird with beautiful colorful tail feathers that can spread out like a fan

Example

The magnificent peacock displayed its colorful feathers to attract attention.

その素晴らしいクジャクは、注目を集めるために色鮮やかな羽を広げました。

C2 verb /pərˈveɪ/

purvey

供給する

Meaning

to supply or provide goods, services, or information, often as a business

Example

The company purveys organic food to health-conscious customers.

その会社は健康意識の高い顧客にオーガニック食品を供給しています。

C2 noun /ˌprɛsiˈɒsɪti/

preciosity

過度の洗練

Meaning

Excessive refinement or affected elegance in language, style, or behavior.

Example

The author's preciosity made the novel difficult to read for some audiences.

著者の過度の洗練は、いくつかの読者にとって小説を読みづらくしました。

C2 noun /ˈpɒl.iˌθi.ɪz.əm/

polytheism

多神教

Meaning

the belief in or worship of multiple gods

Example

Ancient Greeks practiced polytheism, worshiping gods like Zeus and Athena.

古代ギリシャ人はポリシズムを実践し、ゼウスやアテナのような神々を崇拝していました。

C2 noun /ˈpɜːrsənɪdʒ/

personage

重要人物

Meaning

an important or famous person

Example

He is considered a great personage in the world of literature.

彼は文学の世界で偉大な人物と見なされています。

C2 noun /ˌpriːɪɡˈzɪstəns/

preexistence

前存在

Meaning

the state of existing before something else

Example

Philosophers often debated the preexistence of the soul.

哲学者たちは魂の前存在についてよく議論していました。

B2 noun ˈprɑː.sest fuːdz

processed foods

加工食品

Meaning

Foods that have been altered from their natural state through various methods such as canning, freezing, refrigeration, dehydration and aseptic processing.

Example

Excessive consumption of processed foods leads to health issues.

加工食品の過剰摂取は健康問題を引き起こします。

B1 noun /ˈpiː.nʌt/

Peanut

ピーナッツ

Meaning

an edible seed that grows underground and is commonly eaten as a snack or used in cooking

Example

Roasted peanuts are a popular snack in many countries.

ローストピーナッツは多くの国で人気のあるスナックです。

B2 adjective /prəˈtɛktɪv/

protective

保護的な

Meaning

giving or capable of giving protection; shielding from harm or danger

Example

She wore a protective helmet while riding her bike.

彼女は自転車に乗るときに保護的なヘルメットをかぶっていました。

C1 adjective /ˈpɪt.i.ə.bəl/

pitiable

哀れな

Meaning

deserving sympathy or compassion

Example

The stray dog looked pitiable in the rain.

その迷子の犬は雨の中で哀れに見えた。

C1 noun /ˌtɛrəˈdæktɪl/

pterodactyl

絶滅した飛行爬虫類

Meaning

An extinct flying reptile of the Jurassic period, with a long slender head and wings formed by a membrane stretching along the body.

Example

The museum displayed a fossil of a giant pterodactyl.

博物館には巨大なプテロダクティルの化石が展示されていた。

C2 noun /ˈpɒsi/

posse

ギャング / 友達グループ

Meaning

A group of people, often friends or a group organized to support or enforce the law.

Example

He arrived at the party with his posse of friends.

彼は友達グループと一緒にパーティーに到着しました。

C2 adjective /pɒnˈtɪfɪkəl/

pontifical

教皇または司教に関連する; 傲慢または高慢な

Meaning

relating to a pope or bishop; pompous or self-important

Example

His pontifical manner annoyed the other members of the committee.

彼の高慢な態度は委員会の他のメンバーを困らせた。

B1 noun /ˈpɜː.sən.əl ˈdeɪ.tə/

personal data

個人データ

Meaning

Information that relates to an individual's private, sensitive, or identifiable data

Example

Protecting personal data is crucial in the digital age.

デジタル時代において個人データを保護することは重要です。

C1 noun /ˈpɛnɪtəns/

penitence

懺悔

Meaning

The action or feeling of showing sorrow and regret for having done wrong.

Example

His eyes were full of penitence after realizing his mistake.

自分の間違いに気づいた後、彼の目は懺悔に満ちていた。

B1 adverb /pɑːrˈtɪkjʊləli/

particularly

特に

Meaning

to a higher degree than is usual or expected

Example

She is particularly fond of Italian food.

彼女は特にイタリア料理が好きです。

C2 noun /ˈpoʊ.ɪˌtæs.tər/

poetaster

劣った詩人

Meaning

an inferior or trivial poet

Example

He was mocked as a poetaster by the literary critics.

彼は文学評論家によってポエタスターとして嘲笑されました。

B2 noun /ˌpʌɪ.əˈnɪr/

Pioneer

新しい領域を探索または定住する最初の人；新しいアイデアや方法を開発する人

Meaning

a person who is among the first to explore or settle a new area; someone who develops new ideas or methods

Example

She was a pioneer in the field of computer science.

彼女はコンピュータサイエンスの分野で先駆者でした。

C1 noun /prəˈpoʊnənt/

proponent

支持者, 提案者

Meaning

a person who advocates for or supports a particular idea, cause, or plan

Example

She is a strong proponent of renewable energy.

彼女は再生可能エネルギーの強い支持者です。

A2 verb /pæs/

pass

Meaning

to move past or beyond something

Example

He passed the test with flying colors.

B2 adjective /pəˈluː.tɪd/

polluted

汚染された

Meaning

Contaminated with harmful or poisonous substances.

Example

Polluted air causes severe health problems.

汚染された空気は深刻な健康問題を引き起こします。

C1 adjective /ˌsaɪkəˈpæθɪk/

psychopathic

サイコパス的

Meaning

Relating to or affected by psychopathy; showing chronic mental disorder with abnormal or violent behavior.

Example

The film portrayed a psychopathic killer with no sense of empathy.

その映画は共感を持たないサイコパス的な殺人者を描いていました。

A1 noun /ˈpɑːpə/

papa

お父さん

Meaning

an informal or affectionate term for one’s father

Example

Papa is picking me up from school today.

パパは今日学校に迎えに来る。

C2 noun /praɪˈveɪʃən/

privation

欠乏, 貧困

Meaning

A state in which things essential for human well-being such as food and warmth are lacking.

Example

The refugees suffered great privation during the harsh winter.

難民たちは厳しい冬の間に大きな欠乏に苦しみました。

C1 noun /ˈpɛdlər/

peddler

行商

Meaning

a person who sells goods, often traveling from place to place

Example

The peddler walked through the village selling fresh fruits.

行商人は村を歩きながら、新鮮な果物を売っていました。

C1 verb /plʌm/

plumb

深さを測るまたは詳細に調べる

Meaning

to measure the depth of water or examine closely

Example

They used a line to plumb the depth of the lake.

彼らは湖の深さを測るためにラインを使いました。

C1 adjective /pərˈpetʃuəl/

perpetual

永遠の

Meaning

never-ending or continuous

Example

She lived in perpetual fear of being discovered.

彼女は発見される恐怖の中で永遠に生きていました。

B2 verb /pəˈluːt/

pollute

汚染する

Meaning

to make air, water, or land dirty and harmful to people, animals, and plants

Example

Factories pollute the environment with toxic chemicals.

工場は有害な化学物質で環境を汚染します。

B1 noun prəˈpoʊzəl

proposal

提案

Meaning

A plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration or discussion by others.

Example

The proposal was not sustained.

その提案は受け入れられませんでした。

A2 adjective /ˈpraɪ.mɛr.i/

primary

主要な, 初歩的な

Meaning

Most important; main; happening first.

Example

Education is a primary factor in economic growth.

教育は経済成長の主要な要素です。

C1 noun /ˈpɒlɪɡɒn/

polygon

多角形

Meaning

a flat shape with three or more straight sides

Example

The artist drew a colorful polygon on the canvas.

アーティストはキャンバスにカラフルなポリゴンを描きました。

C1 verb /piːv/

peeve

苛立たせる

Meaning

To annoy or irritate someone.

Example

His constant interruptions really peeve me.

彼の絶え間ない干渉は本当に私を苛立たせます。

C2 noun /pɜːr bɔɪld raɪs/

Per boiled rice

パーボイルドライス

Meaning

Rice that has been partially boiled in the husk before milling; parboiled rice

Example

Per boiled rice retains more nutrients than regular white rice.

パーボイルドライスは通常の白い米よりも多くの栄養素を保持します。

C2 verb /prɪˈværɪkeɪt/

prevaricate

Meaning

to avoid telling the truth by not giving a direct answer

Example

The politician began to prevaricate when asked about the scandal.

B1 noun /ˌprezənˈteɪʃən/

presentation

プレゼンテーション

Meaning

The manner or style in which something is given, offered, or displayed.

Example

The presentation of the new product was well received.

新しい製品のプレゼンテーションはよく受け入れられました。

C1 noun /ˌpɜːrmjuˈteɪʃən/

permutation

置換

Meaning

An arrangement or reordering of elements, often in mathematics or logic.

Example

The puzzle can be solved by trying all possible permutations of the tiles.

パズルはタイルのすべての可能な置換を試すことで解決できます。

A2 noun ˈpʌblɪk træns ˈpɔːt

public transport

公共交通機関

Meaning

Transportation systems available for use by the general public, typically including buses, trains, and metros.

Example

Public transport systems are essential for reducing traffic congestion.

公共交通機関は交通渋滞を減らすために重要です。

B2 noun /ˈplæn.tɪn/

Plantain

プランテンバナナ

Meaning

a large green banana-like fruit that is usually cooked before eating

Example

Plantain can be fried, boiled, or baked and is a staple food in many tropical countries.

プランテンバナナは揚げたり、茹でたり、焼いたりでき、多くの熱帯地域では主食です。

B2 adverb /ˈpɑrʃəli/

Partially

部分的に; 完全ではない;

Meaning

to some extent; not completely; incompletely

Example

The building was only partially destroyed in the fire.

その建物は火事で部分的に破壊されました。

C1 noun /plaɪt/

Plight

困難; 厳しい状況

Meaning

a dangerous, difficult, or unfortunate situation

Example

The refugees were in a desperate plight.

難民たちは絶望的な困難に直面していました。

A2 noun /pəˈliːsmən/

policeman

警察官

Meaning

a man whose job is to enforce the law and keep public order

Example

The policeman directed the traffic at the intersection.

警察官は交差点で交通を指導しました。

B1 noun prɪˈven.ʃən

prevention

予防

Meaning

The action of stopping something from happening or arising.

Example

Prevention of fascism ensures democracy.

ファシズムの予防は民主主義を保証する。

C1 noun /ˈpaɪ.ə.ti/

Piety

信仰心

Meaning

the quality of being religious or reverent; devout religious belief and practice

Example

His piety was evident in his daily prayers.

彼の信仰心は毎日の祈りに明らかでした。

B2 noun /pʌls/

Pulse

豆類

Meaning

edible seeds of leguminous plants such as lentils, beans, and peas

Example

Pulses are an excellent source of protein for vegetarians.

豆類はベジタリアンにとって優れたタンパク源です。

B2 noun ˈpɛstɪˌsaɪd

pesticide

農薬

Meaning

A substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals.

Example

The pesticide sprayed in the field killed the harmful insects.

畑に撒かれた農薬は有害な昆虫を殺しました。

C1 adjective /ˈpɪθ.i/

pithy

簡潔で意味深い

Meaning

concise and meaningful; full of substance

Example

She gave a pithy comment that summarized the issue perfectly.

彼女は問題を完璧に要約した簡潔なコメントをしました。

C2 noun /ˈplænɪsfɪr/

planisphere

星図盤

Meaning

a rotating star chart used to display the visible stars for any time and date

Example

The astronomer used a planisphere to identify the constellations.

天文学者は星座を識別するために星図盤を使用しました。

B1 noun /pɑːm/

Palm

ヤシの木

Meaning

a tropical tree with fan-shaped leaves; fruit of the palm tree

Example

The palm tree produces sweet fruit that we enjoy eating.

ヤシの木は私たちが食べるのが好きな甘い果物を生産します。

B2 adjective /ˈprɒmɪnənt/

prominent

顕著な

Meaning

Important, famous, or easily noticeable.

Example

He is a prominent leader in the community.

彼はコミュニティの中で著名なリーダーです。

B2 noun pərˈsweɪ.ʒən

persuasion

論理や感情で誰かを説得する

Meaning

The act of convincing someone to change their viewpoint through reasoning or emotion.

Example

Effective persuasion is key to a successful speech.

効果的な説得は、成功したスピーチの鍵です。

A2 noun /fəˈtɒɡrəfi/

photography

写真

Meaning

the art or practice of taking and processing photographs

Example

She studied photography in college.

彼女は大学で写真を学びました。

C2 noun /ˈpɒlɪti/

polity

政治、政府の形態

Meaning

an organized society or form of government

Example

The ancient Greek polity had a system of city-states.

古代ギリシャの政治は都市国家のシステムを持っていました。

A2 noun /ˈpeɪntɪŋ/

painting

絵画

Meaning

a picture or design made using paint

Example

The painting on the wall was created by a famous artist.

壁の絵画は有名なアーティストによって作られました。

A1 verb /pʊt/

put

置く

Meaning

to place something in a particular position; to move to a location

Example

Please put the book on the table.

本をテーブルに置いてください。

B2 noun /fɪˈlɒsəfə/

philosopher

哲学者

Meaning

a person engaged in the study of philosophy or in serious thinking about fundamental questions

Example

Socrates was a famous philosopher of ancient Greece.

ソクラテスは古代ギリシャの有名な哲学者でした。

C1 noun prɪˈdɪk.ə.mənt

predicament

苦境

Meaning

A difficult, unpleasant, or embarrassing situation.

Example

Losing both jobs put him in a financial predicament.

両方の仕事を失ったことで、彼は経済的な苦境に陥った。

B2 noun /pæd/

pad

パッド

Meaning

a small cushion or block of soft material; also a set of sheets of paper fastened together

Example

He wrote her phone number on a yellow pad.

彼は黄色いパッドに彼女の電話番号を書いた。