tortuous
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C1 adjective /ˈtɔːrtʃuəs/

tortuous

tortueux, complexe
Meaning
Full of twists and turns; excessively complex or complicated.
Example
The tortuous mountain road made driving very difficult.
La route tortueuse de montagne rendait la conduite très difficile.
C1 noun /ˈredʒ.ɪ.mən/

regimen

régime prescrit pour le traitement, le mode de vie ou le régime alimentaire dans le but de promouvoir ou restaurer la santé
Meaning
A prescribed course of medical treatment, way of life, or diet for the promotion or restoration of health.
Example
A strict exercise regimen improves overall fitness.
Un régime strict d'exercices améliore la condition physique générale.
C1 adjective /ˈtʃɪə.ləs/

Cheerless

triste; morne; sans joie
Meaning
lacking happiness or comfort; gloomy; depressing; without cheer
Example
The old house looked cheerless and abandoned in the winter rain.
La vieille maison paraissait triste et abandonnée sous la pluie hivernale.
C1 adjective /ˌʌn.əˈdʌl.tə.reɪ.tɪd/

Unadulterated

pur
Meaning
not mixed or diluted with any different or extra elements; pure
Example
She felt unadulterated joy when she heard the news.
Elle a ressenti une joie pure lorsqu'elle a entendu la nouvelle.
C1 adverb /əˈlɜːrtli/

alertly

attentivement
Meaning
in a watchful, attentive, and quick-to-notice manner
Example
She listened alertly to every sound in the dark forest.
Elle écoutait attentivement chaque bruit dans la forêt sombre.
C1 adjective /ˌsɛrənˈdɪpɪtəs/

serendipitous

chanceux et inattendu
Meaning
Occurring or discovered by chance in a happy or beneficial way.
Example
Their meeting at the café was purely serendipitous.
Leur rencontre au café était totalement chanceuse.
C1 noun /tɪˈmɪdəti/

timidity

timidité
Meaning
lack of courage or self-confidence
Example
His timidity kept him from speaking up during the meeting.
Sa timidité l'a empêché de parler pendant la réunion.
C1 verb /ˈdæmpən/

dampen

humecter, atténuer
Meaning
to make something slightly wet; to make something less strong, active, or intense
Example
The rain dampened the excitement of the outdoor concert.
La pluie dampenée l'excitation du concert en plein air.
C1 adjective /fəˈnætɪk/

Fanatic

fanatique
Meaning
extremely passionate about something; showing excessive enthusiasm or devotion
Example
He is a fanatic supporter of his football team.
Il est un fanatique supporter de son équipe de football.
C1 noun /ˈkæpɪˌlɛri/

capillary

capillaire
Meaning
a very thin blood vessel that connects arteries and veins
Example
Oxygen passes from the blood into tissues through capillaries.
L'oxygène passe du sang dans les tissus par les capillaires.
C1 noun /ˈælɔɪ/

alloy

alliage
Meaning
A mixture of metals or a metal combined with another element.
Example
Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin.
Le bronze est un alliage de cuivre et d'étain.
C1 noun /kənˈtɪn.dʒən.si/

contingency

plan de contingence
Meaning
A provision for an unforeseen event or circumstance, especially in financial planning.
Example
The company has a contingency plan for economic downturns.
L'entreprise dispose d'un plan de contingence pour les récessions économiques.
C1 adjective /ˈdɪzməl/

Dismal

sombre; déprimant; triste
Meaning
gloomy; depressing; causing sadness or despair
Example
The weather was dismal with heavy rain and dark clouds.
Le temps était sombre avec de fortes pluies et des nuages sombres.
C1 adjective /ɪɡˈzuːbərənt/

exuberant

exubérant
Meaning
full of energy, excitement, and cheerfulness
Example
The children were exuberant after winning the game.
Les enfants étaient exubérants après avoir gagné le jeu.
C1 adjective daɪˈvɜː.dʒənt

divergent

divergent
Meaning
Tending to be different or develop in different directions
Example
Divergent policies create challenges in collaboration.
Les politiques divergentes créent des défis dans la collaboration.
C1 noun /ˈblɛm.ɪʃ/

blemish

imperfection
Meaning
A small mark or flaw that spoils the appearance of something.
Example
The mirror had a small blemish on the surface.
Le miroir avait une petite imperfection sur la surface.
C1 noun/verb /ˈskɜːrmɪʃ/

skirmish

escarmouche
Meaning
a small or brief fight between groups of soldiers; to engage in such a fight
Example
The soldiers got into a skirmish near the border.
Les soldats se sont engagés dans une escarmouche près de la frontière.
C1 noun /bɑːm/

balm

baume
Meaning
A soothing ointment or something that provides comfort or relief.
Example
The balm helped relieve the pain from her sunburn.
Le baume a aidé à soulager la douleur de son coup de soleil.
C1 verb /skɪmp/

skimp

brader
Meaning
to use less of something than is necessary in order to save money or effort
Example
Don’t skimp on quality when buying a new laptop.
Ne fais pas d'économie sur la qualité lorsque tu achètes un nouvel ordinateur portable.
C1 noun /ɛkˈspeɪtriət/

expatriate

expatrié
Meaning
a person who lives outside their native country
Example
Many expatriates gather in the city’s international community.
De nombreux expatriés se rassemblent dans la communauté internationale de la ville.
C1 noun kənˈsjuː.mə.rɪ.zəm

consumerism

consumérisme
Meaning
The tendency to increase consumption of goods and the importance given to consuming products.
Example
Modern consumerism leads to increased demand for luxury goods.
Le consumérisme moderne entraîne une demande accrue de biens de luxe.
C1 adjective dɒɡˈmæt.ɪk

dogmatic

dogmatique
Meaning
Being inclined to lay down principles as incontrovertibly true; characterized by arrogant assertion of unproven principles.
Example
His dogmatic approach to politics made discussions difficult.
Son approche dogmatique de la politique a rendu les discussions difficiles.
C1 noun /baɪl/

Bile

bile
Meaning
a bitter greenish-brown alkaline fluid that aids digestion and is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder
Example
The liver produces bile to help digest fats.
Le foie produit de la bile pour aider à digérer les graisses.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈkleɪmd/

Unclaimed

non réclamé; non demandé; abandonné ou sans propriétaire
Meaning
not claimed by anyone; not demanded or requested; abandoned or ownerless
Example
The unclaimed luggage was stored in the airport's lost property department.
Les bagages non réclamés ont été stockés dans le département des objets trouvés de l'aéroport.
C1 noun /ˌprɒpəˈɡeɪʃən/

propagation

propagation, diffusion
Meaning
The action of spreading and promoting an idea, theory, etc.
Example
The propagation of ideas through social media is rapid.
La propagation des idées à travers les réseaux sociaux est rapide.
C1 noun /mɪsˈɡɪvɪŋz/

misgivings

doutes, inquiétudes
Meaning
feelings of doubt or concern about the outcome or propriety of something
Example
She had serious misgivings about signing the contract.
Elle avait de sérieuses inquiétudes à propos de la signature du contrat.
C1 adjective /ˌʌnˈɪntɪmeɪtɪŋ/

unintimating

sans indices
Meaning
Not giving a hint or suggestion; not indicating.
Example
His unintimating tone gave no clue of his true feelings.
Son ton sans indices n'a donné aucun indice de ses véritables sentiments.
C1 verb /ˌpriːdɪˈtɜːrmɪn/

predetermine

prédéterminer
Meaning
to establish or decide something in advance
Example
The outcome of the match seemed predetermined.
Le résultat du match semblait prédéterminé.
C1 adjective /ˈsæljʊˌtɛri/

salutary

salutaire
Meaning
Producing good effects; beneficial, especially after something unpleasant.
Example
The accident was a salutary reminder to drive carefully.
L'accident a été un rappel salutaire de conduire prudemment.
C1 adverb /ˌɪnsɪˈdɛntəli/

incidentally

d'ailleurs
Meaning
by the way; used to introduce a remark not directly related to the main subject
Example
Incidentally, did you know that she studied in Paris?
D'ailleurs, savais-tu qu'elle avait étudié à Paris ?
C1 adjective /ˈwɜːrkəbəl/

Workable

réalisable; praticable
Meaning
capable of being done or put into effect; practical
Example
We need a workable solution to solve this problem quickly.
Nous avons besoin d'une solution réalisable pour résoudre ce problème rapidement.
C1 verb /ˈstæmər/

stammer

bégayer
Meaning
To speak with sudden involuntary pauses and a tendency to repeat the initial letters of words.
Example
The nervous student began to stammer during his speech.
L'étudiant nerveux a commencé à bégayer pendant son discours.
C1 noun /ˌæbəˈrɪdʒəniːz/

aborigines

aborigènes
Meaning
The original inhabitants of a land, especially in Australia.
Example
The aborigines have preserved their traditions for thousands of years.
Les aborigènes ont préservé leurs traditions pendant des milliers d'années.
C1 noun /ˈɡlɒs.ər.i/

Glossary

glossaire
Meaning
an alphabetical list of terms in a particular domain of knowledge with explanations; a brief dictionary
Example
The textbook includes a helpful glossary at the end to define technical terms.
Le manuel comprend un glossaire utile à la fin pour définir les termes techniques.
C1 noun ˌdɪs.æmˌbɪɡ.juˈeɪ.ʃən

disambiguation

désambiguïsation
Meaning
The removal of ambiguity by making something clear and unambiguous.
Example
The AI system applies disambiguation to refine text understanding.
Le système IA applique la disambiguation pour affiner la compréhension du texte.
C1 verb /dɪsˈɡrʌntl/

disgruntle

mécontenter
Meaning
to make someone dissatisfied or discontented
Example
The unfair treatment disgruntled the workers.
Le traitement injuste a mécontenté les travailleurs.
C1 noun /skɪt/

skit

sketch
Meaning
a short, humorous performance or piece of writing
Example
The students performed a funny skit at the event.
Les étudiants ont joué un sketch drôle lors de l'événement.
C1 noun /ˈdɪsɪdənt/

dissident

dissident
Meaning
A person who opposes official policy, especially that of an authoritarian state.
Example
The dissident was arrested for speaking against the government.
Le dissident a été arrêté pour avoir parlé contre le gouvernement.
C1 adjective /səˈtɪrɪkəl/

satirical

satirique
Meaning
containing or using satire to criticize or mock
Example
The satirical cartoon mocked the government's new policy.
Le dessin satirique se moquait de la nouvelle politique du gouvernement.
C1 noun /ˈdʒuː.və.naɪl/

Juvenile

juvénile; mineur
Meaning
a young person below the age of adult criminal responsibility; relating to young people
Example
The juvenile court handles cases involving young offenders under eighteen.
Le tribunal des mineurs traite les affaires impliquant de jeunes délinquants de moins de dix-huit ans.
C1 noun /ˈtɒpˌsɔɪl/

topsoil

terre arable
Meaning
the top layer of soil, which is rich in organic matter and nutrients
Example
Farmers rely on healthy topsoil for good crop yields.
Les agriculteurs dépendent d'une terre arable saine pour obtenir de bons rendements.
C1 verb /aɪˈdiː.ə.laɪz/

idealize

idéaliser
Meaning
To regard or represent something as perfect or better than it really is.
Example
Children often idealize their parents.
Les enfants idéalisent souvent leurs parents.
C1 verb /ʌnˈsɛtl/

unsettle

perturber
Meaning
To disturb or make someone feel anxious or uneasy.
Example
The sudden news unsettled the entire community.
La nouvelle soudaine a perturbé toute la communauté.
C1 adjective /præɡˈmæt.ɪk/

pragmatic

pragmatique
Meaning
Dealing with things sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical rather than idealistic considerations.
Example
He took a pragmatic approach to solving the financial crisis.
Il a adopté une approche pragmatique pour résoudre la crise financière.
C1 noun kənˌsɒl.ɪˈdeɪ.ʃən

Consolidation

consolidation de la mémoire
Meaning
The process of converting newly learned information into long-term memory
Example
Sleep plays a key role in memory consolidation.
Le sommeil joue un rôle clé dans la consolidation de la mémoire.
C1 adjective /ˈsɒnɪk/

sonic

sonique
Meaning
Relating to or involving sound waves or speed of sound.
Example
The jet created a loud boom when it broke the sonic barrier.
L'avion a créé un fort bruit lorsqu'il a franchi le mur du son.
C1 noun /ˈplɛθərə/

plethora

une quantité excessive
Meaning
an excessive amount of something
Example
She has a plethora of books on her shelf.
Elle a une quantité excessive de livres sur son étagère.
C1 adjective ˈfɔːr.mɪ.də.bəl

formidable

formidable
Meaning
Inspiring fear or respect through being impressively large, powerful, intense, or capable.
Example
The boxer was a formidable opponent in the ring.
Le boxeur était un adversaire formidable sur le ring.
C1 noun /rɪˈspɒnsɪvnəs/

responsiveness

réactivité
Meaning
The quality of reacting quickly and positively
Example
The manager appreciated her responsiveness to customer feedback.
Le manager a apprécié sa réactivité aux retours des clients.
C1 adjective /kənˈdʒenɪtl/

congenital

congénital
Meaning
existing from birth, usually describing a disease or condition
Example
The child was born with a congenital heart defect.
L'enfant est né avec une malformation cardiaque congénitale.
C1 verb /ˈɑːrbɪtreɪt/

arbitrate

arbitrer
Meaning
to settle a dispute between two parties by acting as an impartial judge
Example
The committee agreed to arbitrate the contract dispute.
Le comité a accepté d'arbitrer le différend contractuel.
C1 verb /pɜːrdʒ/

purge

purger
Meaning
To remove unwanted feelings, people, or things; to cleanse or purify.
Example
The new leader promised to purge corruption from the government.
Le nouveau leader a promis de purger la corruption du gouvernement.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈvɔɪst/

unvoiced

non exprimé
Meaning
not expressed in speech; in phonetics, a sound produced without vocal cord vibration
Example
The student kept her opinion unvoiced during the meeting.
L'étudiante a gardé son opinion non exprimée pendant la réunion.
C1 adjective /ˌjuːnɪˈsɛljʊlər/

unicellular

unicellulaire
Meaning
Consisting of a single cell.
Example
Amoebas are unicellular organisms.
Les amibes sont des organismes unicellulaires.
C1 noun /ˈsɪn.ɪˌsɪz.əm/

cynicism

cynisme
Meaning
An inclination to believe that people are motivated purely by self-interest; skepticism.
Example
His cynicism made it hard for him to trust anyone.
Son cynisme lui rendait difficile de faire confiance à quiconque.
C1 noun (plural of fungus) /ˈfʌndʒaɪ/

fungi

champignon
Meaning
a group of spore-producing organisms such as mushrooms, molds, and yeasts
Example
Fungi play an important role in breaking down organic matter in nature.
Les champignons jouent un rôle important dans la dégradation de la matière organique dans la nature.
C1 noun /ˈmænɪkɪn/

mannequin

mannequin
Meaning
a life-sized model of a human figure used by shops to display clothes
Example
The mannequin in the shop window was dressed in a red gown.
Le mannequin dans la vitrine du magasin était habillé d'une robe rouge.
C1 verb /raɪl/

rile

irriter
Meaning
to irritate or annoy someone
Example
His careless comments really riled her.
Ses commentaires négligents l'ont vraiment énervée.
C1 adjective /ˈtɛmpərəl/

temporal

temporel
Meaning
Relating to worldly affairs or to time rather than spiritual matters.
Example
The monk gave up his temporal possessions to live a simple life.
Le moine a renoncé à ses possessions temporelles pour vivre une vie simple.
C1 noun /ˈkærət/

carat

unité de poids pour les pierres précieuses
Meaning
a unit of weight for precious stones, equal to 200 milligrams
Example
She received a two-carat diamond ring for her engagement.
Elle a reçu une bague en diamant de deux carats pour ses fiançailles.
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈsaɪsɪv/

Indecisive

indécis
Meaning
unable to make decisions quickly; hesitant; wavering
Example
She was indecisive about which university to attend.
Elle était indécise quant à l'université qu'elle allait fréquenter.
C1 verb /bɪˈɡɛt/

beget

engendrer / produire
Meaning
to bring about or give rise to; to father or produce
Example
Violence begets more violence.
La violence engendre plus de violence.
C1 noun ˈɛf.lu.ənt

effluent

eaux usées ou polluées
Meaning
Liquid waste or sewage discharged into a river or the sea.
Example
Factory effluent contaminates nearby rivers and lakes.
Les effluents des usines contaminent les rivières et les lacs voisins.
C1 noun /frəˈdʒɪl.ɪ.ti/

fragility

fragilité
Meaning
The quality of being fragile; delicateness.
Example
The cornea's fragility increases with rubbing.
La fragilité de la cornée augmente avec le frottement.
C1 noun /ˈoʊvərˌsiːər/

overseer

superviseur
Meaning
a person who supervises work or workers; a manager
Example
The overseer made sure the workers followed safety rules.
Le superviseur s'est assuré que les travailleurs respectaient les règles de sécurité.
C1 noun /ˈɡæm.ət/

gamut

gamme complète
Meaning
The complete range or scope of something.
Example
Her emotions ran the gamut from joy to sorrow in just a few minutes.
Ses émotions sont passées de la joie à la tristesse en quelques minutes.
C1 noun /ɪˈnɜː.ʃə/

Inertia

inertie; manque d'activité
Meaning
a tendency to do nothing or remain unchanged; lack of activity or movement
Example
The team's inertia prevented them from adapting to the rapidly changing market conditions.
L'inertie de l'équipe les a empêchés de s'adapter aux conditions du marché en évolution rapide.
C1 noun /fiˈæs.koʊ/

fiasco

échec total
Meaning
a complete failure, especially a ludicrous or humiliating one
Example
The event turned into a complete fiasco due to poor planning.
L'événement est devenu un échec total à cause d'une mauvaise planification.
C1 verb /ˈoʊvərˌhɔːl/

overhaul

révision complète
Meaning
to examine thoroughly and repair or improve something that is worn or ineffective
Example
The company decided to overhaul its outdated computer system.
L'entreprise a décidé de rénover son système informatique obsolète.
C1 verb /dɔːnt/

daunt

décourager
Meaning
to make someone feel intimidated, discouraged, or less confident
Example
The steep climb did not daunt the experienced hikers.
La montée abrupte n'a pas découragé les randonneurs expérimentés.
C1 noun /ˈtiːdiəm/

tedium

tedium
Meaning
the state of being tedious; monotony or boredom
Example
The tedium of long meetings often drains motivation.
Le tedium des longues réunions épuise souvent la motivation.
C1 noun /rɪˈsɜː.dʒəns/

resurgence

résurgence
Meaning
An increase or revival after a period of little activity, popularity, or occurrence.
Example
The city saw a resurgence in tourism after the pandemic.
La ville a connu une résurgence du tourisme après la pandémie.
C1 adjective /dɪˈplɔːrəbl/

deplorable

déplorable
Meaning
deserving strong condemnation; shockingly bad in quality
Example
The refugees were living in deplorable conditions.
Les réfugiés vivaient dans des conditions déplorables.
C1 adjective /ˈniːd.ləs/

Needless

inutile
Meaning
unnecessary; not required; without purpose
Example
The argument was needless and could have been avoided.
L'argument était inutile et aurait pu être évité.
C1 adjective /kəmˈplaɪənt/

compliant

conforme
Meaning
Willing to agree with or follow rules, requests, or demands.
Example
She was compliant with all the safety requirements.
Elle était conforme à toutes les exigences de sécurité.
C1 noun /ˌænəlˈdʒiːzɪk/

analgesic

analgésique
Meaning
A drug or substance that relieves pain.
Example
She took an analgesic to ease her headache.
Elle a pris un analgésique pour soulager son mal de tête.
C1 noun /ˈmɪʃ.ən.ɛr.i/

Missionary

missionnaire
Meaning
A person sent on a religious mission to promote their faith in a foreign country
Example
The missionary spent years teaching and helping people in remote villages.
Le missionnaire a passé des années à enseigner et à aider les gens dans des villages éloignés.
C1 noun /prɪˈrɒɡətɪv/

prerogative

privilège
Meaning
a special right or privilege exclusive to a particular person or group
Example
It is the manager’s prerogative to make the final decision.
C'est le privilège du manager de prendre la décision finale.
C1 noun /kənˈdəʊləns/

condolence

condoléances
Meaning
An expression of sympathy, especially on the occasion of death.
Example
She offered her sincere condolence to the grieving family.
Elle a offert ses plus sincères condoléances à la famille endeuillée.
C1 adverb /ˈɒp.tɪ.məl.i/

optimally

de manière optimale
Meaning
In the most effective or efficient way possible.
Example
Tasks should be allocated optimally for maximum output.
Les tâches doivent être attribuées de manière optimale pour un rendement maximal.
C1 noun /ˈɑːlɪˌɡɑːrki/

oligarchy

oligarchie
Meaning
A small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.
Example
The nation was ruled by a wealthy oligarchy that controlled all resources.
La nation était dirigée par une oligarchie riche qui contrôlait toutes les ressources.
C1 noun ˌɪrɪˈvɜːrsəbl ˈdæmɪdʒ

irreversible damage

dommages irréversibles
Meaning
Harm or injury that cannot be undone or repaired.
Example
Climate change causes irreversible damage to ecosystems.
Le changement climatique cause des dommages irréversibles aux écosystèmes.
C1 verb /skʌlpt/

sculpt

bonheur
Meaning
to create or shape something by carving or molding
Example
The artist sculpted a beautiful statue from marble.
Elle ne pouvait pas cacher sa joie lorsqu'elle a reçu le prix.
C1 verb /ˈɡlɪsən/

glisten

briller
Meaning
To shine with a sparkling light, often when wet or polished.
Example
The grass glistened with morning dew.
L'herbe brillait avec la rosée du matin.
C1 noun /ədˈhɪərənt/

adherent

adhérent
Meaning
a person who supports or follows a particular belief, cause, or leader
Example
He is a strong adherent of democratic values.
Il est un fervent adhérent des valeurs démocratiques.
C1 noun /ˈrʌfiən/

Ruffian

vaurien; personne violente;
Meaning
a violent person, especially one involved in crime; a brutal or lawless person
Example
The ruffian threatened the shopkeeper for money.
Le vaurien a menacé le commerçant pour de l'argent.
C1 adjective /dɪsˈkɔːrdənt/

discordant

discordant
Meaning
disagreeing or clashing; harsh and jarring in sound
Example
The discordant notes of the band hurt our ears.
Les notes discordantes du groupe ont blessé nos oreilles.
C1 noun /dɪˈluːʒən/

delusion

illusion
Meaning
A false belief or impression maintained despite being contradicted by reality.
Example
He lived under the delusion that he was invincible.
Il vivait sous l'illusion qu'il était invincible.
C1 verb /ˌdɪsɪnˈɡeɪdʒ/

disengage

désengager
Meaning
To release or detach oneself from something; to withdraw.
Example
He tried to disengage from the heated argument.
Il a essayé de se désengager de la discussion animée.
C1 noun /ˈtrɪviə/

trivia

détails triviaux
Meaning
Details or information that are considered unimportant or of little value.
Example
The quiz was filled with fun trivia about movies and music.
Le quiz était rempli de détails triviaux sur les films et la musique.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈfriːkwənt/

infrequent

peu fréquent
Meaning
Happening rarely or not often.
Example
He made infrequent visits to his hometown after moving abroad.
Il faisait des visites peu fréquentes dans sa ville natale après avoir déménagé à l'étranger.
C1 adjective, noun /ˈɪnvəlɪd/ (adjective), /ɪnˈvælɪd/ (noun)

invalid

invalide
Meaning
Not valid; having no force or effect. Also refers to a person too weak or ill to care for themselves.
Example
The court declared the contract invalid.
Le tribunal a déclaré le contrat invalide.
C1 noun /ˈɪn.tə.mə.si/

Intimacy

intimité; proximité
Meaning
close familiarity or friendship; closeness; a private cozy atmosphere
Example
The couple valued the emotional intimacy they shared more than material possessions.
Le couple a plus apprécié l'intimité émotionnelle qu'ils partageaient que les biens matériels.
C1 adjective /ˈmɑːr.dʒɪ.nəl/

Marginal

marginal; minimal; léger
Meaning
relating to or situated at the edge; minimal; slight
Example
The marginal improvement in sales was barely noticeable.
L'amélioration marginale des ventes était à peine perceptible.
C1 noun স্ক্রোলিং অ্যাডিকশন

scrolling addiction

dépendance au défilement
Meaning
A compulsive need to continuously scroll through content on digital devices, particularly smartphones and social media platforms.
Example
Scrolling addiction is a growing concern among smartphone users.
La dépendance au défilement est une préoccupation croissante parmi les utilisateurs de smartphones.
C1 noun /ʃæˈtoʊ/

chateau

château français
Meaning
a large French country house or castle
Example
They stayed in a beautiful chateau in France.
Ils sont restés dans un magnifique château en France.
C1 verb /əˈliː.vi.eɪt/

alleviate

alléger ou atténuer
Meaning
To make suffering, deficiency, or a problem less severe; to relieve or ease.
Example
Meditation can alleviate stress and improve focus.
La méditation peut alléger le stress et améliorer la concentration.
C1 adjective /ˈræɡ.ɪd/

Ragged

déchiré; usé; en haillons
Meaning
torn; tattered; frayed; shabby
Example
The homeless man wore ragged clothes.
L'homme sans abri portait des vêtements déchirés.
C1 noun /ˈpædʒənt/

pageant

concours de beauté
Meaning
A public entertainment consisting of a procession of people in elaborate costumes, or a beauty contest.
Example
She won first place in the beauty pageant.
Elle a remporté la première place au concours de beauté
C1 adjective /əˈdɛpt/

adept

adroit
Meaning
Very skilled or proficient at something.
Example
She is adept at solving complex mathematical problems.
Elle est adroite pour résoudre des problèmes mathématiques complexes.
C1 verb /splaɪs/

splice

joindre
Meaning
to join two pieces of rope, film, or other material by weaving or attaching them together
Example
The technician spliced the two wires to restore the connection.
Le technicien a joint les deux fils pour restaurer la connexion.
C1 noun /ˈskeɪp.ɡəʊt/

Scapegoat

bouc émissaire
Meaning
a person who is blamed for the wrongdoings, mistakes, or faults of others
Example
He became the scapegoat for the team's poor performance.
Il est devenu le bouc émissaire des mauvaises performances de l'équipe.
C1 noun /ɪnˈdɪɡ.nə.ti/

Indignity

indignité; humiliation; déshonneur;
Meaning
treatment or circumstances that cause one to feel shame or loss of dignity; humiliation
Example
She refused to suffer the indignity of being searched without proper cause.
Elle a refusé de subir l'indignité d'être fouillée sans raison valable.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈθrɔː.lɪŋ/

enthralling

captivant
Meaning
Captivating and holding one's attention completely; fascinating.
Example
The movie was enthralling, keeping the audience engaged till the end.
Le film était captivant, maintenant le public engagé jusqu'à la fin.
C1 adjective /ˈɒptɪkəl/

optical

optique
Meaning
related to or used in seeing or sight
Example
The optical illusion fooled everyone at the exhibition.
L'illusion optique a trompé tout le monde lors de l'exposition.
C1 adjective /ˈfiːlaɪn/

feline

lié aux chats
Meaning
relating to or characteristic of cats
Example
Her movements were graceful and almost feline in their elegance.
Ses mouvements étaient gracieux et presque félins dans leur élégance.
C1 verb /priːˈɒkjʊpaɪ/

preoccupy

préoccuper
Meaning
To dominate or engross the mind of someone to the exclusion of other thoughts.
Example
Worries about the future preoccupy him constantly.
Les préoccupations concernant l'avenir l'occupent constamment.
C1 noun /ˈæbsɛs/

abscess

abcès
Meaning
A swollen area within body tissue containing pus, usually caused by infection.
Example
The dentist treated the abscess in his tooth.
Le dentiste a traité l'abcès dans sa dent.
C1 adjective /ˈskɪtɪʃ/

skittish

nerveux
Meaning
easily frightened or nervous; unpredictable
Example
The horse was too skittish to ride.
Le cheval était trop nerveux pour monter.
C1 adjective /ˈspɛktrəl/

spectral

spectral
Meaning
Relating to a ghost or specter; ghostly. Also relating to a spectrum.
Example
The old mansion had a spectral atmosphere at night.
Le vieux manoir avait une atmosphère spectrale la nuit.
C1 adjective /ˈfɪs.kəl/

fiscal

fiscal
Meaning
Relating to government revenue, especially taxes, or public money management.
Example
The government introduced new fiscal policies to control inflation.
Le gouvernement a introduit de nouvelles politiques fiscales pour contrôler l'inflation.
C1 adjective ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəli sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt

agriculturally significant

important lié à l'agriculture
Meaning
Important or crucial related to farming and agriculture
Example
Winter is agriculturally significant for crop production.
L'hiver est important pour la production des récoltes.
C1 adjective /ˈæmərəs/

amorous

amoureux
Meaning
Showing, feeling, or relating to romantic love or desire.
Example
He sent her an amorous letter filled with declarations of love.
Il lui a envoyé une lettre amoureuse pleine de déclarations d'amour.
C1 noun /ˈsteɪ.ʃən.ər/

Stationer

papetier
Meaning
a person who sells paper, pens, pencils, and other office supplies
Example
The stationer recommended the best pens for writing exams.
Le stationnaire a recommandé les meilleurs stylos pour les examens.
C1 adjective /ˈdeɪnti/

dainty

délicat et joli
Meaning
Delicately small, pretty, and often considered elegant.
Example
She wore a dainty necklace made of pearls.
Elle portait un collier délicat fait de perles.
C1 adjective ˌbjʊə.rəˈkræt.ɪk

bureaucratic

bureaucratique
Meaning
Involving or characterized by complex rules and procedures that can delay the achievement of goals.
Example
Bureaucratic red tape often delays project approvals.
Les lourdeurs bureaucratiques retardent souvent l’approbation des projets.
C1 adjective /ɪkˈstreɪ.ni.əs/

extraneous

non pertinent
Meaning
Not directly related or essential to the matter at hand; irrelevant.
Example
The editor removed extraneous details from the report.
L'éditeur a supprimé les détails non pertinents du rapport.
C1 noun ɪmˈpɛə(r)mənt

impairment

dommages, handicap
Meaning
The state of being damaged or weakened; a disability or handicap.
Example
Hearing impairment can be caused by long-term exposure to loud noise.
La perte auditive peut être causée par une exposition prolongée à des bruits forts.
C1 noun /eb/

Ebb

reflux; marée descendante
Meaning
the receding tide; a gradual decline or reduction
Example
The fishermen waited for the ebb before returning to shore.
Les pêcheurs ont attendu le reflux avant de retourner à la rive.
C1 noun /ɡɔːrd/

Gourd

courge
Meaning
a climbing plant with large fruits that have hard shells when dried
Example
The bottle gourd curry was delicious and nutritious.
Le curry de courge en bouteille était délicieux et nutritif.
C1 noun /ˈmʌs.tərd siːdz/

Mustard seeds

graines de moutarde
Meaning
small round seeds from the mustard plant, used as a spice and for making mustard condiment
Example
Mustard seeds are often tempered in hot oil to release their nutty flavor before adding to dishes.
Les graines de moutarde sont souvent tempérées dans de l'huile chaude pour libérer leur saveur de noisette avant d'être ajoutées aux plats.