skeptic
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C1 noun /ˈskɛptɪk/

skeptic

sceptique
Meaning
A person who doubts or questions accepted beliefs or claims.
Example
The scientist was a skeptic of theories without solid evidence.
Le scientifique était sceptique des théories sans preuve solide.
C1 noun /dɪˈrɪʒən/

derision

mépris
Meaning
Contemptuous ridicule or mockery.
Example
His ideas were greeted with derision by the audience.
Ses idées ont été accueillies avec mépris par le public.
C1 noun/verb /smʌdʒ/

smudge

tache, marque sale
Meaning
a dirty mark or smear; to make something dirty or unclear by rubbing or touching
Example
She accidentally smudged her lipstick on the napkin.
Elle a accidentellement étalé son rouge à lèvres sur la serviette.
C1 noun /ˈtrænsfərəns/

transference

transfert
Meaning
The act of moving something from one place, person, or situation to another.
Example
The transference of knowledge is essential in education.
Le transfert de connaissances est essentiel dans l'éducation.
C1 noun /ˈskeɪp.ɡəʊt/

Scapegoat

bouc émissaire
Meaning
a person who is blamed for the wrongdoings, mistakes, or faults of others
Example
He became the scapegoat for the team's poor performance.
Il est devenu le bouc émissaire des mauvaises performances de l'équipe.
C1 adjective /nɪˈɡoʊ.ʃi.ə.bəl/

negotiable

négociable
Meaning
Open to discussion or modification; capable of being bargained for.
Example
The salary offered is negotiable.
Le salaire offert est négociable.
C1 verb /ˈskævɪndʒ/

scavenge

fouiller dans les ordures
Meaning
to search through waste or discarded material to find useful items
Example
The children scavenged for food in the garbage dump.
Les enfants ont fouillé dans les ordures pour trouver de la nourriture.
C1 adjective /skænt/

Scant

insuffisant
Meaning
barely sufficient; inadequate; small in amount
Example
There was scant evidence to support his claim.
Il y avait peu de preuves pour soutenir sa réclamation.
C1 noun /ˈdɛsɪˌbɛl/

decibel

décibel
Meaning
a unit used to measure the intensity of sound
Example
The noise level in the factory exceeded 90 decibels.
Le niveau de bruit dans l'usine a dépassé 90 décibels.
C1 verb /ˈfɛdərət/

federate

fédérer
Meaning
to unite in a league or federation; to form an alliance
Example
Several states federated to create a stronger union.
Plusieurs États se sont fédérés pour créer une union plus forte.
C1 noun /ˈdrʌdʒəri/

drudgery

travail pénible et monotone
Meaning
Hard, menial, or dull work.
Example
She wanted to escape the drudgery of her daily routine.
Elle voulait échapper à la routine monotone de sa journée.
C1 noun /ˈsɪmətri/

symmetry

symétrie
Meaning
the quality of having balanced proportions or identical parts facing each other
Example
The building’s symmetry impressed the visitors.
La symétrie du bâtiment a impressionné les visiteurs.
C1 /ʃrɛd/

shred

déchiqueter
Meaning
to tear or cut something into small pieces
Example
She shredded the old documents before throwing them away.
Elle a déchiqueté les vieux documents avant de les jeter.
C1 adjective /ˈpiːkənt/

piquant

piquant
Meaning
having a pleasantly sharp or spicy taste; interestingly provocative
Example
The chef added a piquant sauce to the dish to enhance its flavor.
Le chef a ajouté une sauce piquante au plat pour rehausser sa saveur.
C1 noun /pərˈvɜr.sə.ti/

Perversity

perversité; obstination;
Meaning
deliberate determination to behave in an unreasonable or unacceptable way; the quality of being contrary or obstinate
Example
His perversity in refusing help frustrated everyone.
sa perversité en refusant l'aide a frustré tout le monde.
C1 adjective /ˈroʊ.ɡɪʃ/

Roguish

espiègle; malicieux
Meaning
mischievous; playfully dishonest
Example
His roguish smile suggested he was up to some mischief.
Son sourire espiègle suggérait qu'il préparait une farce.
C1 noun /ˈwʊd.ən ˈsæn.dəl/

Wooden sandal

sandale en bois
Meaning
a type of footwear made of wood, typically worn as traditional shoes
Example
She wore wooden sandals to the traditional ceremony.
Elle portait des sandales en bois lors de la cérémonie traditionnelle.
C1 noun /hjuːˈmɪl.ɪ.ti/

humility

humilité
Meaning
The quality of having a modest or low view of one's importance.
Example
She accepted the award with grace and humility.
Elle a accepté le prix avec grâce et humilité.
C1 noun /ˌdev.əˈtiː/

Devotee

dévote; adepte
Meaning
a person who is very interested in and enthusiastic about someone or something
Example
As a devotee of classical music, she attended every concert in the city.
En tant que dévote de la musique classique, elle assistait à chaque concert de la ville.
C1 noun /əˌsaɪˈniː/

assignee

personne assignée
Meaning
a person to whom a right or property is legally transferred
Example
The assignee of the contract is responsible for all future obligations.
L'assigné du contrat est responsable de toutes les obligations futures.
C1 noun /ˈlɪŋɡwɪst/

linguist

linguiste
Meaning
A person skilled in foreign languages or in the scientific study of language.
Example
She is a linguist who speaks six languages fluently.
Elle est une linguiste qui parle couramment six langues.
C1 noun /ˈɛn.kleɪv/

enclave

enclave
Meaning
a distinct area or group enclosed within a larger one
Example
The city has a small Italian enclave where traditions are preserved.
La ville possède un petit enclave italien où les traditions sont préservées.
C1 noun /ˈfɔːrˌrʌnər/

forerunner

précurseur
Meaning
A person or thing that comes before another; a predecessor or harbinger.
Example
The Wright brothers were the forerunners of modern aviation.
Les frères Wright étaient les précurseurs de l'aviation moderne.
C1 noun /ˈhiːdənɪst/

hedonist

hédoniste
Meaning
A person who believes that the pursuit of pleasure is the most important thing in life.
Example
She was called a hedonist because she always prioritized enjoyment over duty.
Elle a été qualifiée d'hédoniste car elle privilégiait toujours le plaisir au devoir.
C1 noun /truːp/

troupe

groupe, troupe de théâtre
Meaning
A group of dancers, actors, or performers who work together.
Example
The theater troupe performed brilliantly on stage.
La troupe de théâtre a joué brillamment sur scène.
C1 adjective skiˈmæt.ɪk

Schematic

relatif à un schéma ou bref
Meaning
Presenting some framework or concept briefly
Example
The engineer provided a schematic diagram of the project.
L'ingénieur a fourni un diagramme schématique du projet.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈdjʊər.ə.bəl/

Endurable

supportable
Meaning
able to be endured; bearable; tolerable
Example
The pain was endurable with proper medication.
La douleur était supportable avec un médicament approprié.
C1 verb /ˌriːˈvæmp/

revamp

rénover
Meaning
To give a new and improved form, structure, or appearance to something.
Example
The company decided to revamp its website for a modern look.
L'entreprise a décidé de rénover son site web pour lui donner un look moderne.
C1 noun /ˌvaɪ.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/

viability

viabilité
Meaning
Ability to work successfully; feasibility.
Example
The viability of the project depends on funding.
La viabilité du projet dépend du financement.
C1 noun/verb /ˈbɔɪ/ or /ˈbuːi/

buoy

bouée, maintenir à flot
Meaning
A floating marker on water; to keep something afloat or encourage someone.
Example
The news buoyed their spirits after the loss.
Les nouvelles ont élevé leur esprit après la perte.
C1 noun, verb /pliːt/

pleat

pli
Meaning
a fold in fabric made by doubling the material back upon itself
Example
She added a pleat to the skirt for extra volume.
Elle a ajouté un pli à la jupe pour plus de volume.
C1 verb /ˈfɔːrtɪˌfaɪ/

fortify

fortifier
Meaning
To strengthen a place, person, or thing physically or mentally.
Example
They fortified the city walls to protect against invasion.
Ils ont fortifié les murs de la ville pour se protéger contre l'invasion.
C1 verb /ˈhaɪdʒæk/

hijack

détournement d'avion
Meaning
to take control of a vehicle or situation illegally or by force
Example
The criminals attempted to hijack the airplane.
Les criminels ont tenté de détourner l'avion.
C1 verb /ˌʌndərˈvæljuː/

undervalue

sous-estimer
Meaning
To assign too low a value or importance to something or someone.
Example
She felt that her boss consistently undervalued her contributions.
Elle sentait que son patron ne valorisait pas constamment ses contributions.
C1 noun /ˌdɛfəˈmeɪʃən/

defamation

diffamation
Meaning
the act of damaging someone's reputation by making false statements
Example
The newspaper was sued for defamation of character.
Le journal a été poursuivi pour diffamation.
C1 noun /prəˈdʒɛktaɪl/

projectile

projectile
Meaning
An object fired, thrown, or propelled, especially from a weapon.
Example
The soldier dodged the incoming projectile.
Le soldat a esquivé le projectile entrant.
C1 preposition/adverb/conjunction /ˌnɒtwɪθˈstændɪŋ/

notwithstanding

nonobstant
Meaning
In spite of; despite
Example
Notwithstanding the challenges, the team completed the project.
Nonobstant les défis, l'équipe a terminé le projet.
C1 noun /luːm/

Loom

métier à tisser
Meaning
a machine for weaving cloth; to appear threatening or menacing
Example
The weaver worked at the loom to create beautiful fabrics.
Le tisserand a travaillé sur le métier à tisser pour créer de beaux tissus.
C1 adjective /ˌsɛlf ˈraɪtʃəs/

self-righteous

autojustifié
Meaning
Having or showing an attitude of moral superiority; believing one’s own beliefs are the only right ones.
Example
His self-righteous comments made everyone uncomfortable.
Ses commentaires autojustifiés ont mis tout le monde mal à l'aise.
C1 verb /rɪˈnɛɡ/

renege

rompre un engagement
Meaning
to go back on a promise, agreement, or commitment
Example
The company reneged on its promise to increase wages.
L'entreprise a rompu sa promesse d'augmenter les salaires.
C1 noun /ˌspɒn.təˈneɪ.ɪ.ti/

spontaneity

spontanéité
Meaning
The quality of being spontaneous; natural and unplanned behavior.
Example
His spontaneity makes him a great conversationalist.
Sa spontanéité fait de lui un excellent conversationnel.
C1 noun /ɪnˈfɜːrnoʊ/

inferno

incendie
Meaning
a large, intense fire that is dangerously out of control
Example
The building turned into an inferno within minutes.
Le bâtiment s'est transformé en un incendie en quelques minutes.
C1 verb /ˌmɪsˈpleɪs/

misplace

mettre au mauvais endroit
Meaning
To put something in the wrong location and temporarily lose it.
Example
I often misplace my keys when I am in a hurry.
Je perds souvent mes clés quand je suis pressé.
C1 noun /ˌkɒnstəˈneɪʃən/

consternation

consternation
Meaning
A feeling of anxiety, dismay, or confusion, often caused by something unexpected.
Example
The sudden announcement caused widespread consternation among the employees.
L'annonce soudaine a provoqué une consternation généralisée parmi les employés
C1 adjective /ˌjuːnɪˈsɛljʊlər/

unicellular

unicellulaire
Meaning
Consisting of a single cell.
Example
Amoebas are unicellular organisms.
Les amibes sont des organismes unicellulaires.
C1 noun /ˈkjuːmɪn/

Cumin

cumin
Meaning
A spice made from the dried seeds of a plant in the parsley family, with a warm earthy flavor
Example
Cumin is an essential spice in Indian and Middle Eastern cooking.
Le cumin est une épice essentielle dans la cuisine indienne et du Moyen-Orient.
C1 adjective /ˈɡrɪz.li/

grisly

macabre
Meaning
causing horror or disgust
Example
The police discovered a grisly scene at the crime site.
La police a découvert une scène macabre sur le lieu du crime.
C1 noun /dɪˈvaɪzər/

divisor

diviseur
Meaning
A number by which another number is divided.
Example
In the equation 12 ÷ 3, the number 3 is the divisor.
Dans l'équation 12 ÷ 3, le nombre 3 est le diviseur.
C1 noun /ˈævətɑːr/

avatar

avatar
Meaning
an icon or figure representing a person in digital contexts; in Hinduism, a divine incarnation
Example
She changed her social media avatar to a new cartoon image.
Elle a changé son avatar sur les réseaux sociaux pour une nouvelle image de dessin animé.
C1 adjective ˈɛl.ə.kwənt

eloquent

éloquent
Meaning
Fluent or persuasive in speaking or writing; clearly expressing or indicating something.
Example
Her eloquent speech inspired the entire audience.
Son discours éloquent a inspiré tout le public.
C1 noun /ˌfəʊtəʊˈsɪnθɛtɪk ɪˈfɪʃənsi/

photosynthetic efficiency

efficacité photosynthétique
Meaning
The measure of how effectively plants convert light energy into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis, directly affecting plant growth and crop yield.
Example
Improving photosynthetic efficiency can increase crop yields.
L'amélioration de l'efficacité photosynthétique peut augmenter les rendements des cultures.
C1 adjective /ˈnɔːtɪkəl/

nautical

nautique
Meaning
relating to ships, sailors, or navigation on water
Example
He studied nautical charts before setting sail.
Il a étudié les cartes nautiques avant de prendre le large.
C1 adjective ˈeɪlɪəneɪtɪd

alienated

aliéné
Meaning
Feeling isolated or estranged; disconnected from others or society.
Example
Alienated students are more prone to delinquency.
Les étudiants aliénés sont plus enclins à la délinquance.
C1 adjective ˌkɒn.ʃiˈen.ʃəs

conscientious

consciencieux
Meaning
Wishing to do what is right, especially to do one's work or duty well and thoroughly.
Example
A conscientious worker always delivers high-quality results.
Un travailleur consciencieux livre toujours des résultats de haute qualité.
C1 noun /ˈæltoʊ/

alto

alto (voix chantée adulte)
Meaning
the second highest adult singing voice, between soprano and tenor
Example
She sang the alto part in the choir beautifully.
Elle chantait la partie alto dans la chorale magnifiquement.
C1 noun /səˈprɛʃən/

suppression

suppression
Meaning
the act of forcibly stopping something or holding back feelings or actions
Example
The suppression of free speech led to protests.
La suppression de la liberté d'expression a conduit à des manifestations.
C1 noun /ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒɪst/

anthropologist

anthropologue
Meaning
a person who studies human societies, cultures, and their development
Example
The anthropologist spent years studying the tribal community.
L'anthropologue a passé des années à étudier la communauté tribale.
C1 verb /riːk/

wreak

causer des dégâts
Meaning
to cause or inflict something, especially damage or harm
Example
The storm wreaked havoc on the coastal villages.
La tempête a causé de grands dégâts dans les villages côtiers.
C1 noun /ˈhɑː.mɪ.saɪd/

Homicide

homicide
Meaning
the deliberate and unlawful killing of one person by another; murder
Example
The detective was assigned to investigate the homicide that occurred downtown last night.
Le détective a été chargé d'enquêter sur l'homicide survenu au centre-ville la nuit dernière.
C1 noun /voʊɡ/

vogue

mode
Meaning
the prevailing fashion, style, or trend at a particular time
Example
Minimalist design is currently in vogue.
Le design minimaliste est actuellement à la mode.
C1 verb /priːˈɒkjʊpaɪ/

preoccupy

préoccuper
Meaning
To dominate or engross the mind of someone to the exclusion of other thoughts.
Example
Worries about the future preoccupy him constantly.
Les préoccupations concernant l'avenir l'occupent constamment.
C1 noun /ˌænəlˈdʒiːzɪk/

analgesic

analgésique
Meaning
A drug or substance that relieves pain.
Example
She took an analgesic to ease her headache.
Elle a pris un analgésique pour soulager son mal de tête.
C1 noun /ˈlænd.slaɪd/

Landslide

glissement de terrain
Meaning
a collapse of a mass of earth or rock from a mountain or cliff; an overwhelming victory in an election
Example
Heavy rains triggered a massive landslide that blocked the mountain highway.
De fortes pluies ont provoqué un énorme glissement de terrain qui a bloqué la route de montagne.
C1 verb /tɔːnt/

taunt

moquer
Meaning
to provoke or challenge someone with insulting remarks
Example
The bully tried to taunt him with cruel words.
Le bully a essayé de le provoquer avec des mots cruels.
C1 adjective /ˌpɜːrpənˈdɪkjələr/

perpendicular

perpendiculaire
Meaning
At an angle of 90 degrees to a given line, plane, or surface.
Example
The ladder was placed perpendicular to the ground for safety.
L'échelle a été placée perpendiculaire au sol pour des raisons de sécurité.
C1 noun /ˈæmpɛər/

ampere

ampère
Meaning
A unit of electric current in the International System of Units (SI), symbolized as A.
Example
The current flowing through the wire is measured in amperes.
Le courant qui traverse le fil est mesuré en ampères.
C1 adjective /ʃrɪl/

shrill

son aigu
Meaning
High-pitched and piercing in sound.
Example
The shrill whistle startled everyone in the room.
Le sifflement aigu a surpris tout le monde dans la pièce.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈflæməˌtɔːri/

inflammatory

bonheur
Meaning
causing inflammation in the body; arousing anger, hostility, or strong emotion
Example
His inflammatory speech triggered protests across the city.
Elle ne pouvait pas cacher son bonheur lorsqu'elle a reçu le prix.
C1 noun ˈrez.ɪ.djuːz

residues

résidus
Meaning
A small amount of something that remains after the main part has gone or been taken or used.
Example
The burning process leaves no harmful residues.
Le processus de combustion ne laisse aucun résidu nocif.
C1 adjective /əˈmiːnəbl/

amenable

disponible
Meaning
willing to cooperate or be influenced; open to suggestions
Example
She was amenable to the idea of working longer hours.
Elle était disposée à l'idée de travailler plus longtemps.
C1 noun /ˈbæs.ti.ən/

bastion

bastion, forteresse
Meaning
a stronghold or fortification; a place or institution strongly defending particular principles
Example
The castle stood as a bastion against enemy attacks.
Le château se tenait comme un bastion contre les attaques ennemies.
C1 adjective /ɪˈrɛfjʊtəbəl/

Irrefutable

irréfutable
Meaning
impossible to deny or disprove; undeniable
Example
The evidence against him was irrefutable.
Les preuves contre lui étaient irréfutables.
C1 noun /ɡɔːrd/

Gourd

courge
Meaning
a climbing plant with large fruits that have hard shells when dried
Example
The bottle gourd curry was delicious and nutritious.
Le curry de courge en bouteille était délicieux et nutritif.
C1 noun /ˈdʊr.i.ən/

Durian

durian
Meaning
a large spiky tropical fruit known for its strong smell and creamy custard-like flesh
Example
Durian is known as the king of fruits in Southeast Asia despite its pungent odor.
Le durian est connu comme le roi des fruits en Asie du Sud-Est malgré son odeur piquante.
C1 verb /əˈlʊər/

allure

attirer
Meaning
to attract or tempt someone with something desirable; to entice
Example
The beautiful garden allured visitors from far away.
Le beau jardin a attiré les visiteurs de loin.
C1 noun /ˈaɪ.wɪt.nəs/

Eyewitness

témoin oculaire
Meaning
a person who has seen something happen and can give evidence about it
Example
The police interviewed several eyewitnesses to the accident.
La police a interrogé plusieurs témoins oculaires de l'accident.
C1 noun /ɪnˈvɜːrʒən/

inversion

inversion
Meaning
A reversal of the normal order, position, or relationship.
Example
In poetry, inversion is often used to create emphasis.
Dans la poésie, l'inversion est souvent utilisée pour créer de l'emphase.
C1 noun /læʃ/

Lash

cil; coup de fouet ou corde
Meaning
an eyelash; a sharp blow with a whip or rope; to strike forcefully
Example
She carefully applied mascara to make her lashes look longer and darker.
Elle a soigneusement appliqué du mascara pour rendre ses cils plus longs et plus foncés.
C1 noun /liːs/

Lease

bail; contrat de location
Meaning
a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment
Example
They signed a two-year lease for the apartment.
Ils ont signé un bail de deux ans pour l'appartement.
C1 noun /ˈfɒdər/

fodder

fourrage
Meaning
food for livestock such as cattle, horses, or sheep; also something considered of little value but used to supply a demand
Example
The farmer stored enough fodder for the cattle to last through winter.
Le fermier a stocké suffisamment de fourrage pour que le bétail ait de quoi se nourrir pendant l'hiver.
C1 noun /rɪˈdʒɔɪsɪŋ/

rejoicing

joie
Meaning
The action of showing great joy or happiness
Example
There was much rejoicing after the victory.
Il y a eu beaucoup de joie après la victoire.
C1 noun /ɪˈvæp.ər.ə.tɪv ˈkuː.lər/

Evaporative cooler

refroidisseur par évaporation
Meaning
a cooling device that uses water evaporation to reduce air temperature
Example
The evaporative cooler works best in dry climates.
Le refroidisseur par évaporation fonctionne mieux dans les climats secs.
C1 noun /ˈɔːnɪŋ/

awning

auvent
Meaning
a sheet of canvas or material stretched on a frame to shelter a place from the sun or rain
Example
We sat under the awning to avoid the heavy rain.
Nous nous sommes assis sous l'auvent pour éviter la forte pluie.
C1 noun /ˌkæm.əˈrɑː.dɚ.i/

camaraderie

camaraderie, amitié, solidarité
Meaning
Mutual trust and friendship among people who spend a lot of time together.
Example
The camaraderie among teammates was inspiring.
La camaraderie entre les coéquipiers était inspirante.
C1 noun ˌmɪsˈmænɪdʒmənt

mismanagement

mauvaise gestion
Meaning
Bad or careless management of something.
Example
Mismanagement of plastic waste worsens pollution.
La mauvaise gestion des déchets plastiques aggrave la pollution.
C1 noun sɜːrˈkeɪdiən ˈrɪðəm

circadian rhythm

rythme circadien
Meaning
The body's natural sleep-wake cycle that occurs within 24 hours
Example
Exposure to natural light regulates the circadian rhythm.
L'exposition à la lumière naturelle régule le rythme circadien.
C1 adjective /ˈpɪt.i.ləs/

pitiless

impitoyable
Meaning
showing no pity or compassion; cruel
Example
The pitiless ruler ignored the suffering of his people.
Le souverain impitoyable a ignoré la souffrance de son peuple.
C1 noun /ˈkɒləmnɪst/

columnist

chroniqueur
Meaning
a journalist who regularly writes articles or opinions for a newspaper or magazine
Example
The columnist wrote an article about climate change.
Le chroniqueur a écrit un article sur le changement climatique.
C1 verb /ɪˈkɒnəmaɪz/

economize

économiser
Meaning
To reduce spending or use resources carefully.
Example
Families are trying to economize by cutting unnecessary expenses.
Les familles essaient d'économiser en réduisant les dépenses inutiles.
C1 noun /təˈpɒɡrəfi/

topography

topographie
Meaning
the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area
Example
The topography of the region made construction very challenging.
La topographie de la région a rendu la construction très difficile.
C1 verb /dɪˈfrɔːd/

defraud

frauder
Meaning
to illegally take money or valuables from someone by deception
Example
The company was accused of trying to defraud investors.
L'entreprise a été accusée d'avoir tenté de frauder les investisseurs.
C1 noun /ˈbɑn.dɪdʒ/

Bondage

esclavage; captivité
Meaning
the state of being a slave; the state of being under the control of a force or influence
Example
The people fought to escape from the bondage of oppression.
Les gens se sont battus pour échapper à l'esclavage de l'oppression.
C1 noun /ɪnˈtaɪərəti/

entirety

intégralité
Meaning
the whole of something; the complete form
Example
He watched the movie in its entirety.
Il a regardé le film dans son intégralité.
C1 noun /ˈtriːzən/

Treason

trahison
Meaning
the crime of betraying one's country, especially by attempting to kill or overthrow the sovereign or government
Example
He was accused of treason against the state.
Il a été accusé de trahison contre l'état.
C1 noun /stæɡˈneɪ.ʃən/

stagnation

stagnation
Meaning
A state of inactivity or lack of growth, especially in an economy.
Example
High unemployment led to economic stagnation.
Le chômage élevé a conduit à une stagnation économique.
C1 noun ɪnˌten.sɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən

intensification

intensification
Meaning
The process of becoming or making something more intense or extreme.
Example
The intensification of climate change requires urgent action.
L'intensification du changement climatique nécessite une action urgente.
C1 noun /tɒŋ/

tong

pince
Meaning
a tool with two movable arms used to pick up and hold objects
Example
He used the tong to pick up the hot coal.
Il a utilisé la pince pour ramasser le charbon chaud.
C1 verb /ɪnˈfrɪndʒ/

infringe

enfreindre
Meaning
To actively break the terms of a law, agreement, or right.
Example
Copying this software without permission will infringe copyright laws.
Copier ce logiciel sans permission enfreindra les lois sur le droit d'auteur.
C1 adjective /ˈæntɪkweɪtɪd/

antiquated

antiquée
Meaning
Old-fashioned or outdated.
Example
The office still uses an antiquated filing system.
Le bureau utilise toujours un système de classement antiquité.
C1 noun /ˈɡæm.ət/

gamut

gamme complète
Meaning
The complete range or scope of something.
Example
Her emotions ran the gamut from joy to sorrow in just a few minutes.
Ses émotions sont passées de la joie à la tristesse en quelques minutes.
C1 noun /ɪˈreləvəns/

irrelevance

irrélevance
Meaning
the quality of not being connected to or important for a particular matter; lack of significance
Example
His long explanation only highlighted the irrelevance of the details to the main issue.
Sa longue explication n’a fait que souligner l’irrélevance des détails pour le sujet principal.
C1 noun (plural of fungus) /ˈfʌndʒaɪ/

fungi

champignon
Meaning
a group of spore-producing organisms such as mushrooms, molds, and yeasts
Example
Fungi play an important role in breaking down organic matter in nature.
Les champignons jouent un rôle important dans la dégradation de la matière organique dans la nature.
C1 adjective /ˈteɪn.tɪd/

Tainted

contaminé; taché
Meaning
contaminated or affected by something bad or undesirable
Example
The water supply was tainted with harmful chemicals.
L'approvisionnement en eau a été contaminé par des produits chimiques nuisibles.
C1 noun /səˈlɪn.ə.t̬i/

salinity

salinité, concentration de sel
Meaning
The salt content of soil or water, typically measured as a concentration.
Example
The salinity of the ocean varies depending on depth and location.
La salinité de l'océan varie en fonction de la profondeur et de la localisation.
C1 adjective /wɪðˈdrɔːn/

withdrawn

réservé
Meaning
quiet and shy; not wanting to talk to others
Example
After the incident, he became withdrawn and avoided his friends.
Après l'incident, il est devenu réservé et a évité ses amis.
C1 adjective /rɪˈpliːt/

replete

replet
Meaning
Filled or well-supplied with something; abundantly full.
Example
The book is replete with fascinating historical details.
Le livre est replet de détails historiques fascinants.
C1 adjective /ˈrek.wɪ.zɪt/

Requisite

nécessaire; requis
Meaning
made necessary by particular circumstances; required
Example
Good communication skills are requisite for this job.
De bonnes compétences en communication sont nécessaires pour ce travail.
C1 adjective /ˌʌndərˈsaɪzd/

undersized

sous-dimensionné
Meaning
Smaller than the usual or expected size.
Example
The undersized puppy struggled to keep up with its siblings.
Le chiot sous-dimensionné avait du mal à suivre ses frères et sœurs.
C1 noun /ˌsɒl.jʊˈbɪləti/

solubility

solubilité
Meaning
The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent.
Example
The solubility of salt in water is high.
La solubilité du sel dans l'eau est élevée.
C1 noun /ˈpɒp.i siːdz/

Poppy Seeds

graines de pavot
Meaning
tiny round seeds from the poppy plant used as a spice or garnish in cooking
Example
Poppy seeds are sprinkled on top of breads and used in Bengali curries.
Les graines de pavot sont saupoudrées sur les pains et utilisées dans les currys bengalis.
C1 adjective /ˈkrɛdɪtəbl/

creditable

digne d'éloges
Meaning
Deserving praise or acknowledgment, though not necessarily outstanding.
Example
She made a creditable effort in completing the project on time.
Elle a fait un effort digne d'éloges en terminant le projet à temps.
C1 noun /pəˈrɪfəri/

periphery

périphérie
Meaning
The outer edge or boundary of an area or object.
Example
The soldiers were stationed at the periphery of the camp.
Les soldats étaient stationnés à la périphérie du camp.
C1 adjective /ˈɡɪdi/

giddy

étourdi, excité
Meaning
Feeling dizzy or light-headed; also overly excited and frivolous.
Example
She felt giddy after spinning around so many times.
Elle se sentit étourdie après avoir tourné autant de fois.
C1 noun /ˈmʌltɪtuːd/

multitude

multitude
Meaning
A large number of people or things.
Example
A multitude of fans gathered at the stadium.
Une multitude de fans se sont rassemblés dans le stade.
C1 preposition /əˈtɒp/

atop

au sommet
Meaning
on the top of something
Example
A flag was placed atop the tower.
Un drapeau a été placé au sommet de la tour.
C1 noun /rɪˌdʒuːvəˈneɪʃən/

rejuvenation

régénération
Meaning
The process of restoring something to a former better state, especially referring to renewing soil fertility or revitalizing agricultural land through various restoration practices.
Example
Rejuvenation of soil is necessary for sustainable agriculture.
La régénération du sol est nécessaire pour une agriculture durable.
C1 noun /ˌrɛtrɪˈbjuːʃən/

retribution

vengeance, punition
Meaning
punishment inflicted as vengeance for a wrong or crime
Example
The villagers demanded retribution for the crime committed.
Les villageois ont exigé une vengeance pour le crime commis.
C1 verb /rɪˈtrækt/

retract

retirer
Meaning
to withdraw a statement, promise, or part of the body; to pull back
Example
The company retracted its earlier statement after realizing the error.
L'entreprise a retiré sa déclaration antérieure après avoir réalisé l'erreur.
C1 verb /ˈdaʊn.pleɪ/

downplay

minimiser
Meaning
to make something seem less important than it really is
Example
The company tried to downplay the risks of the new product.
L'entreprise a essayé de minimiser les risques du nouveau produit.
C1 verb /nəˈsɛsɪteɪt/

necessitate

rendre nécessaire
Meaning
To make something necessary or unavoidable.
Example
The heavy rains necessitated the cancellation of the event.
Les fortes pluies ont rendu l'annulation de l'événement inévitable.
C1 noun, verb /ɡliːm/

gleam

éclat
Meaning
a small or brief shining light; to shine softly
Example
A gleam of hope appeared in her eyes.
Un éclat d'espoir est apparu dans ses yeux.