self-possession
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C1 noun ˈsɛlf pəˈzɪʃən

self-possession

maîtrise de soi
Meaning
The quality of being calm and confident and in control of one's emotions; composure.
Example
His self-possession during the crisis was remarkable.
Son self-possession pendant la crise était remarquable.
C1 adverb /ˈsɜːrtʃɪŋli/

searchingly

scrutatoirement
Meaning
In a way that seems to look for hidden meanings or truth.
Example
She looked at him searchingly, hoping for an honest answer.
Elle le regarda d'un œil scrutateur, espérant une réponse honnête.
C1 adjective /ˌsuː.pəˈsɒn.ɪk/

Supersonic

plus rapide que la vitesse du son; lié aux vitesses supérieures à celle du son
Meaning
faster than the speed of sound; relating to speeds greater than the speed of sound
Example
The supersonic jet broke the sound barrier.
Le jet supersonique a franchi le mur du son.
C1 verb /sɪˈsiːd/

secede

se séparer
Meaning
To formally withdraw from a political or organizational union.
Example
Several states threatened to secede from the union.
Plusieurs états ont menacé de se séparer de l'union.
C1 noun /səˈvænə/

savanna

savane (avec des arbres éparpillés)
Meaning
a grassy plain with scattered trees, typical of tropical and subtropical regions
Example
Giraffes browsed on acacia trees across the wide savanna.
Les girafes broutaient sur les arbres d'acacia à travers la large savane.
C1 verb /snɪər/

sneer

sourire de façon moqueuse
Meaning
to smile or speak in a mocking or contemptuous way
Example
She sneered at his attempt to sing.
Elle se moquait de sa tentative de chanter.
C1 noun /ˈskɛptɪk/

skeptic

sceptique
Meaning
A person who doubts or questions accepted beliefs or claims.
Example
The scientist was a skeptic of theories without solid evidence.
Le scientifique était sceptique des théories sans preuve solide.
C1 adjective /ˈstɛr.aɪl/

sterile

stérile
Meaning
Free from bacteria or other living microorganisms; incapable of producing offspring.
Example
The surgeon worked in a sterile environment to avoid infection.
Le chirurgien a travaillé dans un environnement stérile pour éviter l'infection.
C1 adjective /ˈstrɪndʒənt/

stringent

strict
Meaning
strict, precise, and exacting
Example
The government imposed stringent measures during the crisis.
Le gouvernement a imposé des mesures strictes pendant la crise.
C1 noun /ˈskeɪ.biːz/

Scabies

gale
Meaning
a contagious skin disease caused by mites that causes intense itching
Example
The doctor diagnosed him with scabies after examining the rash.
Le médecin lui a diagnostiqué la gale après avoir examiné l'éruption.
C1 noun /ˈstɛnsəl/

stencil

pochoir
Meaning
A thin sheet of material with a design cut out, used to produce the design on the surface below by applying paint or ink through the cut-out holes.
Example
The artist used a stencil to paint identical stars on the wall.
L'artiste a utilisé un pochoir pour peindre des étoiles identiques sur le mur.
C1 noun ˈsɪmbəlɪzəm

symbolism

symbolisme
Meaning
The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities.
Example
The use of symbolism in the novel is masterful.
L'utilisation du symbolisme dans le roman est magistrale.
C1 verb ˈsɪn.θə.saɪ.zɪŋ

synthesizing

synthétiser, combiner, présenter de manière cohérente
Meaning
Combine (a number of things) into a coherent whole.
Example
He excels in synthesizing ideas from different sources.
Il excelle à synthétiser des idées provenant de différentes sources.
C1 adjective /swɑːv/

suave

charmant et raffiné
Meaning
charming, confident, and elegant, often in a smooth or polished way
Example
He was a suave gentleman who impressed everyone at the party.
Il était un homme raffiné qui a impressionné tout le monde à la fête.
C1 noun /ˈsteɪ.ʃən.ər/

Stationer

papetier
Meaning
a person who sells paper, pens, pencils, and other office supplies
Example
The stationer recommended the best pens for writing exams.
Le stationnaire a recommandé les meilleurs stylos pour les examens.
C1 noun /ˈspɔɪlˌspɔːrt/

spoilsport

rabat-joie
Meaning
A person who ruins other people's enjoyment or fun.
Example
Don't be a spoilsport and let us enjoy the party.
Ne sois pas un rabat-joie et laisse-nous profiter de la fête.
C1 noun, verb /səˈpiːnə/

subpoena

citation judiciaire
Meaning
a legal document ordering someone to attend court; to summon someone with such a document
Example
The witness received a subpoena to appear in court next week.
Le témoin a reçu une citation judiciaire pour comparaître au tribunal la semaine prochaine.
C1 verb /ʃɪə/

shear

couper
Meaning
to cut the wool off a sheep or to cut something with sharp tools like scissors or shears
Example
The farmer will shear the sheep in the spring.
L'agriculteur shear le mouton au printemps.
C1 noun /spɛk/

speck

tache
Meaning
A very small spot, mark, or particle.
Example
There was a tiny speck of dust on the glass table.
Il y avait une petite tache de poussière sur la table en verre.
C1 verb /spɔːn/

spawn

générer
Meaning
to produce or generate, often in large numbers
Example
The video game has spawned many sequels.
Le jeu vidéo a généré de nombreuses suites.
C1 verb /skrɔːl/

scrawl

écrire rapidement et négligemment
Meaning
to write or draw something quickly and carelessly, making it hard to read
Example
He scrawled his signature at the bottom of the page.
Il a griffonné sa signature au bas de la page.
C1 adjective /ˈstætʃətɔːri/

statutory

législatif
Meaning
Required, permitted, or enacted by law.
Example
The company must comply with all statutory regulations.
L'entreprise doit se conformer à toutes les régulations législatives.
C1 noun /ˈsuːtər/

suitor

prétendant
Meaning
a man who pursues a relationship with a woman, often with the intent to marry
Example
She had many suitors vying for her attention.
Elle avait de nombreux prétendants qui se disputaient son attention.
C1 adjective /ˈswɛltərɪŋ/

sweltering

accablant
Meaning
uncomfortably hot
Example
The sweltering heat made it hard to work.
La chaleur accablante rendait le travail difficile.
C1 adjective /ˈʃɑːdi/

shoddy

de mauvaise qualité
Meaning
badly made or done; of poor quality
Example
The contractor did a shoddy job on the repairs.
L'entrepreneur a fait un travail de mauvaise qualité lors des réparations.
C1 verb /skɪmp/

skimp

brader
Meaning
to use less of something than is necessary in order to save money or effort
Example
Don’t skimp on quality when buying a new laptop.
Ne fais pas d'économie sur la qualité lorsque tu achètes un nouvel ordinateur portable.
C1 verb /ʃɜːrk/

shirk

éviter
Meaning
to avoid or neglect a duty or responsibility
Example
He always tries to shirk his responsibilities at work.
Il essaie toujours d'éviter ses responsabilités au travail.
C1 noun /suˈpriː.mə.si/

Supremacy

suprématie; autorité ou pouvoir suprême
Meaning
the state of being supreme; highest authority or power
Example
The country established naval supremacy in the region.
Le pays a établi la suprématie navale dans la région.
C1 adjective /ˈspraɪtli/

sprightly

vif
Meaning
full of energy and life; lively
Example
The sprightly old man danced with joy at the wedding.
L'homme vif a dansé avec joie au mariage.
C1 adjective /ˈsted.fæst/

Steadfast

ferme; déterminé; inébranlable
Meaning
firm in belief, determination, or adherence; unwavering
Example
She remained steadfast in her commitment to helping the poor.
Elle est restée ferme dans son engagement à aider les pauvres.
C1 adjective /ˈspɑːrtn/

spartan

spartiate
Meaning
showing simplicity and lack of luxury; austere
Example
He lived in a spartan room with just a bed and a chair.
Il vivait dans une chambre spartiate avec seulement un lit et une chaise.
C1 adjective /ˈsɛptɪk/

septic

infecté
Meaning
Infected with harmful bacteria; relating to or causing infection.
Example
The doctor treated the patient's septic wound immediately.
Le médecin a immédiatement traité la plaie septique du patient.
C1 noun /ˈsæf.rən/

Saffron

safran
Meaning
a deep yellow-orange color; an expensive spice derived from crocus flowers
Example
The saffron fabric looked beautiful in the sunlight.
Le tissu de safran avait l'air magnifique au soleil.
C1 adjective /ˈstɛriəˌtaɪpt/

stereotyped

stéréotypé
Meaning
Conforming to a fixed or oversimplified idea of what someone or something is like.
Example
His stereotyped jokes failed to impress the audience.
Ses blagues stéréotypées n'ont pas réussi à impressionner le public.
C1 verb /səbˈstænʃieɪt/

substantiate

substantier
Meaning
To provide evidence to support or prove the truth of something.
Example
The lawyer worked to substantiate the claims with solid evidence.
L'avocat a travaillé pour substancier les affirmations avec des preuves solides.
C1 noun /ˈsɛntɪnəl/

sentinel

sentinelle
Meaning
A soldier or guard whose job is to stand and keep watch.
Example
A sentinel stood at the entrance of the camp.
Un sentinelle se tenait à l'entrée du camp.
C1 verb /spɜːrn/

spurn

rejeter avec dédain
Meaning
To reject something or someone with disdain or contempt.
Example
She spurned his offer of help.
Elle a rejeté son offre d'aide avec mépris.
C1 noun /səˈlɛmnɪti/

solemnity

solennité
Meaning
the state or quality of being serious and dignified
Example
The ceremony was conducted with great solemnity.
La cérémonie a été menée avec grande solennité.
C1 noun /ˈsɜːrəɡət/

surrogate

substitut
Meaning
A substitute, especially a person deputizing for another in a specific role or office.
Example
The surrogate mother gave birth to the child after carrying it for nine months.
La mère porteuse a donné naissance à l'enfant après l'avoir porté pendant neuf mois.
C1 noun/verb /ˈskɜːrmɪʃ/

skirmish

escarmouche
Meaning
a small or brief fight between groups of soldiers; to engage in such a fight
Example
The soldiers got into a skirmish near the border.
Les soldats se sont engagés dans une escarmouche près de la frontière.
C1 adjective ˈsɛd(ə)ntəri

sedentary

sédentaire
Meaning
Characterized by much sitting and little physical activity.
Example
A sedentary lifestyle can lead to numerous health problems.
Un mode de vie sédentaire peut entraîner de nombreux problèmes de santé.
C1 adjective /smʌɡ/

smug

prétentieux
Meaning
having or showing an excessive pride in oneself or one's achievements
Example
He wore a smug smile after winning the debate.
Il portait un sourire prétentieux après avoir gagné le débat.
C1 noun /səˈbætɪkəl/

sabbatical

période de congé pour études ou voyages
Meaning
A period of paid leave granted to a teacher or worker for study or travel, traditionally every seventh year.
Example
She took a sabbatical to research her new book.
Elle a pris un congé sabbatique pour rechercher son nouveau livre.
C1 adjective /ˈspeɪʃəl/

spatial

spatial
Meaning
relating to space or the position, area, and size of things
Example
The scientist studied the spatial arrangement of stars.
Le scientifique a étudié l'agencement spatial des étoiles.
C1 adjective sɪˈmæn.tɪk

semantic

relatif au sens dans le langage
Meaning
Related to meaning in language; concerning the interpretation of words and sentences.
Example
AI models use semantic analysis to understand context.
Les modèles d'IA utilisent l'analyse sémantique pour comprendre le contexte.
C1 adjective /ˈspjʊəriəs/

spurious

faux / frauduleux
Meaning
Not genuine, authentic, or true; false or fake.
Example
The report was based on spurious claims.
Le rapport était basé sur des affirmations fausses.
C1 verb /smɪr/

smear

étaler / diffamer
Meaning
to spread or apply a substance messily; to damage someone's reputation with false or unfair words
Example
The child smeared paint across the wall.
L'enfant a étalé de la peinture sur le mur.
C1 noun /ˌstætɪˈstɪʃən/

statistician

statisticien
Meaning
A person who specializes in collecting, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data.
Example
The statistician presented the survey results with great clarity.
Le statisticien a présenté les résultats du sondage avec grande clarté.
C1 verb /sərˈmaɪz/

surmise

supposer
Meaning
to suppose something is true without having evidence
Example
She surmised that he was not coming to the meeting.
Elle a supposé qu'il ne viendrait pas à la réunion.
C1 noun /ʃeɪl/

shale

schiste
Meaning
a fine-grained sedimentary rock that can be split into thin layers
Example
The region is rich in shale and natural gas deposits.
La région est riche en schiste et en dépôts de gaz naturel.
C1 noun, verb /spreɪn/

sprain

entorse
Meaning
an injury to a joint in which the ligaments are stretched or torn
Example
She sprained her ankle while running in the park.
Elle s'est foulé la cheville en courant dans le parc.
C1 verb /ˈskwɒbəl/

squabble

se disputer bruyamment pour quelque chose de trivial
Meaning
To argue noisily over something small or unimportant.
Example
The children squabbled over the last piece of cake.
Les enfants se disputaient pour le dernier morceau de gâteau.
C1 adjective /ˈstæɡ.nənt/

Stagnant

stagnant; immobile; sans développement
Meaning
not moving or flowing; showing no activity or development
Example
The stagnant water in the pond was covered with algae.
L'eau stagnante dans l'étang était recouverte d'algues.
C1 adjective ˌsʌbˈlɪm.ɪ.nəl

subliminal

existant ou opérant sous le seuil de la conscience, perçu ou affectant l'esprit de quelqu'un sans qu'il en soit conscient
Meaning
Existing or operating below the threshold of consciousness; perceived by or affecting someone's mind without their being aware of it.
Example
Advertisements often have subliminal messages.
Les publicités contiennent souvent des messages subliminaux.
C1 adjective /suːˈpɜːr.flu.əs/

superfluous

superflu
Meaning
Unnecessary, especially through being more than enough.
Example
His speech contained too many superfluous details.
Son discours contenait trop de détails superflus.
C1 adjective /ˈsɜːrvɪsəbl/

serviceable

utilisable
Meaning
fit for use; usable; in working order
Example
The old bicycle is still serviceable despite its age.
Le vieux vélo est encore utilisable malgré son âge.
C1 verb/noun /ˈswæɡ.ər/

swagger

arrogance
Meaning
To walk or behave in a very confident and arrogant way.
Example
He swaggered into the room as if he owned the place.
Il est entré dans la pièce comme s'il était le propriétaire.
C1 noun /sɪlt/

silt

limon
Meaning
Fine sand, clay, or other material carried by running water and deposited as a sediment.
Example
The river deposited layers of silt along its banks.
Le fleuve a déposé des couches de limon le long de ses rives.
C1 noun /streɪt/

strait

détroit
Meaning
A narrow passage of water connecting two seas or two large areas of water.
Example
The Strait of Gibraltar connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.
Le détroit de Gibraltar relie l'océan Atlantique et la mer Méditerranée.
C1 noun /saɪð/

scythe

faux
Meaning
A tool with a long curved blade used for cutting grass or grain.
Example
The farmer sharpened his scythe before harvesting the wheat.
Le fermier a aiguisé sa faux avant de récolter le blé.
C1 verb /spɜːr/

spur

inciter / encourager
Meaning
To encourage or motivate someone to take action.
Example
The teacher's praise spurred him to study harder.
Les éloges du professeur l'ont incité à étudier plus dur.
C1 adjective /səˈdɪs.tɪk/

sadistic

sadique
Meaning
Deriving pleasure from inflicting pain or suffering on others.
Example
The villain had a sadistic smile while hurting his enemies.
Le méchant avait un sourire sadique en infligeant de la douleur à ses ennemis.
C1 adjective /ˈsnɒbɪʃ/

snobbish

prétentieux
Meaning
having or showing the attitude of people who think they are better than others
Example
She seemed snobbish because she avoided talking to the waiters.
Elle semblait prétentieuse parce qu'elle a évité de parler aux serveurs.
C1 noun /ˈsɑːri/

Saree

sari
Meaning
a garment consisting of a length of cotton or silk elaborately draped around the body, traditionally worn by women from South Asia
Example
She looked elegant in her red silk saree at the festival.
Elle avait l'air élégante dans son sari en soie rouge lors du festival.
C1 noun /ˌsɛrənˈdɪpɪti/

serendipity

sérendipité
Meaning
The occurrence of events by chance in a happy or beneficial way.
Example
Finding that old photo album was pure serendipity.
Trouver cet ancien album photo a été de la pure sérendipité.
C1 noun /ˌsəʊ.ʃi.əʊˈek.ə.nɒm.ɪk ˈprɒɡ.res/

socioeconomic progress

progrès socioéconomique
Meaning
Advancement in both social and economic conditions of a society or community.
Example
Socioeconomic progress uplifts marginalized communities.
Le progrès socioéconomique élève les communautés marginalisées.
C1 noun səˌsɛp.təˈbɪl.ə.ti

susceptibility

sensibilité
Meaning
The quality of being likely to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing; vulnerability.
Example
High susceptibility to infections requires extra care.
Une susceptibilité élevée aux infections nécessite des soins supplémentaires.
C1 adjective /spəˈrædɪk/

sporadic

sporadique
Meaning
Occurring irregularly or in scattered instances rather than continuously.
Example
The region experienced sporadic rain showers throughout the week.
La région a connu des averses sporadiques tout au long de la semaine.
C1 noun ˈsɛlfləsnɪs

selflessness

altruisme
Meaning
The quality of being concerned more with the needs of others than with one's own.
Example
Selflessness is a key value for community building.
L'altruisme est une valeur clé pour la construction de la communauté.
C1 adjective /ˈsʌmp.tʃu.əs/

sumptuous

somptueux
Meaning
Splendid and expensive-looking; luxurious.
Example
The guests were treated to a sumptuous banquet.
Les invités ont été traités avec un banquet somptueux.
C1 adjective /ʃruːd/

Shrewd

astucieux; perspicace; malin
Meaning
having or showing sharp powers of judgment; astute
Example
The shrewd businessman made a profitable deal in the competitive market.
L'homme d'affaires astucieux a conclu un accord rentable sur le marché compétitif.
C1 noun ˈsɒv.rɪn.ti

sovereignty

souveraineté
Meaning
The authority of a state to govern itself or another state; supreme power or authority.
Example
Sovereignty is essential for a nation's identity.
La souveraineté est essentielle pour l'identité d'une nation.
C1 adjective /ˈskeɪðɪŋ/

scathing

critique acerbe
Meaning
severely critical; harshly scornful
Example
The critic wrote a scathing review of the movie.
Le critique a écrit une critique acerbe du film.
C1 adjective /ˈʃeɪm.ləs/

Shameless

impudique
Meaning
having no shame; bold and rude; impudent
Example
The shameless politician refused to apologize for his mistakes.
Le politicien sans honte a refusé de s'excuser pour ses erreurs.
C1 adjective /ˈspɛktrəl/

spectral

spectral
Meaning
Relating to a ghost or specter; ghostly. Also relating to a spectrum.
Example
The old mansion had a spectral atmosphere at night.
Le vieux manoir avait une atmosphère spectrale la nuit.
C1 noun /səbˈdʒɛkʃən/

subjection

soumission
Meaning
the act of bringing someone or something under control or domination
Example
The people suffered under the subjection of a cruel ruler.
Le peuple a souffert sous la soumission d'un dirigeant cruel.
C1 noun /ˈsɒnɪt/

sonnet

sonnet
Meaning
A poem of 14 lines using formal rhyme schemes, often about love.
Example
Shakespeare wrote many famous sonnets about love and beauty.
Shakespeare a écrit de nombreux sonnets célèbres sur l'amour et la beauté.
C1 noun /ˈsaɪd.laɪn dɪˈskʌʃənz/

sideline discussions

discussions secondaires
Meaning
Informal or secondary conversations that occur outside the main agenda of a formal meeting.
Example
Sideline discussions often lead to agreements.
Les discussions secondaires mènent souvent à des accords.
C1 adjective /ˈsæk.rəˌsæŋkt/

sacrosanct

sacré
Meaning
Regarded as too important or valuable to be interfered with; sacred.
Example
Freedom of speech is considered sacrosanct in democratic societies.
La liberté d'expression est considérée comme sacrée dans les sociétés démocratiques.
C1 noun /ˌsɒl.jʊˈbɪləti/

solubility

solubilité
Meaning
The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent.
Example
The solubility of salt in water is high.
La solubilité du sel dans l'eau est élevée.
C1 adjective /ˈskrʌmpʃəs/

scrumptious

délicieux
Meaning
extremely tasty or delicious
Example
She baked a scrumptious chocolate cake for the party.
Elle a préparé un délicieux gâteau au chocolat pour la fête.
C1 noun /ˈʃɜːrbət/

sherbet

sorbet
Meaning
a sweet flavored drink or a frozen dessert made from sweetened fruit juice
Example
On hot days, she enjoys a glass of lemon sherbet.
Lors des journées chaudes, elle apprécie un verre de sorbet au citron.
C1 adjective ˌsɪmbɪˈɒtɪk

symbiotic

symbiotique
Meaning
Involving interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association.
Example
The relationship between the bee and the flower is symbiotic.
La relation entre l'abeille et la fleur est symbiotique.
C1 noun /ˌsæl.ɪ.naɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/

salinization

augmentation de la salinité
Meaning
The process of increasing salt content in soil.
Example
Excessive irrigation can cause salinization of farmland.
L'irrigation excessive peut entraîner une augmentation de la salinité des terres agricoles.
C1 noun/verb /spuːf/

spoof

imitation humoristique
Meaning
A humorous imitation of something, or to trick or parody someone or something.
Example
The comedian spoofed the politician’s speech to entertain the audience.
Le comédien a parodié le discours du politicien pour divertir le public.
C1 adjective /spɑːrs/

sparse

rare
Meaning
thinly scattered or distributed; not dense or abundant
Example
Vegetation was sparse in the desert.
La végétation était rare dans le désert.
C1 verb /ˈsɛvər/

sever

couper, rompre des relations
Meaning
to cut off or separate, especially by cutting; to end a connection or relationship
Example
He had to sever ties with the company after the dispute.
Il a dû rompre ses liens avec l'entreprise après le différend.
C1 verb /ˈʃækəl/

shackle

chaîner
Meaning
to chain or restrain; to restrict someone’s actions or freedom
Example
Outdated regulations shackle small businesses and slow innovation.
Les anciennes régulations enchaînent les petites entreprises et ralentissent l'innovation.
C1 verb /ˈsɪnɚdʒaɪzd/

synergized

synchronisé, énergisé, coordonné
Meaning
Combine in such a way that the total effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects.
Example
The teams were synergized to maximize productivity.
Les équipes ont été synchronisées pour maximiser la productivité.
C1 verb/noun /ˈsɒldər/

solder

souder
Meaning
To join metal parts together by melting and putting a filler metal into the joint
Example
He soldered the broken wires back together.
Il a soudé les fils cassés.
C1 adjective /ˈskrʌfi/

Scruffy

démodé ou en désordre dans son apparence; sale et usé
Meaning
untidy or unkempt in appearance; shabby and worn
Example
The scruffy old dog wandered through the streets looking for food.
Le chien sale se promenait dans les rues à la recherche de nourriture.
C1 noun /ˈstænzə/

stanza

strophe
Meaning
a group of lines forming a unit in a poem or song
Example
The poem begins with a stanza describing nature.
Le poème commence par une strophe décrivant la nature.
C1 noun, adjective /ˈsɒlvənt/

solvent

solvant, capable de rembourser ses dettes
Meaning
a liquid that dissolves other substances; also means able to pay debts
Example
Acetone is a common solvent used in laboratories.
L'acétone est un solvant couramment utilisé dans les laboratoires.
C1 noun səˌfɪs.tɪˈkeɪ.ʃən

sophistication

niveau élevé de complexité ou de raffinement
Meaning
High level of complexity or refinement.
Example
The sophistication of modern AI technology is remarkable.
La sophistication de la technologie moderne de l'IA est remarquable.
C1 verb /sluː/

slew

virer brusquement
Meaning
To turn or slide violently in a particular direction.
Example
The car slewed across the icy road.
La voiture a dérapé sur la route glacée.
C1 adjective ˌsəʊsɪəʊpəˈlɪtɪkəl

sociopolitical

sociopolitique
Meaning
Combining social and political factors.
Example
Sociopolitical factors often influence public policy decisions.
Les facteurs sociopolitiques influencent souvent les décisions de politique publique.
C1 noun ˌsɛlf.rɪˈstreɪnt

self-restraint

autocontrôle
Meaning
The practice of restraining oneself from indulging in something, typically an impulse or desire.
Example
Practicing self-restraint helps in avoiding impulsive decisions.
Pratiquer l'autocontrôle aide à éviter les décisions impulsives.
C1 adjective /səˈriːn/

serene

serein et paisible
Meaning
Calm, peaceful, and untroubled; tranquil.
Example
The lake had a serene and peaceful atmosphere.
Le lac avait une atmosphère sereine et paisible.
C1 noun /ˈskrɪmɪdʒ/

scrimmage

match d'entraînement
Meaning
A practice game or informal match, often in sports, especially football.
Example
The team had a scrimmage before the official season started.
L'équipe a joué un match d'entraînement avant que la saison officielle commence.
C1 verb /ˈskruː.tɪ.naɪz/

scrutinize

examiner ou inspecter de près et en profondeur
Meaning
Examine or inspect closely and thoroughly.
Example
The scientist scrutinized the data before publishing his findings.
Le scientifique a scruté les données avant de publier ses conclusions.
C1 noun /sɪˈdʌk.ʃən/

Seduction

séduction; tentation
Meaning
the action of seducing someone; temptation to do something wrong
Example
He fell victim to the seduction of easy money.
Il est tombé victime de la séduction de l'argent facile.
C1 adjective /səˈsɛp.tə.bəl/

susceptible

susceptible ou vulnérable à être influencé ou endommagé par quelque chose de particulier
Meaning
Likely or liable to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing.
Example
Children are more susceptible to infections.
Les enfants sont plus susceptibles aux infections.
C1 noun /stɑːr ˈæn.ɪs/

Star Anise

anis étoilé
Meaning
star-shaped spice pod with a licorice-like flavor used in cooking
Example
She added star anise to the soup for aromatic flavor.
Elle a ajouté de l'anis étoilé à la soupe pour un goût aromatique.
C1 adjective /ˈsɜːrvaɪl/ or /ˈsɜːrvəl/

servile

servile
Meaning
having or showing an excessive willingness to serve or please others
Example
His servile attitude annoyed his colleagues.
Son attitude servile agaçait ses collègues.
C1 noun /skɪt/

skit

sketch
Meaning
a short, humorous performance or piece of writing
Example
The students performed a funny skit at the event.
Les étudiants ont joué un sketch drôle lors de l'événement.
C1 adjective /ˈstrɛnjuəs/

strenuous

ardu
Meaning
Requiring or using great effort and energy.
Example
Climbing the mountain was a strenuous task.
Grimper la montagne était une tâche ardue.
C1 adjective /ˈsɪlkən/

Silken

en soie; doux; lisse;
Meaning
made of silk; smooth and soft like silk
Example
She wore a beautiful silken dress to the party.
Elle portait une belle robe en soie à la fête.
C1 adjective /ˈsɜːrpənˌtiːn/

serpentine

serpentin
Meaning
Having the shape, movement, or qualities of a serpent; winding or twisting.
Example
The road took a serpentine path through the mountains.
La route suivait un chemin serpentin à travers les montagnes.
C1 adjective /ˈstɪndʒi/

stingy

avare
Meaning
unwilling to spend or give; miserly
Example
He is too stingy to buy a gift for his friend.
Il est trop avare pour acheter un cadeau pour son ami.
C1 noun /ˌsʌpəˈzɪʃən/

supposition

supposition
Meaning
An assumption or belief that something is true without certain proof.
Example
His plan was based on the supposition that the market would recover quickly.
Son plan était basé sur la supposition que le marché se rétablirait rapidement.
C1 adjective /stɔːntʃ/

staunch

ferme, fidèle
Meaning
Loyal, committed, and firm in support.
Example
She is a staunch supporter of environmental protection.
Elle est une défenseure ferme de la protection de l'environnement.
C1 adjective /ˌsækrəˈlɪdʒəs/

sacrilegious

sacrilège
Meaning
Showing disrespect or irreverence toward something sacred.
Example
The painting was criticized as being sacrilegious.
Le tableau a été critiqué comme étant sacrilège.
C1 noun /ˈʃrɪŋkɪdʒ/

shrinkage

rétrécissement
Meaning
The process of becoming smaller in size, amount, or value.
Example
The company reported a shrinkage in profits this quarter.
L'entreprise a rapporté une diminution des profits ce trimestre.
C1 adjective /ˈskwɒlɪd/

squalid

extrêmement sale
Meaning
extremely dirty and unpleasant, often due to poverty or neglect
Example
He lived in a squalid room with broken furniture.
Il vivait dans une pièce sale avec des meubles cassés.
C1 noun /ˈseɪ.tən/

Satan

Satan
Meaning
the chief evil spirit; the Devil in Christian and Islamic belief
Example
According to religious texts, Satan tempts people to sin.
Selon les textes religieux, Satan tente les gens de pécher.
C1 noun /sʌˈmeɪʃən/

summation

somme, résumé
Meaning
The process of adding things together; a summary of points.
Example
The lawyer gave a powerful summation of the case.
L'avocat a donné un puissant résumé de l'affaire.
C1 noun/verb /stæmˈpiːd/

stampede

panique générale
Meaning
A sudden, uncontrolled rush of people or animals; to cause a mass movement.
Example
The loud noise caused a stampede of the crowd.
Le bruit fort a causé une stampede de la foule.
C1 noun /ˌsɛnsɪtaɪˈzeɪʃən/

sensitization

sensibilisation
Meaning
The process of becoming sensitive to a substance, situation, or influence.
Example
The doctor warned about the sensitization caused by repeated exposure to chemicals.
Le médecin a averti de la sensibilisation causée par une exposition répétée aux produits chimiques.
C1 noun /sɪlk klɔːθ/

Silk cloth

tissu en soie
Meaning
fabric made from natural fibers produced by silkworms
Example
The bride wore a beautiful dress made of silk cloth.
La mariée portait une belle robe faite de tissu en soie.
C1 noun/verb /sleɪt/

slate

ardoise / programmer
Meaning
a fine-grained rock used for roofing or writing; to schedule or designate for a task
Example
The meeting is slated for next Monday.
La réunion est prévue pour lundi prochain.
C1 adjective /ˈsleɪ.vɪʃ/

slavish

esclave
Meaning
showing no originality; completely imitative or overly submissive
Example
His slavish devotion to tradition prevented any innovation.
Sa dévotion esclave à la tradition a empêché toute innovation.