Scaffold
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C1 noun /ˈskæf.əld/

Scaffold

échafaud
Meaning
a temporary structure used by workers to stand on when building or repairing something high; a platform for execution
Example
The workers erected a scaffold to paint the building's exterior.
Les ouvriers ont érigé un échafaud pour peindre l'extérieur du bâtiment.
C1 adjective /əˈvɜːrs/

averse

réticent
Meaning
having a strong dislike of or opposition to something
Example
He was averse to taking unnecessary risks.
Il était réticent à prendre des risques inutiles.
C1 adjective /raɪf/

rife

répandu
Meaning
widespread or common, often in a negative sense
Example
Corruption was rife in the old government system.
La corruption était répandue dans l'ancien système gouvernemental.
C1 noun /ˈɑːrməri/

armory

armurerie
Meaning
A place where weapons are stored; a supply of resources or skills.
Example
The soldiers kept their weapons in the armory.
Les soldats ont gardé leurs armes dans l'armurerie.
C1 noun /ˌriː.dɪs.trɪˈbjuː.ʃən/

redistribution

redistribution
Meaning
The sharing of wealth or resources more equally among society.
Example
The government introduced a redistribution policy to reduce inequality.
Le gouvernement a introduit une politique de redistribution pour réduire les inégalités.
C1 noun /ˈhaɪdəweɪ/

hideaway

refuge
Meaning
A place used as a retreat or a place to hide.
Example
The cabin in the woods was their secret hideaway.
Le chalet dans les bois était leur cachette secrète.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈweɪ.vər.ɪŋ/

unwavering

inébranlable
Meaning
Steady or resolute; not wavering.
Example
He showed unwavering dedication to his goal.
Il a montré un dévouement inébranlable à son objectif.
C1 noun /dɪˈfaɪəns/

defiance

défiance
Meaning
Open resistance or bold disobedience.
Example
The protest was an act of defiance against injustice.
La protestation était un acte de défiance contre l'injustice.
C1 verb /ˈrevəl/

revel

se réjouir
Meaning
to enjoy oneself in a lively and noisy way; to take great pleasure in
Example
They revel in their success.
Ils se régalent de leur succès.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈmaɪndfəl/

Unmindful

négligent; inattentif;
Meaning
not paying attention; careless; heedless
Example
She was unmindful of the danger around her.
Elle ne faisait pas attention au danger autour d'elle.
C1 verb /ɪnˈlaɪvən/

enliven

animer
Meaning
to make something more lively, interesting, or cheerful
Example
Her jokes helped enliven the dull meeting.
Ses blagues ont aidé à animer la réunion ennuyeuse.
C1 verb /ˈɛkstrɪkeɪt/

extricate

dégager
Meaning
To free someone or something from a constraint or difficulty.
Example
The firefighters extricated the passengers from the wrecked car.
Les pompiers ont extriqué les passagers de la voiture accidentée.
C1 adverb /ˌðɛərˈɪn/

Therein

dedans;
Meaning
in that place; in that respect
Example
The box contains many treasures, and therein lies its value.
La boîte contient de nombreux trésors, et dedans réside sa valeur.
C1 noun /ˌɪn.səˌbɔːr.dɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

insubordination

insubordination
Meaning
Defiance of authority; refusal to obey orders.
Example
The soldier was punished for insubordination during the mission.
Le soldat a été puni pour insubordination pendant la mission.
C1 verb /ˈsɪvɪlaɪz/

civilize

civiliser
Meaning
to bring a society or group to a more developed, organized, or socially acceptable state; to educate and refine behavior
Example
Education can help civilize communities by promoting shared values and respect.
L’éducation peut aider à civiliser les communautés en favorisant des valeurs partagées et le respect.
C1 noun /ˈmædʒɪstreɪt/

magistrate

magistrat
Meaning
A civil officer who administers the law, often with limited judicial authority.
Example
The magistrate presided over the minor criminal case.
Le magistrat a présidé l'affaire criminelle mineure.
C1 noun /ˈbæs.ti.ən/

bastion

bastion, forteresse
Meaning
a stronghold or fortification; a place or institution strongly defending particular principles
Example
The castle stood as a bastion against enemy attacks.
Le château se tenait comme un bastion contre les attaques ennemies.
C1 noun /ˌmʌltɪˈplɪsɪti/

multiplicity

multiplicité
Meaning
A large number or variety of something.
Example
The project faced a multiplicity of challenges.
Le projet a dû faire face à une multiplicité de défis.
C1 noun ˌkɒn.ʃiˈen.ʃəs.nəs

conscientiousness

conscience
Meaning
The quality of wishing to do one's work or duty well and thoroughly; diligence.
Example
Her conscientiousness in work led to a well-organized project.
Sa conscience au travail a conduit à un projet bien organisé.
C1 adjective /əˈpriː.ʃə.bəl/

Appreciable

appréciable; significatif; considérable en quantité
Meaning
noticeable; significant; considerable in amount
Example
There was an appreciable improvement in his test scores.
Il y a eu une amélioration appréciable de ses scores aux tests.
C1 adjective /dɪˈpreɪvd/

depraved

dépravé
Meaning
morally corrupt or wicked
Example
The film depicts the life of a depraved criminal.
Le film décrit la vie d'un criminel dépravé.
C1 adverb /ˈðɛərfɔːr/

therefor

pour cela
Meaning
For that or for it.
Example
He received payment and gave a receipt therefor.
Il a reçu le paiement et a donné un reçu pour cela.
C1 verb /ɪnˈdʌkt/

induct

admettre formellement quelqu'un dans une position, organisation ou bureau
Meaning
to formally admit someone into a position, organization, or office
Example
She was inducted into the university's honor society.
Elle a été admise dans la société d'honneur de l'université.
C1 verb /səˈkʌm/

succumb

céder
Meaning
To give in to pressure, temptation, or illness; to yield or fail to resist.
Example
He finally succumbed to his illness after a long struggle.
Il a finalement succombé à sa maladie après une longue lutte.
C1 adjective /ˈsɒnɪk/

sonic

sonique
Meaning
Relating to or involving sound waves or speed of sound.
Example
The jet created a loud boom when it broke the sonic barrier.
L'avion a créé un fort bruit lorsqu'il a franchi le mur du son.
C1 noun ɡrɪt

grit

détermination
Meaning
Long-term determination and perseverance in the face of hardship and challenges.
Example
His grit and hard work led him to success.
Sa détermination et son travail acharné l'ont conduit au succès.
C1 adjective ɔːɡˈmen.tɪd

augmented

augmenté, amélioré, élargi
Meaning
having been made greater in size or value.
Example
The new software provided augmented reality features.
Le nouveau logiciel a fourni des fonctionnalités de réalité augmentée.
C1 adjective /ˈpæl.ə.tə.bəl/

palatable

agréable
Meaning
pleasant or acceptable to the taste, mind, or feelings
Example
The meal was simple but quite palatable.
Le repas était simple mais assez agréable.
C1 noun /ˈrɛpərˌtɔːri/

repertory

répertoire
Meaning
A collection of works that a company, performer, or institution regularly performs; also a storehouse of information or skills.
Example
The theater has a repertory of classic plays.
Le théâtre a un répertoire de pièces classiques.
C1 verb /sɪft/

sift

tamis / examiner soigneusement
Meaning
to separate or sort through carefully, often using a sieve or by examining closely
Example
She sifted the flour before adding it to the cake mixture.
Elle tamisait la farine avant de l'ajouter au mélange de gâteau.
C1 verb /sɪˈsiːd/

secede

se séparer
Meaning
To formally withdraw from a political or organizational union.
Example
Several states threatened to secede from the union.
Plusieurs états ont menacé de se séparer de l'union.
C1 verb /ˌriːˈkɒn.stɪ.tʃuːt/

reconstitute

reconstituer
Meaning
to restore something to its original form or state; to reassemble
Example
The group was reconstituted after the leader returned.
Le groupe a été reconstitué après le retour du leader.
C1 noun /prəˈpɛlər/

propeller

hélice
Meaning
A mechanical device with blades that rotates to drive a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle forward.
Example
The airplane’s propeller cut through the air with great speed.
L'hélice de l'avion a coupé l'air à grande vitesse.
C1 adverb /ˌðɛrəˈbaʊt/

thereabout

environ
Meaning
Approximately or around that place, amount, or time.
Example
The repairs will cost five hundred dollars or thereabout.
Les réparations coûteront cinq cents dollars ou environ.
C1 noun /ˈswiːt.miːt/

Sweetmeat

confiserie
Meaning
a small piece of confectionery or candy; a sweet delicacy
Example
The children enjoyed the traditional sweetmeats during the festival.
Les enfants ont apprécié les sucreries traditionnelles pendant le festival.
C1 noun /ˌfɪziˈɑːlədʒi/

physiology

physiologie
Meaning
the scientific study of the functions and mechanisms in a living system
Example
She is majoring in human physiology at the university.
Elle se spécialise en physiologie humaine à l'université.
C1 noun /tʃɪt/

Chit

billet, note
Meaning
a short note, typically a brief informal letter; a voucher for a sum owed
Example
She left a chit on the table asking him to call her back.
Elle a laissé un chit sur la table lui demandant de la rappeler.
C1 adjective /pəˈrɪʒən/

parisian

relatif à Paris
Meaning
relating to Paris or its people
Example
She wore a Parisian style dress at the party.
Elle portait une robe de style parisien à la fête.
C1 adjective /ˈfliː.tɪŋ/

fleeting

éphémère
Meaning
Lasting for a very short time; passing quickly.
Example
Happiness can be fleeting, so cherish every moment.
Le bonheur peut être éphémère, alors chérissez chaque moment.
C1 noun /ˈwɪtʃ.krɑːft/

witchcraft

sorcellerie
Meaning
the practice of magical skills, spells, and abilities
Example
In old times, many people believed in witchcraft.
Dans les temps anciens, de nombreuses personnes croyaient à la sorcellerie.
C1 adjective /fəˈnɛtɪk/

phonetic

phonétique
Meaning
relating to the sounds of speech or pronunciation
Example
The teacher taught the students the phonetic spelling of difficult words.
Le professeur a enseigné aux élèves l'orthographe phonétique des mots difficiles.
C1 noun /ˈpɪɡmənt/

pigment

pigment
Meaning
a natural or artificial substance used to give color to something
Example
The artist mixed different pigments to create the perfect shade of blue.
L'artiste a mélangé différents pigments pour créer la teinte parfaite de bleu.
C1 adjective /ˈwɒŋki/

Wonky

instable; peu fiable; qui ne fonctionne pas correctement
Meaning
unstable; unreliable; not working properly
Example
The old chair was wonky and wobbled every time someone sat on it.
La vieille chaise était instable et tanguait chaque fois que quelqu'un s'y asseyait.
C1 noun /pəˈraɪə/

pariah

paria
Meaning
An outcast; someone who is rejected by society or a social group.
Example
After the scandal, he became a social pariah.
Après le scandale, il est devenu un paria social.
C1 verb /diːˈfɒrɪst/

deforest

déboiser
Meaning
to clear an area of trees, usually on a large scale
Example
The region has been heavily deforested for agriculture.
La région a été fortement déboisée pour l'agriculture.
C1 adjective ɡəˈlæktɪk

galactic

relatif à une galaxie
Meaning
Of or relating to a galaxy or galaxies.
Example
The galactic phenomena observed by the telescope were mesmerizing.
Les phénomènes galactiques observés par le télescope étaient fascinants.
C1 verb /əˈtjuːn/

attune

accorder
Meaning
to make someone or something aware of or responsive to something; to adjust or harmonize
Example
She quickly attuned herself to the needs of her new team.
Elle s’est rapidement accordée aux besoins de sa nouvelle équipe.
C1 verb /ˈθiːəraɪz/

theorize

théoriser
Meaning
To form a theory or set of ideas to explain something.
Example
Scientists often theorize about the origins of the universe.
Les scientifiques théorisent souvent sur les origines de l'univers.
C1 adjective /ˌjuːnɪˈsɛljʊlər/

unicellular

unicellulaire
Meaning
Consisting of a single cell.
Example
Amoebas are unicellular organisms.
Les amibes sont des organismes unicellulaires.
C1 adjective /ɪˈstiːmd/

Esteemed

estimé
Meaning
respected and admired; held in high regard
Example
He is an esteemed professor at the university.
Il est un professeur estimé à l'université.
C1 verb /ˈkrʌmpəl/

crumple

froisser
Meaning
to crush something into folds or wrinkles
Example
He crumpled the paper and threw it in the bin.
Il a froissé le papier et l'a jeté dans la poubelle.
C1 noun ˌriːˌvaɪ.təl.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

revitalization

revitalisation
Meaning
The action of giving new life and vitality to something.
Example
Proper rest and nutrition lead to revitalization of the body.
Un repos adéquat et une bonne nutrition conduisent à la revitalisation du corps.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈvɛntɪv/

inventive

inventif
Meaning
Having the ability to create or design new things or to think originally.
Example
The inventor was known for his inventive solutions to everyday problems.
L'inventeur était connu pour ses solutions inventives aux problèmes quotidiens.
C1 noun /ˈpærɪti/

parity

parité
Meaning
the state or condition of being equal, especially in status or pay
Example
The campaign aims to achieve pay parity between men and women.
La campagne vise à atteindre la parité salariale entre les hommes et les femmes.
C1 noun /ˈkɑːrtrɪdʒ/

cartridge

cartouche
Meaning
A container holding a substance or device, such as ink for printers or bullets for firearms.
Example
The printer stopped working because the ink cartridge was empty.
L'imprimante a cessé de fonctionner car la cartouche d'encre était vide.
C1 noun ˌvæljuˈeɪʃən

valuation

évaluation
Meaning
An estimation of the worth of something.
Example
The valuation of the property was much higher than expected.
L'évaluation de la propriété était bien plus élevée que prévu.
C1 verb /ˈnʌlɪfaɪ/

nullify

annuler
Meaning
to make something legally invalid or ineffective
Example
The court decided to nullify the contract.
Le tribunal a décidé d'annuler le contrat.
C1 adjective /ˈbrɪtl/

brittle

fragile
Meaning
easily broken or cracked; hard but liable to break
Example
The glass was so brittle that it cracked easily.
Le verre était tellement fragile qu'il s'est cassé facilement.
C1 adjective əsˈtjuːt

astute

astucieux ou perspicace
Meaning
Having or showing an ability to accurately assess situations or people and turn this to one's advantage.
Example
His astute observations helped solve the complex problem.
Ses observations astucieuses ont aidé à résoudre le problème complexe.
C1 adjective /ˌaʊtˈlændɪʃ/

outlandish

bizarre
Meaning
Looking or sounding bizarre or unfamiliar; strange.
Example
He wore an outlandish costume to the festival.
Il portait un costume bizarre au festival.
C1 noun/adjective /dɪˈtɜː.rənt/

deterrent

élément dissuasif
Meaning
A thing that discourages or is intended to discourage someone from doing something.
Example
A strict law serves as a deterrent to crime.
Une loi stricte sert d'élément dissuasif contre le crime.
C1 noun /θiˈɒlədʒi/

theology

théologie
Meaning
The study of the nature of God and religious beliefs.
Example
She is pursuing a degree in theology at the university.
Elle poursuit un diplôme en théologie à l'université.
C1 verb, noun /læɡ/

lag

ralentir ou être en retard
Meaning
To fall behind in movement, progress, or development; a delay or period of falling behind.
Example
The old computer tends to lag when running new software.
L'ordinateur ancien a tendance à ralentir lorsqu'il exécute de nouveaux logiciels.
C1 verb /əˈlɒt/

allot

bonheur
Meaning
to give or assign something, often a share or portion, to someone
Example
Each student was allotted ten minutes to present.
Elle ne pouvait pas cacher son bonheur lorsqu'elle a reçu le prix.
C1 noun /ˌɑːrbɪˈtreɪʃən/

arbitration

arbitrage
Meaning
the process of resolving a dispute through an impartial third party whose decision is binding; formal judgment outside a court
Example
The contract requires arbitration to settle any disputes.
Le contrat impose l’arbitrage pour régler tout différend.
C1 noun /ɪnˈfɜːrnoʊ/

inferno

incendie
Meaning
a large, intense fire that is dangerously out of control
Example
The building turned into an inferno within minutes.
Le bâtiment s'est transformé en un incendie en quelques minutes.
C1 adjective /frəˈnɛtɪk/

frenetic

frenétique
Meaning
Fast and energetic in a wild or uncontrolled way.
Example
The stock market experienced frenetic trading after the announcement.
Le marché boursier a connu des transactions frénétiques après l'annonce.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈtɒl.ər.ə.bəl/

Intolerable

intolérable
Meaning
unable to be endured; extremely unpleasant or painful
Example
The noise from the construction site was intolerable.
Le bruit du chantier était intolérable.
C1 verb /ɡɔːr/

gore

percer avec des cornes
Meaning
to pierce with horns or tusks; spilled blood
Example
The bull gored the matador during the fight.
Le taureau a blessé le matador pendant le combat.
C1 verb /dɪˈspɛns/

dispense

distribuer
Meaning
To distribute or provide something, especially in portions.
Example
The machine dispenses clean drinking water.
La machine distribue de l'eau potable propre.
C1 noun /ˈɛskəpeɪd/

escapade

aventure
Meaning
an adventurous, exciting, or reckless act
Example
Their summer escapade included camping and mountain climbing.
Leurs escapades estivales comprenaient du camping et de l'escalade en montagne.
C1 noun /ˈæl.ɪ.moʊ.ni/

alimony

pension alimentaire
Meaning
financial support that a person is ordered by a court to give to their spouse after separation or divorce
Example
He was ordered by the court to pay monthly alimony to his ex-wife.
Le tribunal a ordonné de payer une pension alimentaire mensuelle à son ex-femme.
C1 adjective /praɪˈmɔːrdiəl/

primordial

primaire
Meaning
Existing at or from the beginning of time; fundamental and original.
Example
Scientists study the primordial soup from which life emerged.
Les scientifiques étudient la soupe primordiale dont la vie a émergé.
C1 adjective /seɪdʒ/

Sage

sage; prudent; ayant bon jugement
Meaning
wise; showing wisdom from experience; prudent; having good judgment
Example
The sage advice from the elder helped solve the problem.
Le sage conseil de l'aîné a aidé à résoudre le problème.
C1 adjective /dɪˈvɪzəbl/

divisible

divisible
Meaning
Capable of being divided by another number without leaving a remainder.
Example
Twelve is divisible by three and four.
Douze est divisible par trois et quatre.
C1 verb /skʌlpt/

sculpt

bonheur
Meaning
to create or shape something by carving or molding
Example
The artist sculpted a beautiful statue from marble.
Elle ne pouvait pas cacher sa joie lorsqu'elle a reçu le prix.
C1 noun /ˈlɛktən/

lectern

pupitre
Meaning
A tall stand with a sloping top used to support a book, notes, or script during a speech or lecture.
Example
The professor placed her notes on the lectern before starting her lecture.
Le professeur a posé ses notes sur le pupitre avant de commencer sa conférence.
C1 noun /ˈmʌltɪplaɪər/

multiplier

multiplicateur
Meaning
a number or factor by which another number is multiplied; something that increases the effect or value of something else
Example
In economics, government spending can act as a multiplier for economic growth.
En économie, les dépenses publiques peuvent être un multiplicateur de croissance.
C1 noun /ɑːˌtɪkjʊˈleɪʃən/

articulation

expression
Meaning
The action of putting into words an idea or feeling of a specified type.
Example
His articulation during the debate impressed everyone.
Son articulation lors du débat a impressionné tout le monde.
C1 verb /dɛlv/

delve

approfondir
Meaning
To investigate deeply; to dig into a subject or area.
Example
The researcher delved into ancient manuscripts to find clues.
Le chercheur a approfondi les manuscrits anciens pour trouver des indices.
C1 adjective /ˈspʌndʒi/

Spongy

épongeux
Meaning
soft and full of holes like a sponge; porous
Example
The cake had a light and spongy texture.
Le gâteau avait une texture légère et spongieuse.
C1 adverb ˌekspəˈnenʃəli

exponentially

exponentiellement
Meaning
At a rapidly increasing rate; growing or expanding very quickly and intensely.
Example
Internet adoption is growing exponentially worldwide.
L'adoption d'Internet croît de manière exponentielle dans le monde entier.
C1 adjective /ˈskeɪ.li/

Scaly

écailleux
Meaning
covered with scales; having a rough surface like scales
Example
The fish has scaly skin.
Le poisson a une peau écailleuse.
C1 adjective /ˈɡæl.ənt/

gallant

héroïque, chevaleresque
Meaning
Brave, heroic, or chivalrous.
Example
The gallant firefighter saved the child from the burning building.
Le pompier héroïque a sauvé l'enfant du bâtiment en feu.
C1 noun /dɪˈprɛsənt/

depressant

dépresseur
Meaning
A drug that reduces functional or nervous activity in the body.
Example
Alcohol acts as a depressant on the central nervous system.
L'alcool agit comme un dépresseur sur le système nerveux central.
C1 noun /ˈstænzə/

stanza

strophe
Meaning
a group of lines forming a unit in a poem or song
Example
The poem begins with a stanza describing nature.
Le poème commence par une strophe décrivant la nature.
C1 adjective /ˈskrɔːni/

scrawny

maigre
Meaning
very thin and bony, often looking unhealthy
Example
The scrawny boy could barely lift the heavy bag.
Le garçon maigre pouvait à peine soulever le sac lourd.
C1 verb /ˈwɪtl/

whittle

tailler
Meaning
to carve or shape something by cutting off small pieces; to gradually reduce
Example
He spent the afternoon whittling a piece of wood into a toy.
Il a passé l'après-midi à tailler un morceau de bois en jouet.
C1 noun /ˈpoʊdiətrɪst/

podiatrist

podiatre
Meaning
a doctor specializing in foot care
Example
I have an appointment with the podiatrist for my ankle pain.
J'ai un rendez-vous chez le podiatre pour la douleur à la cheville.
C1 verb /ˈfɔːrfɪt/

forfeit

perdre, renoncer comme pénalité
Meaning
to lose or give up something, usually as a penalty for wrongdoing
Example
He had to forfeit the match after breaking the rules.
Il a dû abandonner le match après avoir enfreint les règles.
C1 noun /ˌrɛmɪˈnɪsəns/

reminiscence

réminiscence
Meaning
a story or memory about past events
Example
He shared a reminiscence of his childhood days in the village.
Il a partagé une réminiscence de ses jours d'enfance dans le village.
C1 noun /dɪˈstɔːrʃən/

distortion

distorsion, déformation
Meaning
the action of twisting, changing, or misrepresenting the shape, sound, or truth of something
Example
There was a distortion in the radio signal.
Il y avait une distorsion dans le signal radio.
C1 noun /əˈlʌmnəs/

alumnus

ancien élève
Meaning
a former student or graduate of a school, college, or university
Example
He is an alumnus of Harvard University.
Il est un ancien élève de l'Université de Harvard.
C1 verb /ʃʌnt/

shunt

détourner
Meaning
to move or turn aside; to push or divert from one track to another
Example
The train was shunted onto a different track.
Le train a été dévié sur une autre voie.
C1 adjective /ˈsiː.di/

Seedy

plein de graines; sale et dégradant; en mauvais état
Meaning
squalid and disreputable; shabby and run-down; full of seeds
Example
They avoided walking through the seedy part of town at night.
Ils évitaient de marcher dans la partie sale et dégradante de la ville la nuit.
C1 verb /ˈstɪntɪŋ/

stinting

donner avec parcimonie
Meaning
to supply sparingly or with restrictions
Example
He never stinting his efforts to help the poor.
Il ne fait jamais de restrictions dans ses efforts pour aider les pauvres.
C1 noun /ˈɪm.pæs/

impasse

impasse
Meaning
A situation where no progress is possible.
Example
The negotiations reached an impasse, delaying the agreement.
Les négociations ont atteint un impasse, retardant l'accord.
C1 noun ɪnˌvaɪ.rənˈmen.təl ˌtræns.fəˈmeɪ.ʃən

environmental transformation

transformation environnementale
Meaning
A significant change in environmental conditions or ecological systems.
Example
The city demonstrates environmental transformation.
La ville montre une transformation environnementale.
C1 noun /ˈves.tɪdʒ/

Vestige

vestige
Meaning
a trace or remnant of something that is disappearing or no longer exists
Example
No vestige of the ancient city remains.
Aucun vestige de l'ancienne ville ne reste.
C1 noun /ɡruːv/

groove

rainure / rythme
Meaning
a long narrow cut or depression, or a rhythmic pattern in music
Example
The DJ kept the crowd dancing to the groove.
Le DJ a fait danser la foule sur le groove.
C1 noun /ˌævɒ̃ˈɡɑːrd/

avantgarde

avant-garde
Meaning
people or works that are innovative, experimental, and ahead of their time
Example
The avantgarde of the 20th century reshaped modern art.
L'avant-garde du XXe siècle a redéfini l'art moderne.
C1 noun məˈriːn ˈsɜː.veɪ

marine survey

étude marine. enquête sous-marine.
Meaning
A systematic examination of the sea, seabed, and underwater features for the purpose of making maps or gathering other information.
Example
The marine survey identified the ideal cable routes.
L'enquête marine a identifié les itinéraires idéaux pour les câbles.
C1 adjective ˌkɑːr.sɪ.nəˈdʒen.ɪk

carcinogenic

cancérogène
Meaning
Having the potential to cause cancer in living tissue.
Example
Processed meat contains carcinogenic compounds.
La viande transformée contient des composés cancérogènes.
C1 noun /ˈslændər/

Slander

calomnie
Meaning
the action of making false spoken statements damaging to someone's reputation
Example
The politician sued the newspaper for slander.
Le politicien a poursuivi le journal pour calomnie.
C1 adjective /ˈkoʊvərt/

covert

secret
Meaning
hidden, secret, or not openly acknowledged
Example
The spy conducted a covert operation behind enemy lines.
L'espion a mené une opération secrète derrière les lignes ennemies.
C1 verb /tiːm/

teem

abonder
Meaning
to be full of or swarming with
Example
The forest teems with wildlife.
La forêt est pleine de faune.
C1 verb /ræsp/

rasp

parler d'une voix rugueuse ou râper avec un bruit grossier
Meaning
to speak in a rough, harsh voice or to scrape with a coarse sound
Example
He rasped out a warning before collapsing.
Il a râpé un avertissement avant de s'effondrer.
C1 noun /ˌʌnbɪˈliːf/

Unbelief

incrédulité
Meaning
lack of religious belief; skepticism or doubt
Example
His unbelief in the supernatural made him a skeptic.
Son incrédulité face au surnaturel l'a transformé en un sceptique.
C1 noun ˈhaɪ.drə.dʒən ˈpaʊ.əd bʌsɪz

hydrogen-powered buses

autobus à hydrogène
Meaning
Buses powered by hydrogen fuel cells that produce only water vapor as emission.
Example
Hydrogen-powered buses reduce air pollution.
Les autobus à hydrogène réduisent la pollution de l'air.
C1 verb /ˈʃækəl/

shackle

chaîner
Meaning
to chain or restrain; to restrict someone’s actions or freedom
Example
Outdated regulations shackle small businesses and slow innovation.
Les anciennes régulations enchaînent les petites entreprises et ralentissent l'innovation.
C1 adjective /bɪˈriːvd/

Bereaved

endeuillé
Meaning
having lost a loved one through death
Example
The bereaved family received many condolences.
La famille endeuillée a reçu de nombreuses condoléances.
C1 verb /ɪɡˈzuːd/

exude

exsuder
Meaning
to display a quality strongly and openly; to release a liquid or smell slowly
Example
He exudes confidence whenever he speaks in public.
Il exsude de la confiance chaque fois qu'il parle en public.
C1 noun /fɪˈlæn.θrə.pi/

philanthropy

philanthropie
Meaning
the desire to promote the welfare of others, often expressed by the generous donation of money to good causes
Example
Philanthropy has helped improve healthcare in many developing countries.
La philanthropie a contribué à améliorer les soins de santé dans de nombreux pays en développement.
C1 adjective /pərˈvɜːrs/

perverse

pervers
Meaning
showing a deliberate desire to behave in a way that is unreasonable, contrary, or unacceptable
Example
He took a perverse pleasure in upsetting his colleagues.
Il éprouvait un plaisir pervers à contrarier ses collègues.
C1 verb /ˈɪnsjuleɪt/

insulate

isoler
Meaning
To protect something by covering it, especially to prevent heat, sound, or electricity from escaping or entering.
Example
The house was insulated to reduce heating costs.
La maison a été isolée pour réduire les coûts de chauffage.
C1 noun /ˈkaʊərdɪs/

cowardice

lâcheté
Meaning
lack of courage; behavior showing fear
Example
His cowardice prevented him from speaking up.
Sa lâcheté l'a empêché de prendre la parole.
C1 adjective /ˈmæn.əd/

mannered

affecté / artificiel
Meaning
Having or showing a particular manner, especially an artificial or affected one.
Example
The actor’s performance was too mannered to feel natural.
La performance de l'acteur était trop affectée pour sembler naturelle.
C1 adjective /əˈɡrɛəriən/

agrarian

agricole
Meaning
Related to farming, agriculture, or rural land.
Example
The country’s economy is still largely agrarian.
L'économie du pays est encore largement agricole.
C1 noun /ˈʃæpəroʊn/

chaperon

accompagnateur
Meaning
An older person who accompanies and supervises young people in social situations.
Example
The teacher acted as a chaperon during the school dance.
L'enseignant a agi en tant qu'accompagnateur pendant le bal scolaire.
C1 adjective /ˈsɒmbər/

somber

sombre
Meaning
Dark or dull in color or tone; gloomy or serious.
Example
The funeral had a somber atmosphere.
Les funérailles avaient une atmosphère sombre.
C1 noun /nɪl/

Nil

zéro; rien
Meaning
nothing; zero; no amount
Example
His chances of winning were nil after the scandal.
Ses chances de gagner étaient nulles après le scandale.