proliferate
All a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
All CEFR A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2
Content locale
EN Anglais BN Bengali HI Hindi ES Espagnol FR Français DE Allemand RU Russe ZH Chinois JA Japonais
All Vocabulary Cards All Vocabularies
C1 verb /prəˈlɪf.ə.reɪt/

proliferate

proliférer
Meaning
To increase rapidly in numbers; to grow or spread quickly and extensively.
Example
Startups tend to proliferate in a thriving economy.
Les startups ont tendance à proliférer dans une économie prospère.
C1 noun /ˈpɪntʃərz/

pinchers

pinces
Meaning
a tool used for gripping or squeezing objects
Example
Use the pinchers to remove the hot coal safely.
Utilisez les pinces pour retirer le charbon chaud en toute sécurité.
C1 verb /ˈpeɪtrənaɪz/

patronize

traiter avec condescendance
Meaning
to treat someone in a condescending way; to be a regular customer of a business
Example
Don't patronize me with your fake sympathy.
Ne me traite pas avec ta fausse sympathie.
C1 adjective /priˈɛmptɪv/

preemptive

préventif
Meaning
Serving or intended to prevent something by taking action first.
Example
The government took preemptive measures to control inflation.
Le gouvernement a pris des mesures préventives pour contrôler l'inflation.
C1 noun /ˌpærəˈnɔɪə/

paranoia

peur irrationnelle et persistante que les gens cherchent à vous nuire ou vous observent constamment
Meaning
an irrational and persistent feeling that people are 'out to get you' or are constantly watching you
Example
His constant paranoia made it hard for him to trust anyone.
Sa paranoïa constante rendait difficile de faire confiance à qui que ce soit.
C1 noun /ˈpæstər/

pastor

pasteur
Meaning
a minister in charge of a Christian church or congregation
Example
The pastor delivered a heartfelt sermon on compassion.
Le pasteur a prononcé un sermon plein de compassion.
C1 noun /ˈprɒvənəns/

provenance

provenance
Meaning
The origin or source of something.
Example
The museum verified the provenance of the ancient manuscript.
Le musée a vérifié l'origine du manuscrit ancien.
C1 noun /ˌtɛrəˈdæktɪl/

pterodactyl

reptile volant éteint
Meaning
An extinct flying reptile of the Jurassic period, with a long slender head and wings formed by a membrane stretching along the body.
Example
The museum displayed a fossil of a giant pterodactyl.
Le musée a exposé un fossile de ptérodactyle géant.
C1 verb /ˌpriːdɪˈspoʊz/

predispose

prédisposer
Meaning
To make someone more likely to behave in a certain way or be affected by something.
Example
His genetics may predispose him to diabetes.
Ses gènes peuvent le rendre plus susceptible au diabète.
C1 adjective /præɡˈmæt.ɪk/

pragmatic

pragmatique
Meaning
Dealing with things sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical rather than idealistic considerations.
Example
He took a pragmatic approach to solving the financial crisis.
Il a adopté une approche pragmatique pour résoudre la crise financière.
C1 adjective /pəˈleɪ.ʃəl/

palatial

palatial
Meaning
resembling a palace in being spacious and splendid
Example
They stayed in a palatial hotel during their vacation.
Ils ont séjourné dans un hôtel palais pendant leurs vacances.
C1 adjective /pɜːrt/

pert

espiègle mais charmant
Meaning
attractively lively or cheeky in manner or style
Example
She gave a pert reply that made everyone laugh.
Elle a donné une réponse espiègle qui a fait rire tout le monde.
C1 noun /pəˈrɪfəri/

periphery

périphérie
Meaning
The outer edge or boundary of an area or object.
Example
The soldiers were stationed at the periphery of the camp.
Les soldats étaient stationnés à la périphérie du camp.
C1 noun /ˈpæʃ.ən ˌflaʊ.ər/

Passion flower

fleur de la passion
Meaning
A climbing plant with intricate, colorful flowers; also refers to royal poinciana tree with red-orange blooms
Example
The passion flower vine covered the garden wall with beautiful blooms.
La vigne de la fleur de la passion a couvert le mur du jardin avec de magnifiques fleurs.
C1 noun /ˈpælɪt/

pallet

palette
Meaning
a flat wooden platform used for moving or storing goods; also a makeshift bed
Example
The boxes were stacked on a wooden pallet for easy transport.
Les boîtes ont été empilées sur une palette en bois pour un transport facile.
C1 noun /fɪˈziːk/

physique

physique
Meaning
the form, size, and development of a person's body
Example
He has an athletic physique due to years of training.
Il a une silhouette athlétique grâce à des années d'entraînement.
C1 verb /paʊt/

pout

faire la moue
Meaning
to push one's lips forward as an expression of annoyance or sulkiness
Example
The child began to pout when he didn’t get the toy.
L'enfant a commencé à faire la moue lorsqu'il n'a pas eu le jouet.
C1 noun /prəˈtruːʒən/

protrusion

saillie
Meaning
Something that sticks out or projects from a surface.
Example
The protrusion on the wall made it difficult to move the furniture.
La saillie sur le mur a rendu difficile de déplacer les meubles.
C1 noun ˌpriːˌɒkjʊˈpeɪʃən

preoccupation

préoccupation
Meaning
The state of being absorbed in thought; mental distraction.
Example
His preoccupation with work led to neglecting his personal life.
Sa préoccupation pour le travail a conduit à négliger sa vie personnelle.
C1 noun /ˈpoʊtənsi/

potency

puissance
Meaning
The power or ability of something to affect or influence; strength or effectiveness.
Example
The potency of the new medicine amazed the doctors.
La puissance du nouveau médicament a étonné les médecins.
C1 noun /saɪˈkoʊsɪs/

psychosis

psychose
Meaning
A severe mental disorder in which thought and emotions are impaired, leading to a loss of contact with reality.
Example
The patient was diagnosed with psychosis after experiencing hallucinations.
Le patient a été diagnostiqué avec une psychose après avoir expérimenté des hallucinations.
C1 noun /pɒˈstɛrɪti/

posterity

postérité
Meaning
All future generations of people.
Example
The monument was built for the benefit of posterity.
Le monument a été construit pour le bénéfice de la postérité.
C1 verb /proʊˈtrækt/

protract

prolonger
Meaning
To prolong or extend in time or duration.
Example
Negotiations were protracted for several months.
Les négociations ont été prolongées pendant plusieurs mois.
C1 adjective /prɪˈpɒstərəs/

preposterous

absurde, ridicule
Meaning
completely ridiculous or absurd; contrary to reason or common sense
Example
The idea that pigs could fly is preposterous.
L'idée que les cochons puissent voler est absurde.
C1 adjective /praɪˈmiːvəl/

primeval

primitif
Meaning
Relating to the earliest ages in history; ancient and primitive.
Example
The explorers ventured into the primeval forest untouched by humans.
Les explorateurs se sont aventurés dans la forêt primitive, inchangée par les humains.
C1 adjective /ˈpɔːrəs/

porous

poreux
Meaning
Having tiny holes that allow liquid or air to pass through.
Example
The soil is very porous and drains quickly.
Le sol est très poreux et draine rapidement.
C1 noun /ˈpiː.hən/

Peahen

paonne
Meaning
female peacock
Example
The peahen is less colorful than the male peacock.
La paonne est moins colorée que le paon mâle.
C1 noun /ˌpændəˈmoʊniəm/

pandemonium

panique
Meaning
Wild and noisy disorder or confusion; uproar.
Example
When the concert was canceled, pandemonium broke out among the crowd.
Lorsque le concert a été annulé, le pandémonium a éclaté parmi la foule.
C1 noun /ˈprɒdɪdʒi/

prodigy

prodige
Meaning
a person, especially a young one, with exceptional talents or abilities
Example
Mozart was a child prodigy in music.
Mozart était un prodige enfant en musique.
C1 verb /ˈpæs.ɪ.faɪ/

pacify

pacifier
Meaning
To quell the anger, agitation, or excitement of someone.
Example
The mother tried to pacify her crying child.
La mère a essayé de pacifier son enfant qui pleurait.
C1 adjective /ˈpent ʌp/

Pent-up

réprimé; restreint; confiné
Meaning
suppressed; restrained; confined
Example
He had pent-up anger that finally exploded.
Il avait de la colère réprimée qui a finalement explosé.
C1 verb /ˈpʌməl/

pummel

rouer de coups
Meaning
To strike repeatedly with the fists; to beat or hit forcefully.
Example
The boxer pummeled his opponent in the final round.
Le boxeur a roué son adversaire de coups dans le dernier round.
C1 adjective /ˈprɪvi/

privy

connaissance secrète
Meaning
having access to secret or private knowledge
Example
She was privy to the confidential discussions.
Elle était au courant des discussions confidentielles.
C1 noun /ˈpoʊl.stɑːr/

Polestar

étoile polaire
Meaning
a bright star that appears to stay in the same position in the sky and is used for navigation
Example
Sailors used the polestar to navigate across the ocean.
Les marins ont utilisé l'étoile polaire pour naviguer à travers l'océan.
C1 noun /ˌpɒl.iˈtek.nɪk/

polytechnic

école polytechnique
Meaning
an educational institution offering practical and technical courses
Example
She studied engineering at a well-known polytechnic in her city.
Elle a étudié l'ingénierie dans un polytechnique bien connu de sa ville.
C1 adjective /ˈfɒnɪk/

phonic

phonétique
Meaning
relating to speech sounds or their production; connected to phonics
Example
Children learn phonic rules to read new words accurately.
Les enfants apprennent les règles phonétiques pour lire de nouveaux mots avec précision.
C1 noun /prəʊˌkræs.tɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

procrastination

procrastination, remettre les tâches à plus tard
Meaning
The act of delaying or postponing tasks or activities.
Example
Procrastination is the enemy of success.
La procrastination est l'ennemi du succès.
C1 noun /pəˈsweɪsɪvnes/

persuasiveness

persuasion
Meaning
The quality of being good at persuading someone to do or believe something.
Example
Her persuasiveness convinced the team to follow her suggestions.
Sa persuasion a convaincu l'équipe de suivre ses suggestions.
C1 adjective /ˌpriːdɪˈspoʊzd/

predisposed

prédisposé
Meaning
Likely or inclined to be affected by something in advance.
Example
She is predisposed to trust people easily.
Elle est encline à faire confiance facilement aux gens.
C1 adjective /prəˈvoʊkɪŋ/

Provoking

provocateur
Meaning
causing anger or strong reaction; irritating; stimulating
Example
His provoking comments made everyone angry.
Ses commentaires provocateurs ont mis tout le monde en colère.
C1 noun /ˈprəʊ.lɒɡ/

prologue

prologue
Meaning
an introduction to a book, play, or event
Example
The novel begins with a short prologue set in the past.
Le roman commence par un court prologue situé dans le passé.
C1 noun /pɪˌdɛs.tri.ə.naɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/

pedestrianization

pédestrianisation
Meaning
Making areas pedestrian-friendly, closing any area to vehicle traffic and making it open only for pedestrians.
Example
The pedestrianization of city centers reduces pollution.
La piétonnisation des centres-villes réduit la pollution.
C1 noun /ˈpɛsəl/

pestle

pilon
Meaning
A heavy tool with a rounded end used for crushing or grinding substances in a mortar.
Example
She used a pestle to grind the spices.
Elle a utilisé un pilon pour moudre les épices.
C1 noun /ˈpaɪ.ə.ti/

Piety

piété
Meaning
the quality of being religious or reverent; devout religious belief and practice
Example
His piety was evident in his daily prayers.
Sa piété était évidente dans ses prières quotidiennes.
C1 noun /ˈpɜːʃən/

Persian

personne originaire d'Iran ou parlant le persan
Meaning
a native or inhabitant of Iran; the language spoken in Iran (Farsi)
Example
The Persian language has a rich literary history.
La langue persane a une riche histoire littéraire.
C1 adjective /ˈpleɪntɪv/

plaintive

triste, plaintif
Meaning
expressing sadness or sorrow
Example
He raised a plaintive cry for help.
Il a poussé un cri plaintif à l'aide.
C1 noun /prɪˈtɛnʃən/

pretension

prétention, fausse apparence
Meaning
A claim or assertion to something, often without justification; an attempt to impress by showing greater importance or talent than is actually possessed.
Example
His pretension to be an expert was quickly exposed.
Sa prétention à être un expert a été rapidement exposée.
C1 adjective /ˈperɪʃəbəl/

Perishable

périssable
Meaning
liable to decay quickly; short-lived
Example
Store perishable foods in the refrigerator.
Conservez les aliments périssables dans le réfrigérateur.
C1 adjective /ˈpeɪnzˌteɪkɪŋ/

painstaking

avec soin
Meaning
Done with great care and thoroughness.
Example
The artist completed the project with painstaking detail.
L'artiste a terminé le projet avec beaucoup de soin.
C1 noun /ˌpɜː.mɪˈæbɪlɪti/

permeability

perméabilité, la qualité ou l'état d'être perméable, permettant aux liquides ou aux gaz de passer à travers
Meaning
The quality or state of being permeable; allowing liquids or gases to pass through.
Example
The permeability of the soil affects water retention.
La perméabilité du sol affecte la rétention d'eau.
C1 noun /pəˈpaɪrəs/

papyrus

papyre
Meaning
An ancient writing material made from the pith of the papyrus plant; also refers to the plant itself.
Example
The ancient scroll was written on papyrus.
Le rouleau ancien a été écrit sur du papyrus.
C1 adjective /prɪˈzʌmp.tʃu.əs/

presumptuous

prétentieux
Meaning
Overconfident, rude, or taking liberties without permission.
Example
It was presumptuous of him to make that decision without consulting others.
Il a été présomptueux de sa part de prendre cette décision sans consulter les autres.
C1 verb /piːv/

peeve

agacer
Meaning
To annoy or irritate someone.
Example
His constant interruptions really peeve me.
Ses interruptions constantes me vexent vraiment.
C1 adjective /pərˈveɪsɪv/

pervasive

pervasif
Meaning
Existing in or spreading through every part of something
Example
Pervasive technology has become a fundamental part of daily life.
La technologie pervasif est devenue une partie fondamentale de la vie quotidienne.
C1 noun /ˌsaɪkoʊˈθɛrəpi/

psychotherapy

psychothérapie
Meaning
The treatment of mental disorder by psychological rather than medical means.
Example
She attended weekly psychotherapy sessions to cope with her anxiety.
Elle a assisté à des séances hebdomadaires de psychothérapie pour faire face à son anxiété.
C1 adjective /pərˈsweɪdəbl̩/

persuadable

facilement influençable
Meaning
capable of being convinced or influenced to do something
Example
She was easily persuadable when it came to trying new foods.
Elle était facilement influençable quand il s'agissait d'essayer de nouveaux aliments.
C1 adjective /ˈperɪɡrɪn/

Peregrine

errant; migratoire; voyageur
Meaning
wandering; traveling; migratory
Example
The peregrine falcon is known for its incredible speed.
Le faucon pèlerin est connu pour sa vitesse incroyable.
C1 noun /ˌpæl.pɪˈteɪ.ʃən/

Palpitation

battement de cœur rapide, fort ou irrégulier dû à l'agitation ou à une condition médicale
Meaning
a noticeably rapid, strong, or irregular heartbeat due to agitation or medical condition
Example
She experienced palpitations before her job interview.
Elle a ressenti des palpitations avant son entretien d'embauche.
C1 noun /ˈpoʊʃən/

potion

potion
Meaning
a liquid with healing, magical, or poisonous properties
Example
The witch gave the hero a healing potion.
La sorcière a donné au héros une potion de guérison.
C1 verb /pərˈsɑːnɪfaɪ/

personify

bonheur
Meaning
To represent or embody a quality, idea, or concept in human form.
Example
She personifies kindness and generosity.
Elle ne pouvait pas cacher son bonheur lorsqu'elle a reçu le prix.
C1 verb /pəˈveɪd/

pervade

se répandre
Meaning
to spread through and be present in every part of something
Example
The smell of fresh flowers pervaded the entire room.
L'odeur des fleurs fraîches a envahi toute la pièce.
C1 verb /priːˈɛmpt/

preempt

prévenir
Meaning
To take action in order to prevent something from happening; to take the place of something.
Example
The government acted quickly to preempt a financial crisis.
Le gouvernement a agi rapidement pour prévenir une crise financière.
C1 adjective /pəˈnʌltɪmət/

penultimate

avant-dernier
Meaning
second to the last in a sequence or series
Example
She finished the penultimate chapter before going to sleep.
Elle a terminé le avant-dernier chapitre avant d'aller dormir.
C1 noun /ˈpetɪkoʊt/

Petti-coat

jupon
Meaning
an undergarment worn by women under a dress or skirt
Example
She wore a white petticoat under her dress.
Elle portait un jupon blanc sous sa robe.
C1 noun /ˈfiː.nɪks/

phoenix

oiseau phénix
Meaning
a mythical bird that is reborn from its ashes; symbol of immortality or renewal
Example
The legend says the phoenix rises from its ashes every 500 years.
La légende dit que le phénix renaît de ses cendres tous les 500 ans.
C1 noun /ˈpræɡmətɪst/

pragmatist

pragmatique
Meaning
A person who deals with things in a practical and realistic way.
Example
He is a true pragmatist who values results over ideals.
Il est un véritable pragmatique qui valorise les résultats plus que les idéaux.
C1 noun /ˈpærəbl/

parable

parabole
Meaning
A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson.
Example
Jesus often taught using a parable to convey deeper truths.
Jésus enseignait souvent en utilisant une parabole pour transmettre des vérités profondes.
C1 adjective /ˌfɪz.i.əˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/

physiological

relatif aux fonctions et activités corporelles
Meaning
Relating to bodily functions and activities.
Example
Exercise improves physiological functions of the body.
L'exercice améliore les fonctions physiologiques du corps.
C1 noun /ˈpæd.ək/

paddock

champ clos pour chevaux ou autres animaux
Meaning
a small enclosed field where horses or other animals are kept
Example
The horses were grazing in the paddock.
Les chevaux broutaient dans le paddock.
C1 noun /prɪˈzʌmp.ʃən/

Presumption

présomption; supposition;
Meaning
an idea that is taken to be true without proof
Example
There is a presumption of innocence in the legal system.
Il y a une présomption d'innocence dans le système juridique.
C1 noun /ˈpɔːr.kjə.paɪn/

Porcupine

Porc-épic
Meaning
a large rodent with defensive spines or quills on its body
Example
The porcupine raised its quills when threatened.
Le porc-épic a levé ses piquants lorsqu'il a été menacé.
C1 verb /ˈpɜːrpɔːrt/

purport

prétendre
Meaning
to claim or profess something, often falsely
Example
The document purports to be an official government report.
Le document prétend être un rapport officiel du gouvernement.
C1 noun /ˈpɒpjʊlɪst/

populist

leader populiste
Meaning
A politician or person who seeks to appeal to ordinary people who feel their concerns are ignored by elites.
Example
The populist leader promised to put the needs of common citizens first.
Le leader populiste a promis de mettre les besoins des citoyens ordinaires en priorité.
C1 adjective /pəˈroʊkiəl/

parochial

parroquial
Meaning
Having a limited or narrow outlook; relating to a parish.
Example
His parochial view prevented him from understanding global issues.
Sa vision paroissiale l'a empêché de comprendre les problèmes mondiaux.
C1 adjective /ˈpæl.ɪd/

Pallid

pâle, surtout à cause d'une mauvaise santé; manquant de substance ou de vitalité
Meaning
pale, especially because of poor health; lacking substance or vitality
Example
His pallid complexion showed signs of illness.
Son teint pâle montrait des signes de maladie.
C1 verb /pərˈspaɪər/

perspire

transpirer
Meaning
To give out sweat through the pores of the skin as a result of heat, physical exertion, or stress.
Example
He began to perspire after running for 10 minutes.
Il a commencé à transpirer après avoir couru pendant 10 minutes.
C1 noun /ˈpær.ə.saɪt/

Parasite

parasite
Meaning
an organism that lives on or in another organism and benefits at its expense; a person who depends on others
Example
The dog was treated for intestinal parasites.
Le chien a été traité pour les parasites intestinaux.
C1 noun /ˈpærəˌlɛlɪzəm/

parallelism

parallélisme
Meaning
The state of being parallel or similar; in literature, the use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same or similar in construction.
Example
The writer used parallelism to give rhythm to his prose.
L'écrivain a utilisé le parallélisme pour donner du rythme à sa prose.
C1 adjective /prɪˈtɛnʃəs/

pretentious

prétentieux
Meaning
Attempting to impress by affecting greater importance, talent, culture, etc., than is actually possessed.
Example
The restaurant was stylish but far too pretentious for my taste.
Le restaurant était élégant mais bien trop prétentieux pour mon goût.
C1 noun proʊˈæktɪv ˈseɪvɪŋ

proactive saving

épargne proactive
Meaning
Actively planning and setting aside money in advance to prepare for future financial needs
Example
Proactive saving ensures financial stability in old age.
L'épargne proactive garantit la stabilité financière à un âge avancé.
C1 noun /pəˈrɛnθəsɪs/

parenthesis

parenthèse
Meaning
A pair of curved marks ( ) used to enclose words or numbers; also an interruption or digression in speech or writing.
Example
The explanation was given in a parenthesis within the text.
L'explication a été donnée dans une parenthèse dans le texte.
C1 noun /ˈpædʒənt/

pageant

concours de beauté
Meaning
A public entertainment consisting of a procession of people in elaborate costumes, or a beauty contest.
Example
She won first place in the beauty pageant.
Elle a remporté la première place au concours de beauté
C1 noun /pəˈnæʃ/

panache

élégance distinctive
Meaning
Flamboyant confidence of style or manner; distinctive and stylish elegance.
Example
He delivered his speech with great panache.
Il a prononcé son discours avec une grande élégance.
C1 adjective /ˈpeɪtrənaɪzɪŋ/

patronizing

condescendant
Meaning
showing kindness that is perceived as condescending or superior
Example
His patronizing tone offended the audience.
Son ton condescendant a offensé le public.
C1 verb /ˈplʌm.ɪt/

plummet

tomber droit vers le bas à grande vitesse
Meaning
to fall straight down at high speed
Example
Stock prices plummeted after the sudden market crash.
Les prix des actions ont chuté après l'effondrement soudain du marché.
C1 adjective /pərˈmɪsəbl̩/

permissible

permis
Meaning
allowed or permitted by rules or law
Example
It is permissible to park here after 6 p.m.
Il est permis de se garer ici après 18h.
C1 noun /ˈpɛntəɡən/

pentagon

pentagone
Meaning
A plane figure with five straight sides and five angles; also refers to the US Department of Defense building.
Example
The Pentagon is one of the most iconic government buildings in the United States.
Le Pentagone est l'un des bâtiments gouvernementaux les plus emblématiques des États-Unis.
C1 verb /ˈpɪlfər/

pilfer

voler
Meaning
to steal things of small value or in small quantities
Example
The employee was caught pilfering office supplies.
L'employé a été pris en train de voler des fournitures de bureau.
C1 adjective /prəˈlɪf.ɪk/

prolific

prolifique
Meaning
Present in large numbers or quantities; plentiful; producing many works, results, or offspring.
Example
The author is prolific, having written over 30 books.
L'auteur est prolifique, ayant écrit plus de 30 livres.
C1 noun /ˈpɒp.i siːdz/

Poppy Seeds

graines de pavot
Meaning
tiny round seeds from the poppy plant used as a spice or garnish in cooking
Example
Poppy seeds are sprinkled on top of breads and used in Bengali curries.
Les graines de pavot sont saupoudrées sur les pains et utilisées dans les currys bengalis.
C1 adjective /ˈpɪər.ləs/

Peerless

incomparable; sans égal; sans rival
Meaning
unequaled; having no match or equal; without rival
Example
Her peerless beauty captivated everyone.
Sa beauté incomparable a captivé tout le monde.
C1 noun /prəˈpraɪəti/

propriety

propreté
Meaning
Conformity to accepted standards of behavior or morality.
Example
He always behaved with the utmost propriety in public.
Il se comportait toujours avec la plus grande propreté en public.
C1 verb /ˈprɒfər/

proffer

offrir, présenter
Meaning
to offer something for acceptance; to present
Example
She proffered her hand as a sign of friendship.
Elle tendit sa main comme un signe d'amitié.
C1 adjective /ˈpɛndənt/

pendent

pendant
Meaning
hanging down or suspended
Example
The pendent branches touched the ground.
Les branches pendantes ont touché le sol.
C1 adjective /pəˈmɪs.ɪv/

permissive

permissif
Meaning
Allowing or characterized by great or excessive freedom of behavior; very lenient or indulgent.
Example
Permissive parenting can sometimes lead to a lack of discipline in children.
L'éducation permissive peut parfois mener à un manque de discipline chez les enfants.
C1 adjective /priːˈɛmɪnənt/

preeminent

prééminent
Meaning
Surpassing all others; very distinguished in some way.
Example
She is a preeminent scientist in the field of genetics.
Elle est une scientifique prééminente dans le domaine de la génétique.
C1 verb ˈplʌmɪtɪŋ

plummeting

chute soudaine
Meaning
Falling or dropping suddenly and steeply; decreasing rapidly
Example
The fertility rate in Bangladesh is plummeting.
Le taux de fertilité au Bangladesh chute rapidement.
C1 adjective /pərˈvɜːrs/

perverse

pervers
Meaning
showing a deliberate desire to behave in a way that is unreasonable, contrary, or unacceptable
Example
He took a perverse pleasure in upsetting his colleagues.
Il éprouvait un plaisir pervers à contrarier ses collègues.
C1 adjective /ˌpɛd.əˈɡɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/

pedagogical

pédagogique
Meaning
Relating to teaching and education; concerned with the methods and practice of teaching.
Example
The school adopted new pedagogical techniques to improve learning.
L'école a adopté de nouvelles techniques pédagogiques pour améliorer l'apprentissage.
C1 noun /peɪˈiː/

payee

bénéficiaire
Meaning
A person to whom money is paid or is to be paid.
Example
The payee must sign the check before cashing it.
Le bénéficiaire doit signer le chèque avant de l'encaisser.
C1 noun /ˌprɑːfɪˈtɪr/

profiteer

profiteur
Meaning
a person who makes excessive profits, especially unfairly or illegally
Example
The government punished war profiteers.
Le gouvernement a puni les profiteurs de guerre.
C1 noun /ˈprɒspɛktər/

prospector

prospecteur minier
Meaning
a person who searches for mineral deposits, especially gold
Example
The prospector spent years in the mountains searching for gold.
Le prospecteur a passé des années dans les montagnes à chercher de l'or.
C1 noun /ˈpɜːrɡəˌtɔːri/

purgatory

un lieu ou un état de souffrance habité par les âmes des pécheurs expiant leurs péchés avant d'aller au paradis
Meaning
A place or state of suffering inhabited by the souls of sinners who are expiating their sins before going to heaven; a temporary condition of torment or suffering.
Example
After the accident, the long recovery felt like a kind of purgatory.
Après l'accident, la longue récupération ressemblait à une sorte de purgatoire.
C1 noun /pluːm/

plume

une grande plume douce ou quelque chose qui ressemble à une plume
Meaning
a large, soft feather or something resembling a feather
Example
The soldier wore a red plume on his helmet.
Le soldat portait une plume rouge sur son casque.
C1 adjective /ˈprɪs.tiːn/

pristine

pristine, intact, pur et frais
Meaning
In its original condition; unspoiled, clean, and fresh.
Example
The forest remains in a pristine condition.
La forêt reste dans un état pristine.
C1 noun /prəˈpoʊnənt/

proponent

partisan, promoteur
Meaning
a person who advocates for or supports a particular idea, cause, or plan
Example
She is a strong proponent of renewable energy.
Elle est une forte partisane de l'énergie renouvelable.
C1 noun /prəˈspɛktəs/

prospectus

prospectus
Meaning
a printed document that advertises or describes a school, business, or investment offering
Example
The university sent out a prospectus to attract new students.
L'université a envoyé un prospectus pour attirer de nouveaux étudiants.
C1 noun /pəˈθɒlədʒi/

pathology

pathologie
Meaning
the scientific study of diseases, their causes, processes, and effects on the body
Example
Advances in pathology helped the doctors identify the rare infection quickly.
Les avancées en pathologie ont aidé les médecins à identifier rapidement l'infection rare.
C1 noun /ˌpɑːrʃiˈæləti/

partiality

partialité
Meaning
an unfair preference or bias toward one side or person
Example
The judge was criticized for showing partiality in the case.
Le juge a été critiqué pour avoir montré de la partialité dans l'affaire.
C1 noun prəˈfaʊnd ɪˈnɪʃətɪv

profound initiative

initiative profonde
Meaning
A deep, meaningful, and significant action or program designed to create change.
Example
A profound initiative can create sustainable changes.
Une initiative profonde peut créer des changements durables.
C1 noun prəˈkjʊrmənt

procurement

acquisition
Meaning
The action of obtaining or procuring something, especially for official purposes.
Example
The procurement of modern equipment has improved research accuracy.
L'acquisition d'équipement moderne a amélioré la précision des recherches.
C1 noun /pəˈrɪm.ɪ.tər/

perimeter

périmètre
Meaning
the continuous line forming the boundary of a closed geometric figure or area
Example
The soldiers guarded the perimeter of the camp.
Les soldats ont gardé le périmètre du camp.
C1 noun /pəˈræl.ə.sɪs/

Paralysis

paralysie
Meaning
the loss of the ability to move part or all of the body; complete inability to act or function
Example
The accident left him with paralysis in his legs.
L'accident l'a laissé avec une paralysie dans les jambes.
C1 noun /pərˈkʌʃən/

percussion

percussion
Meaning
Musical instruments that are played by striking, shaking, or scraping, such as drums or cymbals.
Example
The percussion section added rhythm and energy to the orchestra.
La section de percussion a ajouté du rythme et de l'énergie à l'orchestre.
C1 noun /ˈpɪɡmənt/

pigment

pigment
Meaning
a natural or artificial substance used to give color to something
Example
The artist mixed different pigments to create the perfect shade of blue.
L'artiste a mélangé différents pigments pour créer la teinte parfaite de bleu.
C1 noun /ˈpɛs.tɪ.saɪd ˈrɛz.ɪ.djuː/

pesticide-residue

résidus de pesticides
Meaning
Chemical remnants left over from pesticides used on crops or in soil.
Example
Excess pesticide-residue in food can be harmful to health.
Un excès de résidus de pesticides dans les aliments peut être nocif pour la santé.
C1 adjective /pɪˈkjuːniˌɛri/

pecuniary

pécuniaire
Meaning
relating to money or financial matters
Example
They faced pecuniary difficulties after the business failed.
Ils ont rencontré des difficultés pécuniaires après l'échec de l'entreprise.
C1 adjective /prəˈdɪdʒəs/

prodigious

prodigieux
Meaning
remarkably or impressively great in extent, size, or degree
Example
The team made a prodigious effort to complete the project on time.
L'équipe a fait un effort prodigieux pour terminer le projet à temps.
C1 noun /pækt/

Pact

pacte; accord
Meaning
a formal agreement between individuals or parties; a treaty or contract
Example
The two countries signed a peace pact to end the war.
Les deux pays ont signé un pacte de paix pour mettre fin à la guerre.
C1 noun ˈprɛvələns

prevalence

prévalence
Meaning
The fact or condition of being widespread; the extent to which something exists or occurs
Example
The prevalence of aging issues requires immediate attention.
La prévalence des problèmes liés au vieillissement nécessite une attention immédiate.
C1 noun /ˈpɪnəkəl/

pinnacle

sommet
Meaning
the highest point or peak of something, especially of success or achievement
Example
Winning the Nobel Prize was the pinnacle of her career.
Gagner le prix Nobel a été le pinacle de sa carrière.