probiotic
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C1 noun ˌprəʊ.baɪˈɒt.ɪk

probiotic

bactéries bénéfiques
Meaning
Live microorganisms that provide health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts.
Example
Yogurt is a natural source of probiotics that aid digestion.
Le yaourt est une source naturelle de probiotiques qui aide à la digestion.
C1 noun /ˈpɑːrtʃmənt/

parchment

parchemin
Meaning
a thin material made from animal skin, used in the past for writing
Example
The ancient manuscript was written on parchment.
Le manuscrit ancien a été écrit sur du parchemin.
C1 adjective /ˌpriːdɪˈspoʊzd/

predisposed

prédisposé
Meaning
Likely or inclined to be affected by something in advance.
Example
She is predisposed to trust people easily.
Elle est encline à faire confiance facilement aux gens.
C1 noun /ˈsaɪkiː/

psyche

âme / esprit
Meaning
the human soul, mind, or spirit
Example
The novel explores the depths of the human psyche.
Le roman explore les profondeurs de la psyché humaine.
C1 noun /fɪˈlæn.θrə.pi/

philanthropy

philanthropie
Meaning
the desire to promote the welfare of others, often expressed by the generous donation of money to good causes
Example
Philanthropy has helped improve healthcare in many developing countries.
La philanthropie a contribué à améliorer les soins de santé dans de nombreux pays en développement.
C1 verb /prəˈlɪf.ə.reɪt/

proliferate

proliférer
Meaning
To increase rapidly in numbers; to grow or spread quickly and extensively.
Example
Startups tend to proliferate in a thriving economy.
Les startups ont tendance à proliférer dans une économie prospère.
C1 noun /pækt/

Pact

pacte; accord
Meaning
a formal agreement between individuals or parties; a treaty or contract
Example
The two countries signed a peace pact to end the war.
Les deux pays ont signé un pacte de paix pour mettre fin à la guerre.
C1 noun /pɜːrl drɒp/

Pearl drop

goutte de perle
Meaning
a single pearl used as jewelry, often in earrings or pendants
Example
The elegant pearl drop earrings complemented her outfit perfectly.
Les élégantes boucles d'oreilles en goutte de perle complétaient parfaitement sa tenue.
C1 noun /ˈpluː.mɪdʒ/

plumage

plumage
Meaning
the feathers covering a bird's body
Example
The peacock's plumage was vibrant and eye-catching.
Le plumage du paon était vibrant et frappant.
C1 noun /pərˈveɪər/

purveyor

fournisseur
Meaning
a person or business that supplies goods, services, or information
Example
He is a well-known purveyor of fine wines.
Il est un fournisseur bien connu de vins fins.
C1 noun /ˌprɒk.ləˈmeɪ.ʃən/

Proclamation

proclamation
Meaning
an official public announcement, especially one made by someone in authority
Example
The king issued a proclamation declaring peace.
Le roi a publié une proclamation déclarant la paix.
C1 adjective /ˈpʌlməˌneri/

pulmonary

pulmonaire
Meaning
relating to the lungs
Example
The patient suffered from a serious pulmonary infection.
The patient suffered from a serious pulmonary infection.
C1 noun ˌpriːˌɒkjʊˈpeɪʃən

preoccupation

préoccupation
Meaning
The state of being absorbed in thought; mental distraction.
Example
His preoccupation with work led to neglecting his personal life.
Sa préoccupation pour le travail a conduit à négliger sa vie personnelle.
C1 adjective /ˈprɒdɪɡəl/

prodigal

dissipateur
Meaning
spending money or resources freely and recklessly; wastefully extravagant
Example
The prodigal son returned home after wasting his inheritance.
Le fils prodigue est revenu à la maison après avoir gaspillé son héritage.
C1 verb /priːn/

preen

se préparer
Meaning
To groom or dress oneself with care; to show pride in one's appearance.
Example
She preened in front of the mirror before leaving for the party.
Elle se préparait devant le miroir avant de partir pour la fête.
C1 adjective /pəˈrɛniəl/

perennial

pérenne
Meaning
lasting or existing for a long time, or recurring continually
Example
Climate change is a perennial concern for scientists.
Le changement climatique est une préoccupation pérenne pour les scientifiques.
C1 noun /ˈpetɪkoʊt/

Petti-coat

jupon
Meaning
an undergarment worn by women under a dress or skirt
Example
She wore a white petticoat under her dress.
Elle portait un jupon blanc sous sa robe.
C1 noun /ˈpɑːrlər/

parlor

salon, boutique
Meaning
A sitting room in a private house, or a shop providing specified services.
Example
They welcomed the guests into the front parlor.
Ils ont accueilli les invités dans le salon.
C1 adjective /pɪˈkjuːniˌɛri/

pecuniary

pécuniaire
Meaning
relating to money or financial matters
Example
They faced pecuniary difficulties after the business failed.
Ils ont rencontré des difficultés pécuniaires après l'échec de l'entreprise.
C1 verb /ˈpeɪtrənaɪz/

patronize

traiter avec condescendance
Meaning
to treat someone in a condescending way; to be a regular customer of a business
Example
Don't patronize me with your fake sympathy.
Ne me traite pas avec ta fausse sympathie.
C1 adjective /ˌpriːˈmɛdɪˌteɪtɪd/

premeditated

prémédité
Meaning
planned in advance; done deliberately
Example
The crime was clearly premeditated.
Le crime était clairement prémédité.
C1 verb /ˈpætər/

patter

faire un bruit de tapotements répétés / parler rapidement de manière mécanique
Meaning
to make a repeated light tapping sound; to talk quickly in a rehearsed or mechanical way
Example
Rain pattered softly on the window.
La pluie frappait doucement contre la fenêtre.
C1 noun /ˈplez.ən.tri/

Pleasantry

politesse
Meaning
a remark made in order to be polite or friendly; light conversation or jokes
Example
They exchanged pleasantries before the meeting began.
Ils ont échangé des politesses avant que la réunion ne commence.
C1 noun /ˈpiːɒn/

peon

péon
Meaning
a low-ranking worker, often performing menial tasks
Example
The office peon delivered the files to each department.
Le péon du bureau a remis les dossiers à chaque département.
C1 adjective /ˌpæθəˈdʒɛnɪk/

pathogenic

pathogène
Meaning
Capable of causing disease.
Example
Some bacteria are harmless, while others are highly pathogenic.
Certaines bactéries sont inoffensives, tandis que d'autres sont très pathogènes.
C1 verb /ˈpærəlaɪz/

paralyze

paralysé
Meaning
to cause someone or something to lose the ability to move or function normally
Example
The sudden shock seemed to paralyze him.
Le choc soudain semblait le paralyser.
C1 verb pɚˈpɛtʃ.u.eɪt

perpetuate

maintenir quelque chose en fonctionnement continu ou le conserver pendant longtemps
Meaning
To keep something continuously running or maintain it for a long time.
Example
The media can sometimes perpetuate harmful stereotypes.
Les médias peuvent parfois perpétuer des stéréotypes nuisibles.
C1 verb /ˌpoʊstˈdeɪt/

postdate

mettre une date ultérieure
Meaning
To assign a date later than the actual date to a document or event.
Example
She postdated the check to next month.
Elle a postdaté le chèque pour le mois prochain.
C1 noun /ˈpriːˌæmbəl/

preamble

préambule
Meaning
a preliminary statement, especially the introduction to a formal document
Example
The preamble of the constitution outlines its guiding principles.
Le préambule de la constitution expose ses principes directeurs.
C1 verb pleɪɡd

plagued

affligé
Meaning
Troubled or afflicted persistently by problems or difficulties.
Example
People are plagued by anxiety and depression.
Les gens sont affligés par l'anxiété et la dépression.
C1 adjective /ˈpɑːndərəs/

ponderous

lourd et lent
Meaning
slow and clumsy because of great weight; dull and labored
Example
The ponderous lecture made it hard for students to stay awake.
Le cours lourd et lent rendait difficile pour les étudiants de rester éveillés.
C1 adjective /ˈpəʊ.tənt/

Potent

puissant; fort; efficace
Meaning
having great strength, power, or effect; influential
Example
The medicine is very potent and should be taken carefully.
Le médicament est très puissant et doit être pris avec précaution.
C1 noun /ˈpæl.ət/

Palate

palais; capacité à distinguer les saveurs
Meaning
the roof of the mouth; a person's ability to distinguish between different flavors
Example
The chef created dishes to please every palate.
Le chef a créé des plats pour satisfaire tous les palais.
C1 adjective /prɪˈpɒstərəs/

preposterous

absurde, ridicule
Meaning
completely ridiculous or absurd; contrary to reason or common sense
Example
The idea that pigs could fly is preposterous.
L'idée que les cochons puissent voler est absurde.
C1 noun /ˈpɔːrsəlɪn/

porcelain

porcelaine
Meaning
A white, hard ceramic material often used for dishes and ornaments.
Example
The museum displayed ancient porcelain vases from China.
Le musée a exposé des vases anciens en porcelaine de Chine.
C1 adjective /ˈperɪɡrɪn/

Peregrine

errant; migratoire; voyageur
Meaning
wandering; traveling; migratory
Example
The peregrine falcon is known for its incredible speed.
Le faucon pèlerin est connu pour sa vitesse incroyable.
C1 noun /poʊˈɛt.ɪks/

poetics

poétique, théorie de la poésie
Meaning
the study or theory of poetry and its principles
Example
He wrote a book on poetics explaining the art of verse.
Il a écrit un livre sur la poétique expliquant l'art du vers.
C1 adverb /pɜːr ˈseɪ/

per se

en soi
Meaning
By or in itself; intrinsically.
Example
The idea is not bad per se, but it needs improvement.
L'idée n'est pas mauvaise en soi, mais elle a besoin d'amélioration.
C1 verb /per/

pare

éplucher
Meaning
to cut away the outer covering or reduce something gradually
Example
She pared the apple before eating it.
Elle a pelé la pomme avant de la manger.
C1 adjective /prəˈdɪdʒəs/

prodigious

prodigieux
Meaning
remarkably or impressively great in extent, size, or degree
Example
The team made a prodigious effort to complete the project on time.
L'équipe a fait un effort prodigieux pour terminer le projet à temps.
C1 adjective /pəˈdæntɪk/

pedantic

excessivement préoccupé par les détails mineurs ou les règles
Meaning
Excessively concerned with minor details or rules; overly academic or bookish.
Example
Her pedantic explanations made the lecture dull.
Ses explications pédantes ont rendu la conférence ennuyeuse.
C1 noun /ˈpeɪ.ɡən/

Pagan

païen
Meaning
a person holding religious beliefs other than the main world religions; a heathen
Example
Ancient Romans considered early Christians to be pagans.
Les Romains antiques considéraient les premiers chrétiens comme des paiens.
C1 noun /ˈpærəˌlɛlɪzəm/

parallelism

parallélisme
Meaning
The state of being parallel or similar; in literature, the use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same or similar in construction.
Example
The writer used parallelism to give rhythm to his prose.
L'écrivain a utilisé le parallélisme pour donner du rythme à sa prose.
C1 noun /ˌpænəˈsiːə/

panacea

panacée
Meaning
A solution or remedy for all difficulties or diseases.
Example
Education is often seen as a panacea for social problems.
L'éducation est souvent considérée comme une panacée pour les problèmes sociaux.
C1 noun /ˈprəʊ.lɒɡ/

prologue

prologue
Meaning
an introduction to a book, play, or event
Example
The novel begins with a short prologue set in the past.
Le roman commence par un court prologue situé dans le passé.
C1 noun /ˈpærɪti/

parity

parité
Meaning
the state or condition of being equal, especially in status or pay
Example
The campaign aims to achieve pay parity between men and women.
La campagne vise à atteindre la parité salariale entre les hommes et les femmes.
C1 adjective /pərˈsweɪdəbl̩/

persuadable

facilement influençable
Meaning
capable of being convinced or influenced to do something
Example
She was easily persuadable when it came to trying new foods.
Elle était facilement influençable quand il s'agissait d'essayer de nouveaux aliments.
C1 adjective /ˈprɪvi/

privy

connaissance secrète
Meaning
having access to secret or private knowledge
Example
She was privy to the confidential discussions.
Elle était au courant des discussions confidentielles.
C1 noun /pərˈkʌʃən/

percussion

percussion
Meaning
Musical instruments that are played by striking, shaking, or scraping, such as drums or cymbals.
Example
The percussion section added rhythm and energy to the orchestra.
La section de percussion a ajouté du rythme et de l'énergie à l'orchestre.
C1 noun /prəˈvaɪzoʊ/

proviso

condition
Meaning
a condition or stipulation attached to an agreement
Example
He accepted the job offer with the proviso that he could work remotely twice a week.
Il a accepté l'offre d'emploi sous la condition qu'il puisse travailler à distance deux fois par semaine.
C1 verb /ˌpriːˈmɛdɪteɪt/

premeditate

préméditer
Meaning
to think about and plan something (especially a crime) beforehand
Example
The suspect was accused of premeditating the crime.
Le suspect a été accusé d'avoir prémédité le crime.
C1 noun prɪˈzɝː.və.tɪv

preservative

conservateur
Meaning
A chemical substance that prevents decay, fermentation, or other natural processes that cause food deterioration.
Example
Artificial preservatives are harmful to health.
Les conservateurs artificiels sont nuisibles pour la santé.
C1 verb /ˈpɜːrkəleɪt/

percolate

percoler
Meaning
To filter gradually through a porous surface or substance; to spread slowly.
Example
The rainwater percolated through the soil into the groundwater.
L'eau de pluie a percolé à travers le sol jusqu'à l'eau souterraine.
C1 noun /ˈprɒksi/

proxy

représentant
Meaning
A person authorized to act on behalf of another; a substitute.
Example
She voted by proxy at the meeting.
Elle a voté par procuration lors de la réunion.
C1 adjective /ˈpiːvɪʃ/

peevish

irritable
Meaning
Easily irritated, especially by unimportant things.
Example
The child grew peevish when denied candy.
L'enfant est devenu irritable lorsqu'on lui a refusé des bonbons.
C1 adjective /ˈpʊʃi/

pushy

insistant
Meaning
excessively assertive or aggressive, often annoyingly so
Example
The salesperson was too pushy, which drove customers away.
Le vendeur était trop insistant, ce qui a fait fuir les clients.
C1 noun /prəʊˌkræs.tɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

procrastination

procrastination, remettre les tâches à plus tard
Meaning
The act of delaying or postponing tasks or activities.
Example
Procrastination is the enemy of success.
La procrastination est l'ennemi du succès.
C1 noun /ˈpɛdɪɡriː/

pedigree

lignée
Meaning
the recorded ancestry or lineage of a person, family, or animal; the history or origin of something
Example
The dog has a pedigree that traces back several generations.
Le chien a une lignée qui remonte à plusieurs générations.
C1 adjective /prɪˈsɪpɪtəs/

precipitous

pentu ou soudain
Meaning
Extremely steep or sudden; done quickly without careful consideration.
Example
The hikers struggled to climb the precipitous slope.
Les randonneurs ont eu du mal à grimper la pente pentue.
C1 noun /ˈpleɪn.tɪf/

Plaintiff

demandeur
Meaning
a person who brings a case against another in a court of law; the person who initiates a lawsuit
Example
The plaintiff filed a lawsuit against the company.
Le demandeur a déposé une plainte contre l'entreprise.
C1 noun /ˈpɜːrɡəˌtɔːri/

purgatory

un lieu ou un état de souffrance habité par les âmes des pécheurs expiant leurs péchés avant d'aller au paradis
Meaning
A place or state of suffering inhabited by the souls of sinners who are expiating their sins before going to heaven; a temporary condition of torment or suffering.
Example
After the accident, the long recovery felt like a kind of purgatory.
Après l'accident, la longue récupération ressemblait à une sorte de purgatoire.
C1 noun /ˈpɛndjələm/

pendulum

pendule
Meaning
A weight suspended from a pivot so that it swings freely, often used to regulate clocks.
Example
The pendulum swung back and forth inside the clock.
Le pendule oscillait d'avant en arrière à l'intérieur de l'horloge.
C1 noun prəˈtɛk.ʃə.nɪ.zəm

protectionism

protectionnisme
Meaning
The theory or practice of shielding a country's domestic industries from foreign competition by taxing imports.
Example
The government's protectionism helped local businesses grow.
Le protectionnisme du gouvernement a aidé les entreprises locales à se développer.
C1 adjective /ˈpjuː.ni/

puny

faible
Meaning
Small, weak, or insignificant.
Example
He felt puny compared to his stronger classmates.
Il se sentait faible comparé à ses camarades de classe plus forts.
C1 noun /pəˈθɒlədʒi/

pathology

pathologie
Meaning
the scientific study of diseases, their causes, processes, and effects on the body
Example
Advances in pathology helped the doctors identify the rare infection quickly.
Les avancées en pathologie ont aidé les médecins à identifier rapidement l'infection rare.
C1 noun ˈprəʊses stəˈbɪlɪti

process stability

stabilité du processus
Meaning
The consistency and steadiness of biological or functional processes
Example
Cold air ensures process stability in plants.
L'air froid assure la stabilité du processus dans les plantes.
C1 adjective /ˈplæsɪd/

placid

serein, calme
Meaning
calm and peaceful, not easily disturbed
Example
She had a placid expression despite the chaos around her.
Elle avait une expression sereine malgré le chaos autour d'elle.
C1 verb /pərˈtɜːrb/

perturb

perturber
Meaning
To disturb or unsettle greatly in mind.
Example
The sudden noise perturbed the students during the exam.
Le bruit soudain a perturbé les étudiants pendant l'examen.
C1 adjective /ˌfɪl.ænˈθrɒp.ɪk/

philanthropic

philanthropique
Meaning
showing concern for the welfare of others; generous and charitable
Example
She is known for her philanthropic activities in the city.
Elle est connue pour ses activités philanthropiques dans la ville.
C1 noun,verb /pleɪt/

plait

tresse
Meaning
a braid of hair or straw; to braid
Example
She decided to plait her hair before the party.
Elle a décidé de tresser ses cheveux avant la fête.
C1 noun /pɒmp/

pomp

pompe, splendeur
Meaning
ceremonial display or splendor; grandeur
Example
The graduation ceremony was full of pomp and circumstance.
La cérémonie de remise des diplômes était pleine de pompe et de splendeur.
C1 adjective /prəˈmɪskjuəs/

promiscuous

promiscueux
Meaning
Having or showing a casual and unselective approach, often used to describe indiscriminate sexual relationships.
Example
The novel depicts a character with a promiscuous lifestyle.
Le roman dépeint un personnage avec un mode de vie promiscu.
C1 adjective /prɪˈzʌmp.tʃu.əs/

presumptuous

prétentieux
Meaning
Overconfident, rude, or taking liberties without permission.
Example
It was presumptuous of him to make that decision without consulting others.
Il a été présomptueux de sa part de prendre cette décision sans consulter les autres.
C1 noun /ˌtɛrəˈdæktɪl/

pterodactyl

reptile volant éteint
Meaning
An extinct flying reptile of the Jurassic period, with a long slender head and wings formed by a membrane stretching along the body.
Example
The museum displayed a fossil of a giant pterodactyl.
Le musée a exposé un fossile de ptérodactyle géant.
C1 adjective /pəˈrɪʒən/

parisian

relatif à Paris
Meaning
relating to Paris or its people
Example
She wore a Parisian style dress at the party.
Elle portait une robe de style parisien à la fête.
C1 verb /pərˈsɑːnɪfaɪ/

personify

bonheur
Meaning
To represent or embody a quality, idea, or concept in human form.
Example
She personifies kindness and generosity.
Elle ne pouvait pas cacher son bonheur lorsqu'elle a reçu le prix.
C1 noun /prəˈpraɪəti/

propriety

propreté
Meaning
Conformity to accepted standards of behavior or morality.
Example
He always behaved with the utmost propriety in public.
Il se comportait toujours avec la plus grande propreté en public.
C1 adjective /ˈprɛdəˌtɔri/

predatory

prédateur/exploitant
Meaning
Relating to animals that prey on others; exploiting or victimizing others for personal gain.
Example
The predatory bird swooped down on its prey.
L'oiseau prédateur s'est précipité sur sa proie.
C1 noun /pəˈrɪm.ɪ.tər/

perimeter

périmètre
Meaning
the continuous line forming the boundary of a closed geometric figure or area
Example
The soldiers guarded the perimeter of the camp.
Les soldats ont gardé le périmètre du camp.
C1 noun /pərˈvɜr.sə.ti/

Perversity

perversité; obstination;
Meaning
deliberate determination to behave in an unreasonable or unacceptable way; the quality of being contrary or obstinate
Example
His perversity in refusing help frustrated everyone.
sa perversité en refusant l'aide a frustré tout le monde.
C1 adjective /ˌsaɪkoʊsəˈmætɪk/

psychosomatic

psychosomatique
Meaning
Relating to a physical illness or condition caused or aggravated by mental factors such as stress.
Example
Her stomach pain was diagnosed as psychosomatic, linked to stress.
Sa douleur à l'estomac a été diagnostiquée comme psychosomatique, liée au stress.
C1 verb /praɪ/

pry

fouiner / s'immiscer
Meaning
to look closely into something; to try to find out private information
Example
She tried to pry into her neighbor’s private life.
Elle a essayé de fouiner dans la vie privée de son voisin.
C1 noun /ˈpærəbl/

parable

parabole
Meaning
A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson.
Example
Jesus often taught using a parable to convey deeper truths.
Jésus enseignait souvent en utilisant une parabole pour transmettre des vérités profondes.
C1 adjective /ˈpɛtjʊlənt/

petulant

irritable
Meaning
Childishly sulky or bad-tempered.
Example
The child became petulant when denied more candy.
L'enfant est devenu irritable lorsqu'on lui a refusé plus de bonbons.
C1 noun prəˈpʌl.ʃən

propulsion

propulsion
Meaning
The action of driving or pushing forward.
Example
Jet engines provide propulsion for aircraft to travel long distances.
Les moteurs à réaction fournissent la propulsion aux aéronefs pour parcourir de longues distances.
C1 adjective /ˌpærəˈdɒksɪkəl/

paradoxical

paradoxal
Meaning
Seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense, yet possibly true.
Example
It is paradoxical that standing is often more tiring than walking.
Il est paradoxal que rester debout soit souvent plus fatiguant que de marcher.
C1 noun ˌpraɪ.vɪ.taɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

privatization

privatisation
Meaning
The transfer of a business, industry, or service from public to private ownership and control.
Example
The privatization of state-owned companies increased efficiency.
La privatisation des entreprises publiques a augmenté l'efficacité.
C1 verb /ˈprɪkəl/

prickle

picoter
Meaning
to cause a slight stinging or tingling sensation on the skin
Example
Her skin began to prickle in the cold wind.
Sa peau a commencé à picoter avec le vent froid.
C1 noun /ˈpleɪˌraɪt/

playwright

dramaturge
Meaning
a person who writes plays
Example
Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright of all time.
Shakespeare est considéré comme le plus grand dramaturge de tous les temps.
C1 verb /pɛk/

Peck

picorer
Meaning
To strike or bite something with a beak; to eat in small bites.
Example
The hen began to peck at the grains scattered on the ground.
La poule a commencé à picorer les grains éparpillés sur le sol.
C1 noun prɪˈzɜː.və.tɪvz

preservatives

conservateurs
Meaning
A substance used to preserve foodstuffs, wood, or other materials against decay.
Example
Many processed foods contain harmful preservatives.
De nombreux aliments transformés contiennent des conservateurs nuisibles.
C1 adjective পারসিভেবল

perceivable

perceptible
Meaning
Able to be seen, noticed, or detected.
Example
The changes in winter weather are perceivable in rural areas.
Les changements climatiques hivernaux sont perceptibles dans les zones rurales.
C1 noun, verb /ˌprɒməˈneɪd/

promenade

promenade
Meaning
A leisurely walk or stroll, especially in a public place for pleasure or display.
Example
They went for a promenade along the seaside.
Ils sont allés faire une promenade le long de la mer.
C1 noun /ˈpær.ə.saɪt/

Parasite

parasite
Meaning
an organism that lives on or in another organism and benefits at its expense; a person who depends on others
Example
The dog was treated for intestinal parasites.
Le chien a été traité pour les parasites intestinaux.
C1 adjective /ˈpɑːr.dən.ə.bəl/

Pardonable

pardonnable
Meaning
able to be forgiven; excusable
Example
His mistake was pardonable given the difficult circumstances.
Son erreur était pardonnable étant donné les circonstances difficiles.
C1 verb /ˈprɒpəɡeɪt/

propagate

propager
Meaning
To spread or transmit an idea, belief, or information widely; also to reproduce in plants or animals.
Example
Scientists work to propagate the species in captivity.
Les scientifiques travaillent à propager les espèces en captivité.
C1 adjective /pəˈnɪnsjələr/

peninsular

péninsulaire
Meaning
Relating to or resembling a peninsula.
Example
The peninsular region is surrounded by water on three sides.
La région péninsulaire est entourée d'eau sur trois côtés.
C1 adjective /ˈpent ʌp/

Pent-up

réprimé; restreint; confiné
Meaning
suppressed; restrained; confined
Example
He had pent-up anger that finally exploded.
Il avait de la colère réprimée qui a finalement explosé.
C1 noun /ˈplæn.teɪn ˈflaʊ.ər/

Plantain flower

fleur de plantain
Meaning
The flower bud of a banana plant, used as a vegetable in cooking
Example
We cooked plantain flower curry for dinner.
Nous avons cuisiné du curry de fleur de plantain pour le dîner.
C1 noun /peɪˈiː/

payee

bénéficiaire
Meaning
A person to whom money is paid or is to be paid.
Example
The payee must sign the check before cashing it.
Le bénéficiaire doit signer le chèque avant de l'encaisser.
C1 noun /ˈprɛəri/

prairie

prairie
Meaning
A large open area of grassland, especially in North America.
Example
The bison roamed freely across the prairie.
Les bisons erraient librement à travers la prairie.
C1 noun /ˌpærəfəˈneɪliə/

paraphernalia

paraphernalia
Meaning
Miscellaneous articles, especially equipment needed for a particular activity.
Example
The fisherman carried all his fishing paraphernalia in a large box.
Le pêcheur a transporté toute sa paraphernalia de pêche dans une grande boîte.
C1 adjective /prəˈsiːdʒərəl/

procedural

procédural
Meaning
Relating to an established or official way of doing something; concerned with procedure.
Example
The committee followed the procedural rules strictly.
Le comité a suivi strictement les règles procédurales.
C1 noun /ˈpræɡmətɪst/

pragmatist

pragmatique
Meaning
A person who deals with things in a practical and realistic way.
Example
He is a true pragmatist who values results over ideals.
Il est un véritable pragmatique qui valorise les résultats plus que les idéaux.
C1 adjective /prəˈhɪbɪtɪv/

prohibitive

interdit
Meaning
Too high or expensive to be affordable; serving to prevent or discourage action.
Example
The cost of the medication is prohibitive for many families.
Le coût du médicament est trop élevé pour de nombreuses familles.
C1 noun /ˈpɒ̃ʃɒ̃/

penchant

penchant
Meaning
a strong or habitual liking for something or tendency to do something
Example
She has a penchant for collecting rare books.
Elle a un penchant pour collectionner des livres rares.
C1 verb /ˈplʌm.ɪt/

plummet

tomber droit vers le bas à grande vitesse
Meaning
to fall straight down at high speed
Example
Stock prices plummeted after the sudden market crash.
Les prix des actions ont chuté après l'effondrement soudain du marché.
C1 noun /ˈpeɪtriɑːrk/

patriarch

patriarche
Meaning
a male head of a family or tribe; an older respected man who leads a group
Example
As the family patriarch, he mediated disputes and kept long traditions alive.
En tant que patriarche de la famille, il a résolu les conflits et a maintenu vivantes les traditions anciennes.
C1 noun /pɪˈtaɪə/

Pitaya / Dragon fruit

fruit du dragon
Meaning
a tropical fruit with bright pink or red skin and white flesh speckled with black seeds
Example
The pitaya has a mild, sweet flavor and a unique appearance.
La pitaya a une saveur douce et délicate et une apparence unique.
C1 noun /prəˈspɛktəs/

prospectus

prospectus
Meaning
a printed document that advertises or describes a school, business, or investment offering
Example
The university sent out a prospectus to attract new students.
L'université a envoyé un prospectus pour attirer de nouveaux étudiants.
C1 noun proʊˈæktɪv ˈseɪvɪŋ

proactive saving

épargne proactive
Meaning
Actively planning and setting aside money in advance to prepare for future financial needs
Example
Proactive saving ensures financial stability in old age.
L'épargne proactive garantit la stabilité financière à un âge avancé.
C1 noun /ˌpærəˈnɔɪə/

paranoia

peur irrationnelle et persistante que les gens cherchent à vous nuire ou vous observent constamment
Meaning
an irrational and persistent feeling that people are 'out to get you' or are constantly watching you
Example
His constant paranoia made it hard for him to trust anyone.
Sa paranoïa constante rendait difficile de faire confiance à qui que ce soit.
C1 adjective prəˈtræk.tɪd

protracted

prolongé, long, étendu
Meaning
Lasting for a long time or longer than expected or usual.
Example
The negotiations were protracted over months.
Les négociations ont duré des mois.
C1 adjective /ˈpɔːltri/

paltry

insignifiant, dérisoire
Meaning
small or meager; lacking in value or importance
Example
They offered him a paltry sum for his work.
Ils lui ont proposé une somme dérisoire pour son travail.
C1 verb /pɜːrdʒ/

purge

purger
Meaning
To remove unwanted feelings, people, or things; to cleanse or purify.
Example
The new leader promised to purge corruption from the government.
Le nouveau leader a promis de purger la corruption du gouvernement.
C1 noun /ˈpiː.hən/

Peahen

paonne
Meaning
female peacock
Example
The peahen is less colorful than the male peacock.
La paonne est moins colorée que le paon mâle.
C1 noun /ˈprɒvɪdəns/

providence

providence divine
Meaning
the protective care of God or nature as a spiritual power; foresight or prudence
Example
They believed their survival was due to divine providence.
Ils croyaient que leur survie était due à la providence divine.
C1 noun /pəˈrɪfəri/

periphery

périphérie
Meaning
The outer edge or boundary of an area or object.
Example
The soldiers were stationed at the periphery of the camp.
Les soldats étaient stationnés à la périphérie du camp.
C1 noun /ˈpɛdəstəl/

pedestal

socle / piédestal
Meaning
the base or support on which a statue or object stands
Example
The statue was placed on a marble pedestal.
La statue a été placée sur un piédestal en marbre.
C1 noun /prɪˈtɛnʃən/

pretension

prétention, fausse apparence
Meaning
A claim or assertion to something, often without justification; an attempt to impress by showing greater importance or talent than is actually possessed.
Example
His pretension to be an expert was quickly exposed.
Sa prétention à être un expert a été rapidement exposée.
C1 noun/verb ˈpɪv.ət

pivot

changement stratégique, pivot, changement de processus
Meaning
A significant change in business strategy or direction.
Example
The company decided to pivot its business strategy.
L'entreprise a décidé de modifier sa stratégie commerciale.