instigate
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C1 verb /ˈɪnstɪˌɡeɪt/

instigate

inciter
Meaning
To bring about or initiate an action, often something negative.
Example
He was accused of instigating the riot.
Il a été accusé d'inciter aux émeutes.
C1 verb /ɪˈluːmɪneɪt/

illuminate

illuminer
Meaning
To light up or make something clearer.
Example
Streetlights illuminate the road at night.
Les réverbères illuminent la route la nuit.
C1 noun ɪnˈsɒl.vən.si

insolvency

insolvabilité
Meaning
The state of being unable to pay debts owed; bankruptcy.
Example
The company declared insolvency after years of losses.
L'entreprise a déclaré la faillite après des années de pertes.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈvɪnsəbl/

invincible

invincible
Meaning
too powerful to be defeated or overcome
Example
The team seemed invincible after winning ten matches in a row.
L'équipe semblait invincible après avoir gagné dix matchs d'affilée.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈkɒŋɡruəs/

incongruous

incongru
Meaning
Not fitting in with or suitable for the surroundings.
Example
His jokes were incongruous during the serious meeting.
Ses blagues étaient incongrues lors de la réunion sérieuse.
C1 noun ˌɪntədɪˈpɛndənsi

interdependency

interdépendance
Meaning
The dependence of two or more people or things on each other.
Example
The interdependency of the countries led to greater cooperation.
L'interdépendance des pays a conduit à une coopération accrue.
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈsaɪsɪv/

Indecisive

indécis
Meaning
unable to make decisions quickly; hesitant; wavering
Example
She was indecisive about which university to attend.
Elle était indécise quant à l'université qu'elle allait fréquenter.
C1 adjective /ɪˈnænɪmət/

inanimate

objet inanimé
Meaning
not alive, especially not in the manner of animals and humans; lifeless
Example
The museum was full of inanimate objects from ancient times.
Le musée était rempli d'objets inanimés datant de l'époque ancienne.
C1 adjective /ɪˈnɒkjuəs/

innocuous

inoffensif
Meaning
Not harmful or offensive.
Example
His remark was completely innocuous and not meant to offend anyone.
Son commentaire était totalement inoffensif et n'avait pas l'intention d'offenser qui que ce soit.
C1 noun /ˌɪn.trəˈspek.ʃən/

introspection

introspection
Meaning
The examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes; self-reflection.
Example
Through introspection, she gained insight into her emotions.
Grâce à l'introspection, elle a acquis une profonde compréhension de ses émotions.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnkɒmprɪˈhɛnsəbl/

incomprehensible

incompréhensible
Meaning
Impossible or very difficult to understand.
Example
The professor’s lecture was so fast it became incomprehensible.
Le cours du professeur était tellement rapide qu'il est devenu incompréhensible.
C1 verb /ɪnˈfleɪm/

inflame

enflammer
Meaning
to arouse strong feelings or provoke anger; to cause inflammation in the body
Example
The politician's remarks served to inflame public opinion.
Les remarques du politicien ont servi à enflammer l'opinion publique.
C1 noun /ˌɪntərˈdʒɛkʃən/

interjection

interjection
Meaning
a word or phrase used to express sudden emotion or reaction, often standing alone
Example
Words like 'wow' and 'ouch' are common interjections in English.
Des mots comme 'wow' et 'aïe' sont des interjections courantes en anglais.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈdʒʊəriəs/

injurious

nuisible
Meaning
Causing or likely to cause harm or damage.
Example
Smoking is injurious to health.
Fumer est nuisible à la santé.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈhjuːmən/

Inhuman

inhumain
Meaning
lacking human qualities; cruel; brutal; savage
Example
The dictator's inhuman treatment of prisoners shocked the international community.
The dictator's inhuman treatment of prisoners shocked the international community.
C1 adjective /ɪˈmækjələt/

immaculate

immaculé
Meaning
perfectly clean, neat, or free from flaws
Example
Her room was immaculate, with everything in its place.
Sa chambre était immaculée, tout était à sa place.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈɡreɪnd/

ingrained

enraciné
Meaning
Firmly fixed or established; deeply rooted and difficult to change.
Example
His ingrained habits were hard to break.
Ses habitudes enracinées étaient difficiles à briser.
C1 adjective /ˌɪn.ɪˈfɛk.tʃu.əl/

ineffectual

inefficace
Meaning
Not producing any or the desired effect; lacking the ability or qualities to achieve a purpose.
Example
The manager’s ineffectual leadership caused the team to lose motivation.
Le leadership inefficace du manager a causé la perte de motivation de l'équipe.
C1 noun /ˈɪn.fən.tri/

Infantry

infanterie
Meaning
soldiers marching or fighting on foot; foot soldiers collectively
Example
The infantry advanced across the battlefield on foot.
L'infanterie a avancé à travers le champ de bataille à pied.
C1 adjective /ɪˈrɛvəkəbl/

irrevocable

irrévocable
Meaning
Not able to be revoked, changed, or undone.
Example
She made an irrevocable decision to leave the company.
Elle a pris une décision irrévocable de quitter l'entreprise.
C1 verb /ɪmˈpɑːrt/

impart

transmettre
Meaning
to make information known; to bestow or communicate
Example
The teacher imparted valuable knowledge to her students.
L'enseignant a imparté des connaissances précieuses à ses élèves.
C1 adjective ɪnˈdel.ə.bəl

indelible

indélébile
Meaning
Making marks that cannot be removed; impossible to forget or remove.
Example
Her speech left an indelible mark on the audience.
Son discours a laissé une marque indélébile sur le public.
C1 noun ɪnˈdɪdʒɪnəs trəˈdɪʃənz

Indigenous Traditions

Traditions indigènes
Meaning
Cultural practices, beliefs, and customs that have been passed down through generations among native peoples.
Example
Indigenous traditions in the Chittagong Hill Tracts are unique.
Les traditions indigènes dans les Chittagong Hill Tracts sont uniques.
C1 verb /ɪnˈkrɪmɪˌneɪt/

incriminate

incriminer
Meaning
to make someone appear guilty of a crime or wrongdoing
Example
The new evidence could incriminate the suspect in the robbery case.
La nouvelle preuve pourrait incriminer le suspect dans l'affaire de vol.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈsɛp(ə)rəbəl/

inseparable

inséparable
Meaning
Unable to be separated or always together.
Example
The two friends have been inseparable since childhood.
Les deux amis sont inséparables depuis l'enfance.
C1 noun /ɪnˈsæn.ə.ti/

Insanity

folie; démence
Meaning
the state of being seriously mentally ill; extreme foolishness or irrationality
Example
The defense lawyer argued that his client was not guilty by reason of insanity.
L'avocat de la défense a soutenu que son client n'était pas coupable pour cause de folie.
C1 verb /ˌɪntəˈsɛkt/

intersect

croiser
Meaning
to cross or pass through each other
Example
The two roads intersect at the city center.
Les deux routes se croisent au centre-ville.
C1 adjective /ɪˈmjuː.tə.bəl/

immutable

inaltérable
Meaning
Unchangeable, permanent, or fixed
Example
The laws of physics are considered immutable.
Les lois de la physique sont considérées inaltérables.
C1 noun /ɪnˈdjuːsmənt/

inducement

incitation
Meaning
something that persuades or encourages someone to do something
Example
The company offered a bonus as an inducement to employees.
L'entreprise a offert une prime comme incitation aux employés.
C1 noun /ˌɪn.dʒəˈnjuː.ɪ.ti/

ingenuity

ingéniosité
Meaning
The quality of being clever, original, and inventive.
Example
His ingenuity led to groundbreaking innovations.
Son ingéniosité a conduit à des innovations de rupture.
C1 noun /ɪnˈvɜːrʒən/

inversion

inversion
Meaning
A reversal of the normal order, position, or relationship.
Example
In poetry, inversion is often used to create emphasis.
Dans la poésie, l'inversion est souvent utilisée pour créer de l'emphase.
C1 noun /ɪˈnɜː.ʃə/

Inertia

inertie; manque d'activité
Meaning
a tendency to do nothing or remain unchanged; lack of activity or movement
Example
The team's inertia prevented them from adapting to the rapidly changing market conditions.
L'inertie de l'équipe les a empêchés de s'adapter aux conditions du marché en évolution rapide.
C1 adjective /ɪˈmuː.və.bəl/

immovable

immobile
Meaning
Not able to be moved; fixed in position.
Example
Immovable barriers prevent change.
Les barrières immobiles empêchent le changement.
C1 noun /ˈɪrɪtənt/

irritant

substance irritante
Meaning
something that causes irritation or discomfort
Example
Dust is a common irritant for people with allergies.
La poussière est un irritant commun pour les personnes allergiques.
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈfɛnsəbl̩/

indefensible

indéfendable
Meaning
not able to be protected or justified
Example
The minister’s remarks were considered indefensible by the public.
Les remarques du ministre ont été jugées indéfendables par le public.
C1 adjective /ˌɪmprɪˈsaɪs/

imprecise

imprécis
Meaning
Not exact or accurate; vague.
Example
His explanation was too imprecise to be helpful.
Son explication était trop imprécise pour être utile.
C1 noun /ˌɪnkɑːrˈneɪʃən/

incarnation

incarnation
Meaning
the embodiment of a deity, spirit, or quality in a physical form
Example
The monk was considered the incarnation of compassion.
Le moine était considéré comme l'incarnation de la compassion.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnəˈtɛntɪv/

inattentive

inattentif
Meaning
not paying attention; lacking focus or concentration
Example
The inattentive student missed several important instructions.
L'étudiant inattentif a manqué plusieurs consignes importantes.
C1 verb /ɪmˈpɛər/

impair

altérer
Meaning
to weaken or damage something, especially a function or ability
Example
Smoking can impair your lung capacity.
Fumer peut nuire à votre capacité pulmonaire.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈæk.tɪv/

Inactive

inactif
Meaning
not active; not working; dormant; idle
Example
The volcano has been inactive for over a century.
Le volcan est inactif depuis plus d'un siecle.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈvæljʊəbl/

invaluable

inestimable
Meaning
Extremely useful or indispensable.
Example
Her advice proved invaluable to my success.
Son conseil s'est avéré inestimable pour mon succès.
C1 verb /ɪˈmɔːrtəlaɪz/

immortalize

immortaliser
Meaning
to preserve the memory of someone or something forever
Example
The statue was built to immortalize the hero’s sacrifice.
La statue a été construite pour immortaliser le sacrifice du héros.
C1 noun /ˈɪn.trə.vɜːrt/

introvert

introverti
Meaning
A person who tends to be shy and prefers spending time alone rather than in groups.
Example
As an introvert, he preferred reading over attending parties.
En tant qu'introverti, il préférait lire plutôt qu'assister à des fêtes.
C1 noun /ˌɪməˈtjʊərəti/

immaturity

immaturité
Meaning
the state of not being fully developed emotionally, mentally, or physically; lack of maturity
Example
His immaturity made it difficult for him to handle responsibility.
Son immaturité a rendu la gestion des responsabilités difficile.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈfleɪtɪd/

inflated

gonflé
Meaning
excessively increased in size, value, or importance; filled with air or gas
Example
The company faced criticism for its inflated prices.
L'entreprise a fait face à des critiques en raison de ses prix gonflés.
C1 noun /ɪnˈsɜːʃən/

insertion

insertion
Meaning
the action of inserting something into something else
Example
The insertion of the new data was completed successfully.
L'insertion des nouvelles données a été complétée avec succès.
C1 verb /ɪmˈpiːd/

impede

entraver
Meaning
To obstruct or hinder the progress or development of something.
Example
Lack of funds can impede business growth.
Le manque de fonds peut entraver la croissance des entreprises.
C1 verb /ɪnˈkɑːrsəreɪt/

incarcerate

incarcérer
Meaning
to imprison or confine someone
Example
The authorities incarcerated the criminal after the trial.
Les autorités ont emprisonné le criminel après le procès.
C1 noun /ˌɪnkjʊˈbeɪʃən/

incubation

le processus de maintenir des œufs, des cellules ou des organismes dans les conditions appropriées pour leur développement
Meaning
the process of keeping eggs, cells, or organisms in the right conditions for development
Example
The incubation of the eggs lasted for three weeks.
L'incubation des œufs a duré trois semaines.
C1 noun /ɪmˈpjʊərəti/

impurity

impureté
Meaning
the state of being unclean or contaminated; a substance that makes something impure
Example
The scientist removed every impurity from the water sample.
Le scientifique a éliminé chaque impureté de l’échantillon d’eau.
C1 noun ɪnˈdʌldʒəns

indulgence

indulgence
Meaning
The practice of allowing oneself to enjoy the pleasure of something.
Example
His indulgence in junk food affected his health.
Son indulgence pour la malbouffe a nui à sa sante.
C1 adjective ˈɪn.lənd

Inland

intérieur
Meaning
Situated in the interior of a country; away from the coast.
Example
Inland transport boosts local trade.
Le transport intérieur stimule le commerce local.
C1 verb /ɪnˈfɛst/

infest

infester
Meaning
to overrun in large numbers, especially so as to cause damage or discomfort
Example
The old house was infested with rats.
La vieille maison était infestée de rats.
C1 noun /ˌɪntərˈmiːdiˌɛri/

intermediary

intermédiaire
Meaning
A person who acts as a link between people in order to try to bring about an agreement; a mediator.
Example
The diplomat served as an intermediary between the two conflicting nations.
Le diplomate a agi comme intermédiaire entre les deux nations en conflit.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnədˈmɪsəbl̩/

inadmissible

inadmissible
Meaning
Not allowed, especially as evidence in a court of law.
Example
The judge ruled the evidence inadmissible.
Le juge a déclaré que la preuve était inadmissible.
C1 noun/verb /ˈɪmprɪnt/

imprint

empreinte
Meaning
A mark or impression made by pressure; to establish or fix firmly in someone's mind.
Example
The event left an indelible imprint on the city's history.
L'événement a laissé une empreinte indélébile dans l'histoire de la ville.
C1 verb /ɪmˈpɛl/

impel

inciter
Meaning
to drive, force, or urge someone to do something
Example
Her curiosity impelled her to open the mysterious box.
Sa curiosité l'a poussée à ouvrir la boîte mystérieuse.
C1 noun /ˌɪnsɪɡˈnɪfɪkəns/

insignificance

insignifiance
Meaning
The quality of being unimportant or trivial.
Example
He felt a sense of insignificance in the vast universe.
Il ressentait un sentiment d'insignifiance dans l'immensité de l'univers.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈdʌstriəs/

industrious

travailleur
Meaning
Hardworking and diligent in one's duties.
Example
She is an industrious student who always completes her assignments on time.
Elle est une étudiante travailleuse qui termine toujours ses devoirs à temps.
C1 adjective /ɪˈnɜːrt/

inert

inactif
Meaning
lacking the ability or strength to move or act; chemically inactive
Example
The patient remained inert on the bed.
Le patient est resté inactif sur le lit.
C1 adjective ɪnˈsaɪ.sɪv

incisive

incisif
Meaning
Intelligently analytical and clear-thinking; showing clear thought and good understanding of what is important.
Example
His incisive comments revealed the core issues.
Ses commentaires incisifs ont révélé les problèmes clés.
C1 noun /ˈɪnˌmeɪt/

inmate

détenu
Meaning
a person confined to an institution such as a prison or hospital
Example
The prison has over a thousand inmates.
La prison a plus de mille détenus.
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈstrʌktəbl/

indestructible

indestructible
Meaning
Impossible to destroy or break.
Example
The superhero's shield was said to be indestructible.
On disait que le bouclier du super-héros était indestructible.
C1 adjective ˌɪn.tə.dʒen.əˈreɪ.ʃən.əl

intergenerational

intergénérationnel, entre différentes générations d'une famille
Meaning
Existing or occurring between different generations of a family.
Example
Intergenerational wisdom ensures cultural continuity.
La sagesse intergénérationnelle garantit la continuité culturelle.
C1 verb /ɪnˈfjuːz/

infuse

infuser
Meaning
to fill or spread through something; to instill a quality, idea, or feeling
Example
The teacher tried to infuse her students with a love for reading.
Le professeur a essayé d'infuser à ses élèves un amour pour la lecture.
C1 adjective /ɪˈledʒ.ə.bəl/

illegible

illisible
Meaning
Not clear enough to be read; unreadable.
Example
The doctor’s handwriting was almost illegible.
L'écriture du médecin était presque illisible.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈkrɛdjələs/

incredulous

Meaning
unwilling or unable to believe something
Example
He gave her an incredulous look when she claimed she could fly.
C1 noun /ɪˌluːmɪˈneɪʃən/

illumination

éclairage
Meaning
the act of lighting something or making something clear
Example
The street was filled with bright illumination from the lamps.
La rue était éclairée par l'éclairage brillant des lampes.
C1 verb /ɪnˈsaɪt/

incite

inciter
Meaning
to provoke; to stir up
Example
His speech incited the crowd to violence.
Son discours a incité la foule à la violence.
C1 noun /ˈɪnsɪdəns/

incidence

incidence
Meaning
the occurrence, rate, or frequency of something
Example
The incidence of road accidents has decreased this year.
L'incidence des accidents de la route a diminué cette année.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈflæməbəl/

Inflammable

inflammable; combustible
Meaning
easily set on fire; flammable; combustible
Example
The inflammable material caught fire quickly.
Le matériau inflammable a pris feu rapidement.
C1 noun /ˈɪntərˌpleɪ/

interplay

interaction
Meaning
The way in which two or more things have an effect on each other.
Example
The interplay between culture and technology shapes modern life.
L'interaction entre la culture et la technologie façonne la vie moderne.
C1 adjective /ˈɪntrɪkət/

intricate

complexe
Meaning
very detailed, complex, and difficult to understand
Example
The artist created an intricate pattern on the wall.
L'artiste a créé un motif complexe sur le mur.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈsɒlvənt/

insolvent

insolvable
Meaning
unable to pay debts owed
Example
The insolvent firm could not meet its financial obligations.
L'entreprise insolvable n'a pas pu remplir ses obligations financières.
C1 adverb /ˌɪnsɪˈdɛntəli/

incidentally

d'ailleurs
Meaning
by the way; used to introduce a remark not directly related to the main subject
Example
Incidentally, did you know that she studied in Paris?
D'ailleurs, savais-tu qu'elle avait étudié à Paris ?
C1 noun /ˌɪnækˈtɪvɪti/

inactivity

inactivité
Meaning
the state of not being active physically or mentally; lack of action
Example
Prolonged inactivity can negatively affect both physical and mental health.
Une inactivité prolongée peut nuire à la santé physique et mentale.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈprɒmp.tjuː/

impromptu

imprévu
Meaning
Done without being planned, organized, or rehearsed; spontaneous.
Example
He gave an impromptu speech at the event.
Il a fait un discours improvisé lors de l'événement.
C1 adjective ɪnˈtrɪn.zɪk

intrinsic

intrinsèque, essentiel, naturel
Meaning
Belonging naturally; essential. Existing as a natural or basic part of something.
Example
Creativity is an intrinsic quality of a great artist.
La créativité est une qualité intrinsèque d'un grand artiste.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnɑːrˈtɪkjʊlət/

inarticulate

inaudible
Meaning
Unable to express oneself clearly or effectively in speech or writing.
Example
She became inarticulate with emotion during the speech.
Elle est devenue inaudible avec émotion pendant le discours.
C1 noun (plural) /ˈɪndɪˌsiːz/

indices

indices
Meaning
plural form of index; statistical measures or reference points used for comparison
Example
Stock market indices fell sharply after the announcement.
Les indices du marché boursier ont chuté fortement après l'annonce.
C1 noun /ˌɪm.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/

Imposition

imposition; charge; demande injuste
Meaning
the action or process of imposing something or of being imposed; an unfair burden or demand
Example
The imposition of new taxes without consultation angered the citizens greatly.
L'imposition de nouvelles taxes sans consultation a profondément enragé les citoyens.
C1 noun /ˈɪtʃ.i.nəs/

itchiness

démangeaison
Meaning
The quality or condition of feeling an irritating sensation on the skin that causes a desire to scratch.
Example
Eye itchiness often leads to rubbing.
Les démangeaisons oculaires entraînent souvent des frottements.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnækˈsɛsəbl/

inaccessible

inaccessible
Meaning
unable to be reached, entered, or understood
Example
The remote village is almost inaccessible during the rainy season.
Le village éloigné est presque inaccessible pendant la saison des pluies.
C1 verb ɪˈnɔː.ɡjə.reɪ.tɪd

inaugurated

inauguré
Meaning
Begin or introduce (a system, policy, or period) formally.
Example
The organization was inaugurated officially.
L'organisation a été inaugurée officiellement.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈsɪstənt/

insistent

insistant
Meaning
demanding something firmly and refusing to accept no
Example
The child was insistent on getting a new toy.
L'enfant était insistant pour obtenir un nouveau jouet.
C1 noun /ɪnˈfɜːrnoʊ/

inferno

incendie
Meaning
a large, intense fire that is dangerously out of control
Example
The building turned into an inferno within minutes.
Le bâtiment s'est transformé en un incendie en quelques minutes.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈfriːkwənt/

infrequent

peu fréquent
Meaning
Happening rarely or not often.
Example
He made infrequent visits to his hometown after moving abroad.
Il faisait des visites peu fréquentes dans sa ville natale après avoir déménagé à l'étranger.
C1 noun /ˌɪnkoʊˈhɪrəns/

incoherence

incohérence
Meaning
The quality of being unclear, confused, or lacking logical connection.
Example
His speech was full of incoherence and difficult to follow.
Son discours était plein d'incohérences et difficile à suivre.
C1 adjective /ɪˈlɪsɪt/

illicit

illicite
Meaning
Forbidden by law, rules, or custom.
Example
The police shut down the illicit drug operation.
La police a fermé l'opération de drogue illicite.
C1 adjective /ˌɪməˈtɪəriəl/

immaterial

immatériel
Meaning
Not important or relevant; lacking physical substance.
Example
The judge ruled that the argument was immaterial to the case.
Le juge a statué que l'argument était immatériel pour l'affaire.
C1 noun /ɪnˈtɛstɪn/

intestine

intestin
Meaning
The part of the digestive system where food is digested and absorbed, extending from the stomach to the anus.
Example
The doctor explained how nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine.
Le médecin a expliqué comment les nutriments sont absorbés dans l'intestin grêle.
C1 noun /ˌɪnkəmˈpliːtnəs/

incompleteness

incomplétude
Meaning
the state of not being complete or whole; lack of necessary parts or fullness
Example
The incompleteness of the report caused delays in the project.
L’incomplétude du rapport a causé des retards dans le projet.
C1 verb /ˈɪnkjʊˌbeɪt/

incubate

incuber
Meaning
to keep eggs, cells, or organisms at the right conditions for development
Example
The hen will incubate the eggs until they hatch.
La poule incubera les œufs jusqu'à ce qu'ils éclosent.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈvɑːlənˌtɛri/

involuntary

involontaire
Meaning
done without will or conscious control
Example
He gave an involuntary shiver when he heard the loud noise.
Il a eu un frisson involontaire lorsqu'il a entendu le bruit fort.
C1 noun /ɪnˈfjuːʒən/

infusion

infusion
Meaning
the act of introducing something into another; a drink made by steeping leaves or herbs in liquid
Example
She prepared a calming infusion of chamomile tea.
Elle a préparé une infusion apaisante de thé à la camomille.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnhɒˈspɪtəbl/

inhospitable

inhospitalier
Meaning
Harsh and difficult to live in; unfriendly or unwelcoming to guests.
Example
The desert is an inhospitable environment for most plants.
Le désert est un environnement inhospitalier pour la plupart des plantes.
C1 noun ɪmˈpɛə(r)mənt

impairment

dommages, handicap
Meaning
The state of being damaged or weakened; a disability or handicap.
Example
Hearing impairment can be caused by long-term exposure to loud noise.
La perte auditive peut être causée par une exposition prolongée à des bruits forts.
C1 noun /ɪmˈpɛd.ɪ.mənt/

impediment

obstacle
Meaning
A hindrance or obstruction in doing something; something that prevents progress.
Example
Lack of funds is a major impediment to the project.
Le manque de fonds est un obstacle majeur pour le projet.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈsteɪbəl/

instable

instable
Meaning
not stable; liable to change, collapse, or fail; lacking firmness or reliability
Example
The instable political situation worried foreign investors.
La situation politique instable a inquiété les investisseurs étrangers.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈfɜːm/

infirm

fragile
Meaning
Weak, especially due to old age or illness.
Example
The infirm old man needed assistance to walk.
L'homme âgé et fragile avait besoin d'aide pour marcher.
C1 noun /ɪnˈsɜːrdʒəns/

insurgence

insurrection
Meaning
An act of rebellion or uprising against authority.
Example
The government struggled to contain the growing insurgence.
Le gouvernement a eu du mal à contenir l'insurrection croissante.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpæʃənd/

impassioned

passionné
Meaning
Filled with or showing great emotion.
Example
She gave an impassioned speech about human rights.
Elle a prononcé un discours passionné sur les droits de l'homme.
C1 noun /ˈɪn.tə.mə.si/

Intimacy

intimité; proximité
Meaning
close familiarity or friendship; closeness; a private cozy atmosphere
Example
The couple valued the emotional intimacy they shared more than material possessions.
Le couple a plus apprécié l'intimité émotionnelle qu'ils partageaient que les biens matériels.
C1 verb /ɪnˈstɪl/

instill

instiller
Meaning
to gradually but firmly establish an idea, attitude, or habit in someone's mind
Example
Parents try to instill good values in their children.
Les parents essaient d'inculquer de bonnes valeurs à leurs enfants.
C1 noun ˌɪn.ɪˈfɪʃ.ən.si

inefficiency

inefficacité
Meaning
The state or quality of not achieving maximum productivity; failure to make the best use of time or resources.
Example
Government inefficiency leads to slow project completion.
L'inefficacité du gouvernement entraîne une réalisation lente du projet.
C1 noun /ˌɪn.səˌbɔːr.dɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

insubordination

insubordination
Meaning
Defiance of authority; refusal to obey orders.
Example
The soldier was punished for insubordination during the mission.
Le soldat a été puni pour insubordination pendant la mission.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɜːrsənl/

impersonal

impersonnel
Meaning
not influenced by, showing, or involving personal feelings; lacking human warmth or emotion
Example
The letter was written in a very impersonal style.
La lettre a été écrite dans un style très impersonnel.
C1 noun ɪnˈflɛk.ʃən

inflection

inflexion
Meaning
The change in pitch or tone of voice when speaking for emphasis.
Example
His inflection kept the audience engaged.
Son inflexion a captivé le public.
C1 noun /ɪmˈbæl.əns/

Imbalance

déséquilibre
Meaning
lack of proportion or relation between corresponding things; unequal distribution
Example
The doctor said the patient's dizziness was caused by an inner ear imbalance.
Le docteur a dit que les vertiges du patient étaient causés par un déséquilibre dans l'oreille interne.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnɪkˈskjuːzəbl/

inexcusable

inexcusable
Meaning
Too bad to be justified or overlooked; unforgivable.
Example
His rude behavior was inexcusable.
Son comportement impoli était inexcusable.
C1 verb /ˌɪntərˈsɛpt/

intercept

Meaning
to stop, catch, or seize something on its way from one place to another
Example
The police intercepted the stolen car before it crossed the border.
C1 noun /aɪˈtɪnərɛri/

itinerary

itinéraire
Meaning
A planned route or schedule of a journey or trip.
Example
The travel agent gave us a detailed itinerary for our vacation.
L'agent de voyages nous a donné un itinéraire détaillé pour nos vacances.
C1 noun /ˈɪŋ.krə.mənt/

Increment

augmentation
Meaning
an increase or addition, especially one of a series on a fixed scale; a regular increase in salary
Example
He received an annual increment of five percent in his salary this year.
Il a reçu une augmentation annuelle de cinq pour cent de son salaire cette année.
C1 verb /ˈɪmprəvaɪz/

improvise

improviser
Meaning
To create or perform something spontaneously without preparation.
Example
The actor had to improvise his lines when he forgot the script.
L'acteur a dû improviser ses répliques lorsqu'il a oublié le script.
C1 noun /ɪnˈdem.nə.ti/

Indemnity

indemnité
Meaning
security or protection against a loss or other financial burden; compensation for damage or loss
Example
The insurance company provided full indemnity for the damages caused by the flood.
La compagnie d'assurance a fourni une indemnité complète pour les dommages causés par l'inondation.
C1 verb ɪmˈbjuː

Imbue

Mélanger une idée ou un sentiment profondément dans l'esprit de quelqu'un
Meaning
Mixing some idea or feeling deeply into someone's mind
Example
The teacher tried to imbue students with a love for learning.
L'enseignant a essayé d'inculquer aux élèves un amour de l'apprentissage.
C1 noun /ˈɪnstɪˌɡeɪtər/

instigator

instigateur
Meaning
A person who brings about or initiates something, usually something bad.
Example
The police identified him as the instigator of the violence.
La police l'a identifié comme l'instigateur de la violence.
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈvɪzəbl/

indivisible

indivisible
Meaning
Not able to be divided or separated.
Example
The country's unity was indivisible despite differences.
L'unité du pays était indivisible malgré les différences.
C1 adjective; noun /ɪˈmɔːrtl/

immortal

immortel
Meaning
living forever; never dying; lasting forever in fame or memory
Example
Legends often describe heroes as immortal beings who never die.
Les légendes parlent d’êtres immortels.
C1 adjective /ɪˈrɛfjʊtəbəl/

Irrefutable

irréfutable
Meaning
impossible to deny or disprove; undeniable
Example
The evidence against him was irrefutable.
Les preuves contre lui étaient irréfutables.
C1 verb /aɪˈdiː.ə.laɪz/

idealize

idéaliser
Meaning
To regard or represent something as perfect or better than it really is.
Example
Children often idealize their parents.
Les enfants idéalisent souvent leurs parents.