inept
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C1 adjective /ɪˈnɛpt/

inept

inepte
Meaning
lacking skill or ability; clumsy or incompetent
Example
His inept handling of the situation made it worse.
Sa gestion inepte de la situation a empiré les choses.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈplɔːzəbl/

implausible

implausible
Meaning
Not seeming reasonable or probable; unlikely to be true.
Example
The story she told was so implausible that no one believed her.
L'histoire qu'elle a racontée était tellement implausible que personne ne l'a cru.
C1 noun /ɪmˈbæl.əns/

Imbalance

déséquilibre
Meaning
lack of proportion or relation between corresponding things; unequal distribution
Example
The doctor said the patient's dizziness was caused by an inner ear imbalance.
Le docteur a dit que les vertiges du patient étaient causés par un déséquilibre dans l'oreille interne.
C1 adjective /ˌɪn.dɪˈspen.sə.bəl/

indispensable

indispensable
Meaning
Absolutely necessary, essential
Example
Water is indispensable for human survival.
L'eau est indispensable à la survie humaine.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈhɛrənt/

inherent

inhérent
Meaning
Existing in something as a natural, permanent, or essential quality.
Example
There are inherent risks in extreme sports.
Il existe des risques inhérents dans les sports extrêmes.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnækˈsɛsəbl/

inaccessible

inaccessible
Meaning
unable to be reached, entered, or understood
Example
The remote village is almost inaccessible during the rainy season.
Le village éloigné est presque inaccessible pendant la saison des pluies.
C1 verb ɪˈnɪʃɪeɪtɪd

initiated

initié
Meaning
Caused a process or action to begin; started something.
Example
The project was initiated to enhance marine biodiversity.
Le projet a été initié pour améliorer la biodiversité marine.
C1 adjective ˌɪm.pəˈsɛp.tɪ.bəl

imperceptible

imperceptible
Meaning
So subtle or gradual that it is difficult to notice or perceive
Example
The changes in his behavior were imperceptible at first.
Les changements dans son comportement étaient imperceptibles au début.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɑːrʃəl/

Impartial

impartial; neutre
Meaning
treating all sides fairly; unbiased; neutral
Example
A good judge must remain impartial throughout the trial.
Un bon juge doit rester impartial tout au long du procès.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnsɪˈdɛntəl/

incidental

incidentel
Meaning
happening as a minor part or in connection with something else
Example
Incidental expenses like snacks and tips were included in the bill.
Les dépenses incidentelles comme les collations et les pourboires ont été incluses dans la facture.
C1 adjective /ˈɪndɪɡoʊ bluː/

Indigo-blue

bleu indigo
Meaning
a deep blue color with a purplish tinge
Example
The indigo-blue sky looked magnificent at twilight.
Le ciel bleu indigo semblait magnifique au crépuscule.
C1 noun ɪnˈdɪdʒɪnəs trəˈdɪʃənz

Indigenous Traditions

Traditions indigènes
Meaning
Cultural practices, beliefs, and customs that have been passed down through generations among native peoples.
Example
Indigenous traditions in the Chittagong Hill Tracts are unique.
Les traditions indigènes dans les Chittagong Hill Tracts sont uniques.
C1 adjective /aɪˈdɪlɪk/

idyllic

idyllique et magnifique
Meaning
Like an idyll; extremely happy, peaceful, or picturesque.
Example
They enjoyed an idyllic vacation by the sea.
Ils ont apprécié des vacances idylliques au bord de la mer.
C1 noun /ˌɪnkwɪˈzɪʃən/

inquisition

inquisition
Meaning
A prolonged and intense questioning or investigation, often harsh in nature.
Example
The journalist faced an inquisition from the panel about his sources.
Le journaliste a fait face à une inquisition de la part du panel sur ses sources.
C1 adjective /ɪˈmjuː.tə.bəl/

immutable

inaltérable
Meaning
Unchangeable, permanent, or fixed
Example
The laws of physics are considered immutable.
Les lois de la physique sont considérées inaltérables.
C1 noun /ɪmˌpɒsəˈbɪlɪti/

impossibility

impossibilité
Meaning
the state or fact of being impossible; something that cannot be done or achieved
Example
Finishing the project in one day was an impossibility.
Finir le projet en un jour était une impossibilité.
C1 noun ˌɪndɪˈspensəbl̩ ˈkɒmpɪtənsi

indispensable competency

compétence indispensable
Meaning
Essential skill or ability that cannot be done without; a crucial capability that is absolutely necessary.
Example
Digital literacy is an indispensable competency in the 21st century.
L'alphabétisation numérique est une compétence indispensable au XXIe siècle.
C1 noun /ɪmˌpɜː.sənˈeɪ.ʃən/

impersonation

usurpation d'identité
Meaning
The action of pretending to be another person for the purpose of entertainment or fraud.
Example
Online impersonation is a serious cybercrime.
L'usurpation d'identité en ligne est un crime informatique grave.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɜːrtɪnənt/

impertinent

impertinent
Meaning
rude and showing a lack of respect
Example
It was impertinent of him to question the manager's decision.
C'était impertinent de sa part de remettre en question la décision du manager.
C1 verb /ˈɪnstɪˌɡeɪt/

instigate

inciter
Meaning
To bring about or initiate an action, often something negative.
Example
He was accused of instigating the riot.
Il a été accusé d'inciter aux émeutes.
C1 noun ɪnˈdʌldʒəns

indulgence

indulgence
Meaning
The practice of allowing oneself to enjoy the pleasure of something.
Example
His indulgence in junk food affected his health.
Son indulgence pour la malbouffe a nui à sa sante.
C1 noun /ˌɪnflɛksɪˈbɪlɪti/

inflexibility

inflexibilité
Meaning
the quality of being rigid or unwilling to change; lack of adaptability
Example
The inflexibility of the rules caused unnecessary delays.
L’inflexibilité des règles a causé des retards inutiles.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈvɪnsəbl/

invincible

invincible
Meaning
too powerful to be defeated or overcome
Example
The team seemed invincible after winning ten matches in a row.
L'équipe semblait invincible après avoir gagné dix matchs d'affilée.
C1 adjective /ɪˈnɒkjuəs/

innocuous

inoffensif
Meaning
Not harmful or offensive.
Example
His remark was completely innocuous and not meant to offend anyone.
Son commentaire était totalement inoffensif et n'avait pas l'intention d'offenser qui que ce soit.
C1 noun ɪnˌten.sɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən

intensification

intensification
Meaning
The process of becoming or making something more intense or extreme.
Example
The intensification of climate change requires urgent action.
L'intensification du changement climatique nécessite une action urgente.
C1 noun /ˌɪndɪɡˈneɪʃən/

indignation

indignation
Meaning
Strong displeasure or anger caused by something unjust, offensive, or insulting.
Example
Public indignation grew after the unfair verdict.
L'indignation publique a grandi après le verdict injuste.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnədˈmɪsəbl̩/

inadmissible

inadmissible
Meaning
Not allowed, especially as evidence in a court of law.
Example
The judge ruled the evidence inadmissible.
Le juge a déclaré que la preuve était inadmissible.
C1 adjective /ˌaɪdiəˈlɪstɪk/

Idealistic

idéaliste
Meaning
pursuing high principles or ideals; unrealistically optimistic
Example
She has an idealistic view of changing the world.
Elle a une vision idéaliste de changer le monde.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈtrɛpɪd/

intrepid

intrépide
Meaning
fearless and adventurous, often used humorously
Example
The intrepid traveler explored the jungle alone.
Le voyageur intrépide a exploré la jungle seul.
C1 noun /ˌɪnklɪˈneɪʃən/

inclination

inclination
Meaning
A natural tendency or urge to act or feel in a particular way.
Example
She has an inclination towards helping others.
Elle a une inclination à aider les autres.
C1 verb /ɪmˈplɔːr/

implore

implorer
Meaning
To beg someone earnestly or desperately to do something.
Example
She implored him to stay with her.
Elle lui implora de rester avec elle.
C1 verb ɪˈmɜːrs

immerse

plonger
Meaning
To involve oneself deeply in a particular activity or interest; to surround completely.
Example
Immerse yourself in the new language.
Plongez-vous dans la nouvelle langue.
C1 noun /ˌɪn.səˌbɔːr.dɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

insubordination

insubordination
Meaning
Defiance of authority; refusal to obey orders.
Example
The soldier was punished for insubordination during the mission.
Le soldat a été puni pour insubordination pendant la mission.
C1 noun /ˈɪntərˌpleɪ/

interplay

interaction
Meaning
The way in which two or more things have an effect on each other.
Example
The interplay between culture and technology shapes modern life.
L'interaction entre la culture et la technologie façonne la vie moderne.
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈstrʌktəbl/

indestructible

indestructible
Meaning
Impossible to destroy or break.
Example
The superhero's shield was said to be indestructible.
On disait que le bouclier du super-héros était indestructible.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈsteɪbəl/

instable

instable
Meaning
not stable; liable to change, collapse, or fail; lacking firmness or reliability
Example
The instable political situation worried foreign investors.
La situation politique instable a inquiété les investisseurs étrangers.
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈvɪzəbl/

indivisible

indivisible
Meaning
Not able to be divided or separated.
Example
The country's unity was indivisible despite differences.
L'unité du pays était indivisible malgré les différences.
C1 verb /ɪmˈploʊd/

implode

imploser
Meaning
To collapse or burst inward violently.
Example
The old building imploded during the demolition.
Le vieux bâtiment a implosé pendant la démolition.
C1 noun /ɪnˈkɒmpɪtəns/

incompetence

incompétence
Meaning
Lack of ability, skill, or effectiveness in doing something.
Example
The project failed due to the manager’s incompetence.
Le projet a échoué à cause de l'incompétence du manager.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈdʌstriəs/

industrious

travailleur
Meaning
Hardworking and diligent in one's duties.
Example
She is an industrious student who always completes her assignments on time.
Elle est une étudiante travailleuse qui termine toujours ses devoirs à temps.
C1 noun /ˌɪntərˌɒpərəˈbɪləti/

interoperability

interopérabilité
Meaning
The ability of computer systems or software to exchange and make use of information.
Example
The interoperability of different software systems ensures seamless workflow.
L'interopérabilité des différents systèmes logiciels garantit un flux de travail fluide.
C1 adjective /ˌɪn.səˈbɔːr.dɪ.nət/

insubordinate

insubordonné
Meaning
Defiant of authority; disobedient to orders.
Example
The insubordinate employee refused to follow the manager's instructions.
L'employé insubordonné a refusé de suivre les instructions du gestionnaire.
C1 adjective /ˌɪlɪˈdʒɪtɪmət/

illegitimate

illégitime
Meaning
Not authorized by law, rules, or standards; not recognized as valid.
Example
The court ruled the contract to be illegitimate.
Le tribunal a jugé que le contrat était illégitime.
C1 verb /ɪmˈpɛl/

impel

inciter
Meaning
to drive, force, or urge someone to do something
Example
Her curiosity impelled her to open the mysterious box.
Sa curiosité l'a poussée à ouvrir la boîte mystérieuse.
C1 adjective /ˌɪn.səbˈstæn.ʃəl/

insubstantial

insubstantiel
Meaning
Lacking strength, substance, or solidity.
Example
The evidence provided was insubstantial and unconvincing.
Les preuves fournies étaient insubstantielles et non convaincantes.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnkəʊˈhɪərənt/

incoherent

incohérent
Meaning
Not clear or easy to understand; lacking logical connection.
Example
His explanation was so incoherent that nobody could follow it.
Son explication était tellement incohérente que personne ne pouvait la suivre.
C1 verb /ɪnˈsaɪt/

incite

inciter
Meaning
to provoke; to stir up
Example
His speech incited the crowd to violence.
Son discours a incité la foule à la violence.
C1 adverb /ɪnˈvɜːrs.li/

Inversely

inversement; de manière opposée
Meaning
in a way that is opposite or contrary; in reverse order or manner
Example
The price of goods is inversely related to their availability in the market.
Le prix des biens est inversement lié à leur disponibilité sur le marché.
C1 noun /ˌɪn.dɪˈsɪʒ.ən/

Indecision

indécision; hésitation; doute
Meaning
the inability to make decisions quickly; uncertainty about what to do
Example
Her indecision about which job offer to accept caused her to miss both opportunities.
Son indécision sur quelle offre d'emploi accepter l'a conduite à manquer les deux opportunités.
C1 verb /ˌɪn.tɚˈtwaɪn/

intertwine

connecter ou lier étroitement; tordre ou combiner étroitement
Meaning
To connect or link closely; to twist together or combine closely.
Example
Their lives became intertwined through years of friendship.
Leurs vies se sont entrelacées au fil des années d'amitié.
C1 adjective ɪmˈpɛkəbl

impeccable

impeccable
Meaning
In accordance with the highest standards; faultless.
Example
His impeccable taste in fashion was admired by all his peers.
Son goût impeccable en mode était admiré par tous ses pairs.
C1 adjective; noun /ɪˈmɔːrtl/

immortal

immortel
Meaning
living forever; never dying; lasting forever in fame or memory
Example
Legends often describe heroes as immortal beings who never die.
Les légendes parlent d’êtres immortels.
C1 noun /ˌɪnkjʊˈbeɪʃən/

incubation

le processus de maintenir des œufs, des cellules ou des organismes dans les conditions appropriées pour leur développement
Meaning
the process of keeping eggs, cells, or organisms in the right conditions for development
Example
The incubation of the eggs lasted for three weeks.
L'incubation des œufs a duré trois semaines.
C1 noun (plural) /ˈɪndɪˌsiːz/

indices

indices
Meaning
plural form of index; statistical measures or reference points used for comparison
Example
Stock market indices fell sharply after the announcement.
Les indices du marché boursier ont chuté fortement après l'annonce.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnəˈtɛntɪv/

inattentive

inattentif
Meaning
not paying attention; lacking focus or concentration
Example
The inattentive student missed several important instructions.
L'étudiant inattentif a manqué plusieurs consignes importantes.
C1 adjective /ɪˈnɔːrdənət/

inordinate

excessif
Meaning
Excessive or unusually large in degree.
Example
She spent an inordinate amount of time on her phone.
Elle a passé un temps excessif sur son téléphone.
C1 noun /ˌɪmpɔːrˈteɪʃən/

importation

importation
Meaning
The act of bringing goods or services into a country from abroad
Example
The importation of luxury goods is strictly regulated.
L'importation de produits de luxe est strictement régulée.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈprɒmp.tjuː/

impromptu

imprévu
Meaning
Done without being planned, organized, or rehearsed; spontaneous.
Example
He gave an impromptu speech at the event.
Il a fait un discours improvisé lors de l'événement.
C1 noun /ɪˌluːmɪˈneɪʃən/

illumination

éclairage
Meaning
the act of lighting something or making something clear
Example
The street was filled with bright illumination from the lamps.
La rue était éclairée par l'éclairage brillant des lampes.
C1 verb /ɪnˈterəˌɡeɪt/

interrogate

interroger
Meaning
to ask someone questions in a thorough and formal way; to question intensively
Example
The police interrogated the suspect for hours.
La police a interrogé le suspect pendant des heures.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈkɒmpɪtənt/

incompetent

incompétent
Meaning
Lacking the necessary ability or skills to do something successfully.
Example
He was fired because he was incompetent at his job.
Il a été licencié parce qu'il était incompétent dans son travail.
C1 verb /ɪmˈpɜːrsəneɪt/

impersonate

imiter
Meaning
to pretend to be another person in order to entertain or deceive
Example
He was arrested for trying to impersonate a police officer.
Il a été arrêté pour avoir tenté d'usurper l'identité d'un policier.
C1 adjective ˌɪdiəsɪnˈkrætɪk

idiosyncratic

particulier et individuel
Meaning
Relating to idiosyncrasy; peculiar or individual.
Example
His idiosyncratic behavior set him apart from his colleagues.
Son comportement idiosyncratique le distinguait de ses collègues.
C1 adjective /ɪˈrɛvərənt/

irreverent

irrévérencieux
Meaning
showing a lack of respect for people or things that are usually respected
Example
The comedian’s irreverent jokes offended some of the audience.
Les blagues irrévérencieuses du comédien ont offensé certains membres du public.
C1 verb /ɪnˈkɑːrsəreɪt/

incarcerate

incarcérer
Meaning
to imprison or confine someone
Example
The authorities incarcerated the criminal after the trial.
Les autorités ont emprisonné le criminel après le procès.
C1 verb /ˈɪmprəvaɪz/

improvise

improviser
Meaning
To create or perform something spontaneously without preparation.
Example
The actor had to improvise his lines when he forgot the script.
L'acteur a dû improviser ses répliques lorsqu'il a oublié le script.
C1 noun /ɪmˈpɜː.mə.nəns/

impermanence

impermanence
Meaning
The state or fact of lasting for only a limited period of time.
Example
The philosophy of Buddhism emphasizes the impermanence of life.
La philosophie bouddhiste met l'accent sur l'impermanence de la vie.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈprɒbəbl/

improbable

improbable
Meaning
Not likely to be true or to happen.
Example
It seems improbable that he will arrive on time.
Il semble improbable qu'il arrive à l'heure.
C1 noun /ɪnˈtɛstɪn/

intestine

intestin
Meaning
The part of the digestive system where food is digested and absorbed, extending from the stomach to the anus.
Example
The doctor explained how nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine.
Le médecin a expliqué comment les nutriments sont absorbés dans l'intestin grêle.
C1 noun /ɪnˈdʌstriəsnəs/

industriousness

diligence
Meaning
The quality of being hardworking and diligent.
Example
His industriousness earned him a promotion at work.
Sa diligence lui a valu une promotion au travail.
C1 noun /ˌɪn.trəˈvɜːr.ʒən/

introversion

introversion
Meaning
The tendency to be inward-looking and shy, preferring solitary activities.
Example
Her introversion made it difficult for her to enjoy large parties.
Son introversion rendait difficile pour elle de profiter des grandes fêtes.
C1 adjective /ˈɪnbɔːrn/

Inborn

inné; congénital; inhérent
Meaning
existing from birth; natural; inherent
Example
She has an inborn talent for music.
Elle a un talent inné pour la musique.
C1 noun ɪnˌɛv.ɪ.təˈbɪl.ɪ.ti

inevitability

inévitabilité
Meaning
The quality of being certain to happen and impossible to avoid or prevent.
Example
The inevitability of change is a part of life.
L'inévitabilité du changement fait partie de la vie.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈɔːdəbl/

inaudible

inaudible
Meaning
Unable to be heard.
Example
Her voice was almost inaudible over the noise.
Sa voix était presque inaudible par-dessus le bruit.
C1 adjective ɪn ˈfleɪ.ʃə.ner.i

inflationary

inflationniste
Meaning
Characterized by or tending to cause monetary inflation; relating to rising prices.
Example
The government took measures to control inflationary pressures.
Le gouvernement a pris des mesures pour contrôler les pressions inflationnistes.
C1 noun /ˈɪtʃ.i.nəs/

itchiness

démangeaison
Meaning
The quality or condition of feeling an irritating sensation on the skin that causes a desire to scratch.
Example
Eye itchiness often leads to rubbing.
Les démangeaisons oculaires entraînent souvent des frottements.
C1 noun /ɪmˈpjʊərəti/

impurity

impureté
Meaning
the state of being unclean or contaminated; a substance that makes something impure
Example
The scientist removed every impurity from the water sample.
Le scientifique a éliminé chaque impureté de l’échantillon d’eau.
C1 verb /ˈɪnsjuleɪt/

insulate

isoler
Meaning
To protect something by covering it, especially to prevent heat, sound, or electricity from escaping or entering.
Example
The house was insulated to reduce heating costs.
La maison a été isolée pour réduire les coûts de chauffage.
C1 verb /ɪnˈdaɪt/

indict

inculper
Meaning
to formally accuse someone of committing a serious crime
Example
The grand jury decided to indict the politician for corruption.
Le grand jury a décidé d'inculper le politicien pour corruption.
C1 verb /ɪnˈvoʊk/

invoke

invoquer
Meaning
to call upon a higher power, authority, or principle for help, support, or justification
Example
The lawyer invoked the constitution to defend his client.
L'avocat a invoqué la constitution pour défendre son client.
C1 noun /ˈɪntərˌluːd/

interlude

interlude
Meaning
A short period of time that comes between two events; an interval.
Example
There was a brief musical interlude between the two acts of the play.
Il y a eu un bref interlude musical entre les deux actes de la pièce.
C1 noun ˌɪn.toʊˈneɪ.ʃən

intonation

intonation
Meaning
The rise and fall of tone in speech and pronunciation.
Example
Proper intonation enhances the clarity of a speech.
Une intonation appropriée améliore la clarté d'un discours.
C1 verb /ˈɪtəreɪt/

iterate

itérer
Meaning
To repeat a process or statement, often to improve or refine.
Example
The software team will iterate the design until it meets user needs.
L'équipe de développement itérera la conception jusqu'à ce qu'elle réponde aux besoins des utilisateurs.
C1 verb /ɪˈmɔːrtəlaɪz/

immortalize

immortaliser
Meaning
to preserve the memory of someone or something forever
Example
The statue was built to immortalize the hero’s sacrifice.
La statue a été construite pour immortaliser le sacrifice du héros.
C1 noun /ˌɪntərˈdʒɛkʃən/

interjection

interjection
Meaning
a word or phrase used to express sudden emotion or reaction, often standing alone
Example
Words like 'wow' and 'ouch' are common interjections in English.
Des mots comme 'wow' et 'aïe' sont des interjections courantes en anglais.
C1 adjective /ɪˈledʒ.ə.bəl/

illegible

illisible
Meaning
Not clear enough to be read; unreadable.
Example
The doctor’s handwriting was almost illegible.
L'écriture du médecin était presque illisible.
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈfɛnsəbl̩/

indefensible

indéfendable
Meaning
not able to be protected or justified
Example
The minister’s remarks were considered indefensible by the public.
Les remarques du ministre ont été jugées indéfendables par le public.
C1 adverb /ɪnˈdɛfɪnətli/

indefinitely

indéfiniment
Meaning
for an unlimited or unspecified period of time
Example
The project has been postponed indefinitely.
Le projet a été reporté indéfiniment.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɜːrsənl/

impersonal

impersonnel
Meaning
not influenced by, showing, or involving personal feelings; lacking human warmth or emotion
Example
The letter was written in a very impersonal style.
La lettre a été écrite dans un style très impersonnel.
C1 noun /ˈɪnkwest/

inquest

enquête
Meaning
A legal or official inquiry, especially into the cause of a death.
Example
The inquest revealed the cause of the accident.
L'enquête a révélé la cause de l'accident.
C1 verb /ɪnˈkrɪmɪˌneɪt/

incriminate

incriminer
Meaning
to make someone appear guilty of a crime or wrongdoing
Example
The new evidence could incriminate the suspect in the robbery case.
La nouvelle preuve pourrait incriminer le suspect dans l'affaire de vol.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈtɛlɪdʒəbl/

intelligible

intelligible
Meaning
Able to be understood; clear enough to be comprehended.
Example
Her speech was barely intelligible over the noise.
Son discours était à peine intelligible à cause du bruit.
C1 verb /ɪnˈfjʊərieɪt/

infuriate

mettre en colère
Meaning
To make someone extremely angry.
Example
His careless remarks infuriated the entire team.
Ses remarques imprudentes ont mis en colère toute l'équipe.
C1 verb /ɪnˈskraɪb/

inscribe

graver
Meaning
to write or carve words or symbols on a surface
Example
They inscribed her name on the trophy.
Ils ont gravé son nom sur le trophée.
C1 verb /ɪˈnɔːɡjʊreɪt/

inaugurate

inaugurer
Meaning
To formally begin or introduce something, especially with a ceremony.
Example
The mayor will inaugurate the new bridge tomorrow.
Le maire inaugurera le nouveau pont demain.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈseɪʃəbl̩/

insatiable

insatiable
Meaning
impossible to satisfy; always wanting more
Example
Her insatiable curiosity drove her to read every book in the library.
Sa curiosité insatiable l'a poussée à lire tous les livres de la bibliothèque.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈveə.ri.ə.bəl/

Invariable

invariable; constant; toujours le même
Meaning
never changing; constant; always the same
Example
His invariable routine includes morning exercise and coffee.
Sa routine invariable comprend des exercices matinaux et du café.
C1 verb /ɪmˈbɛd/

imbed

enfoncer
Meaning
To fix firmly or deeply in a surrounding mass.
Example
The journalist imbedded himself with the troops to report firsthand.
Le journaliste s'est enfoncé dans les troupes pour rapporter de première main.
C1 adjective /ɪˈluː.sɪv/

Illusive

illusoire; semblant d'exister mais irréel; trompeur
Meaning
deceptive; appearing to exist but not real; misleading
Example
The promise of easy money proved to be illusive and misleading.
La promesse d'argent facile s'est avérée illusoire et trompeuse.
C1 adjective /ˈɪntrɪkət/

intricate

complexe
Meaning
very detailed, complex, and difficult to understand
Example
The artist created an intricate pattern on the wall.
L'artiste a créé un motif complexe sur le mur.
C1 noun /ˈɪnflʌks/

influx

afflux
Meaning
A large arrival or flow of people or things.
Example
The city experienced an influx of tourists during the festival.
La ville a connu un afflux de touristes pendant le festival.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈæk.tɪv/

Inactive

inactif
Meaning
not active; not working; dormant; idle
Example
The volcano has been inactive for over a century.
Le volcan est inactif depuis plus d'un siecle.
C1 adverb ɪnˈtrɪn.zɪ.kli

intrinsically

intrinsèquement
Meaning
In a way that is naturally or inherently part of something's essential nature.
Example
Some people are intrinsically motivated to learn.
Certaines personnes sont intrinsèquement motivées à apprendre.
C1 noun /ˌɪnsəˈfɪʃənsi/

insufficiency

insuffisance
Meaning
The state of not being enough or not being adequate.
Example
The project failed due to the insufficiency of funds.
Le projet a échoué en raison de l'insuffisance des fonds.
C1 noun /ˌɪn.dʒəˈnjuː.ɪ.ti/

ingenuity

ingéniosité
Meaning
The quality of being clever, original, and inventive.
Example
His ingenuity led to groundbreaking innovations.
Son ingéniosité a conduit à des innovations de rupture.
C1 noun /ɪnˈɛk.wɪ.ti/

inequity

inégalité
Meaning
Lack of fairness or justice; unequal distribution or treatment.
Example
Social inequity continues to be a global issue.
L'inégalité sociale reste un problème mondial.
C1 noun /ɪnˌkɑːsəˈreɪʃən/

incarceration

incarcération
Meaning
the state of being imprisoned or confined
Example
The criminal faced years of incarceration for his crimes.
Le criminel a purgé des années d'incarcération pour ses crimes.
C1 noun /ɪnˌtɪmɪˈdeɪʃən/

intimidation

intimidation
Meaning
The action of frightening or threatening someone to make them do something.
Example
The workers reported cases of intimidation by the management.
Les travailleurs ont signalé des cas d'intimidation par la direction.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈvɛntɪv/

inventive

inventif
Meaning
Having the ability to create or design new things or to think originally.
Example
The inventor was known for his inventive solutions to everyday problems.
L'inventeur était connu pour ses solutions inventives aux problèmes quotidiens.
C1 noun /ˈɪmɪnəns/

imminence

imminence, état de proximité
Meaning
the state of being about to happen
Example
The imminence of the storm forced people to take shelter.
L'imminence de la tempête a forcé les gens à chercher un abri.
C1 noun ˌɪnfrəˈstrʌktʃərəl dɪˈveləpmənt

infrastructural development

développement infrastructurel
Meaning
The process of building and improving the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.
Example
Infrastructural development is necessary for efficient recycling.
Le développement infrastructurel est nécessaire pour un recyclage efficace.
C1 noun /ɪnˈsaɪtmənt/

incitement

incitation
Meaning
the action of provoking unlawful or violent behavior
Example
He was arrested for incitement to riot.
Il a été arrêté pour incitation à la violence.
C1 adjective ɪnˈkʌm.bənt

incumbent

obligatoire
Meaning
necessary for (someone) as a duty or responsibility.
Example
It is incumbent upon all citizens to obey the law.
Il est obligatoire pour tous les citoyens d'obéir à la loi.
C1 noun ˌɪndɪˈspensəbl səˈpɔːrt

indispensable support

soutien indispensable
Meaning
Essential assistance that cannot be done without; absolutely necessary help.
Example
Volunteers provide indispensable support to communities.
Les bénévoles apportent un soutien indispensable aux communautés.
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈspjuːtəbəl/

Indisputable

indiscutable; incontestable; certain
Meaning
impossible to deny or argue against; undeniable; certain
Example
The evidence against him was indisputable.
Les preuves contre lui étaient indiscutables.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈtɜːrmənəbl/

interminable

interminable
Meaning
Seemingly endless; having no apparent end.
Example
The meeting felt interminable and exhausting.
La réunion semblait interminable et épuisante.
C1 noun /ˈɪd.i.əm/

idiom

idiome
Meaning
A group of words whose meaning is different from the meanings of the individual words.
Example
The idiom 'break the ice' means to start a conversation in a friendly way.
L'idiome 'briser la glace' signifie commencer une conversation de manière amicale.
C1 verb ɪmˈbjuː

Imbue

Mélanger une idée ou un sentiment profondément dans l'esprit de quelqu'un
Meaning
Mixing some idea or feeling deeply into someone's mind
Example
The teacher tried to imbue students with a love for learning.
L'enseignant a essayé d'inculquer aux élèves un amour de l'apprentissage.
C1 noun /ˈɪŋklɪŋ/

inkling

indice
Meaning
A slight idea, hint, or suspicion about something.
Example
She had an inkling that he was planning a surprise.
Elle avait une vague idée qu'il préparait une surprise.
C1 adjective /ˌaɪ.di.əˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/

ideological

idéologique
Meaning
Relating to or based on a system of ideas or beliefs.
Example
The two parties are divided by deep ideological differences.
Les deux partis sont divisés par de profondes divergences idéologiques.
C1 noun ˈɪm.pɪ.təs

impetus

impulsion
Meaning
The force or motivation that drives something forward; momentum.
Example
The new policy provided an impetus for economic growth.
La nouvelle politique a donné un élan à la croissance économique.