indigestion
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C1 noun /ˌɪndɪˈdʒɛstʃən/

indigestion

indigestion
Meaning
Discomfort or pain in the stomach associated with difficulty in digesting food.
Example
He avoided spicy food because it often gave him indigestion.
Il evitait les aliments epices car cela lui donnait souvent une indigestion.
C1 noun /ˌɪnklɪˈneɪʃən/

inclination

inclination
Meaning
A natural tendency or urge to act or feel in a particular way.
Example
She has an inclination towards helping others.
Elle a une inclination à aider les autres.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈprɒmp.tjuː/

impromptu

imprévu
Meaning
Done without being planned, organized, or rehearsed; spontaneous.
Example
He gave an impromptu speech at the event.
Il a fait un discours improvisé lors de l'événement.
C1 noun /ˌaɪ.diˈɒl.ə.dʒi/

ideology

idéologie
Meaning
A system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.
Example
Democracy is based on the ideology of freedom and equality.
La démocratie repose sur l'idéologie de la liberté et de l'égalité.
C1 verb /ɪɡˈnaɪt/

ignite

enflammer
Meaning
To catch fire or cause to catch fire; to start or arouse.
Example
The sparks ignited the dry leaves in seconds.
Les étincelles ont enflammé les feuilles sèches en quelques secondes.
C1 noun /ˈɪnflʌks/

influx

afflux
Meaning
A large arrival or flow of people or things.
Example
The city experienced an influx of tourists during the festival.
La ville a connu un afflux de touristes pendant le festival.
C1 noun ˈɪn.fər.əns

inference

inférence
Meaning
A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning; logical deduction.
Example
Scientists make inferences based on experimental data.
Les scientifiques font des inférences basées sur des données expérimentales.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnkəʊˈhɪərənt/

incoherent

incohérent
Meaning
Not clear or easy to understand; lacking logical connection.
Example
His explanation was so incoherent that nobody could follow it.
Son explication était tellement incohérente que personne ne pouvait la suivre.
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈstɪŋkt/

indistinct

indistinct
Meaning
Not clear or sharply defined; vague or blurred.
Example
The sound of voices was indistinct in the distance.
Le son des voix était indistinct au loin.
C1 noun /ɪnˈækjʊrəsi/

inaccuracy

inexactitude
Meaning
lack of accuracy or precision; an incorrect or wrong detail
Example
The report contained several factual inaccuracies.
Le rapport contenait plusieurs inexactitudes.
C1 verb /ɪmˈpɛl/

impel

inciter
Meaning
to drive, force, or urge someone to do something
Example
Her curiosity impelled her to open the mysterious box.
Sa curiosité l'a poussée à ouvrir la boîte mystérieuse.
C1 verb /ˈaɪdəlaɪz/

idolize

idolâtrer
Meaning
To admire or worship someone excessively.
Example
Fans often idolize celebrities for their talent and lifestyle.
Les fans idolâtrent souvent les célébrités pour leur talent et leur mode de vie.
C1 noun /ɪmˈpɒs.tər/

Impostor

imposteur; fraudeur
Meaning
a person who pretends to be someone else in order to deceive others; a fraud
Example
The impostor convinced everyone he was a doctor until his fake credentials were discovered.
L'imposteur a convaincu tout le monde qu'il était un médecin jusqu'à ce que ses faux diplômes soient découverts.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈveɪsɪv/

invasive

invasif
Meaning
Tending to spread harmfully, intruding aggressively, or encroaching beyond proper boundaries.
Example
The doctor explained that the procedure was minimally invasive.
Le médecin a expliqué que la procédure était peu invasive.
C1 adjective /ɪˈneɪn/

inane

insensé, stupide
Meaning
lacking sense, meaning, or significance; silly or pointless
Example
The movie was criticized for its inane dialogue.
Le film a été critiqué pour ses dialogues insensés.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈstɪŋk.tɪv/

instinctive

instinctif, naturel, automatique
Meaning
Based on instinct; done without conscious thought; natural and automatic.
Example
His instinctive reaction saved his life.
Sa réaction instinctive lui a sauvé la vie.
C1 adjective ɪˈneɪt

Innate

inné ou naturel
Meaning
Existing from birth or natural
Example
She has an innate talent for music.
Elle a un talent inné pour la musique.
C1 verb /ɪmˈpɜːrsəneɪt/

impersonate

imiter
Meaning
to pretend to be another person in order to entertain or deceive
Example
He was arrested for trying to impersonate a police officer.
Il a été arrêté pour avoir tenté d'usurper l'identité d'un policier.
C1 noun /ˌɪnsəˈfɪʃənsi/

insufficiency

insuffisance
Meaning
The state of not being enough or not being adequate.
Example
The project failed due to the insufficiency of funds.
Le projet a échoué en raison de l'insuffisance des fonds.
C1 adjective /ˌaɪ.di.əˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/

ideological

idéologique
Meaning
Relating to or based on a system of ideas or beliefs.
Example
The two parties are divided by deep ideological differences.
Les deux partis sont divisés par de profondes divergences idéologiques.
C1 adjective /ˈɪnfəməs/

infamous

infâme
Meaning
well known for some bad quality or deed
Example
The dictator was infamous for his cruelty.
Le dictateur était infâme pour sa cruauté.
C1 adjective ɪˈluː.sər.i

illusory

illusoire
Meaning
Based on illusion; not real although seeming to be.
Example
His sense of security was entirely illusory.
Son sentiment de sécurité était entièrement illusoire.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈtræk.tə.bəl/

intractable

incontrôlable
Meaning
Difficult or impossible to manage, control, or solve.
Example
The conflict has become an intractable problem.
Le conflit est devenu un problème incontrôlable.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnədˈvɜːrtənt/

inadvertent

involontaire, non intentionnel
Meaning
Not resulting from or achieved through deliberate planning; unintentional.
Example
Her inadvertent mistake caused a delay in the project.
Son erreur involontaire a causé un retard dans le projet.
C1 noun ˌɪnsjʊˈleɪʃən

insulation

isolation
Meaning
Material used to prevent heat, sound, or electricity from being transmitted from one area to another.
Example
Insulation of food storage areas can prevent pests from entering.
L'isolation des zones de stockage des aliments peut empêcher les nuisibles d'entrer.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈdʌktɪv/

inductive

inductif
Meaning
characterized by the inference of general laws from particular instances; reasoning from specific cases to general principles
Example
The scientist used inductive reasoning to form a hypothesis.
Le scientifique a utilisé le raisonnement inductif pour formuler une hypothèse.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnkənˈsɪdərət/

inconsiderate

inconsidéré
Meaning
Thoughtless; showing a lack of concern for others.
Example
It was inconsiderate of him to play loud music late at night.
C'était inconsidéré de sa part de jouer de la musique forte tard dans la nuit.
C1 noun /ɪmˈpjʊərəti/

impurity

impureté
Meaning
the state of being unclean or contaminated; a substance that makes something impure
Example
The scientist removed every impurity from the water sample.
Le scientifique a éliminé chaque impureté de l’échantillon d’eau.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɜːrsənl/

impersonal

impersonnel
Meaning
not influenced by, showing, or involving personal feelings; lacking human warmth or emotion
Example
The letter was written in a very impersonal style.
La lettre a été écrite dans un style très impersonnel.
C1 noun /ɪˈrɛlɪvənsi/

irrelevancy

irrélevance
Meaning
the state of being unrelated or unimportant to the matter at hand
Example
The judge dismissed the argument because of its irrelevancy to the case.
Le juge a rejeté l’argument en raison de son irrélevance pour l’affaire.
C1 noun /ɪˈmiːdiəsi/

immediacy

immédiateté, urgence
Meaning
The quality of bringing one into direct and instant involvement with something, giving rise to a sense of urgency or excitement.
Example
The immediacy of digital communication has reshaped business operations.
L'immédiateté de la communication numérique a transformé les opérations commerciales.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈkɒmpɪtənt/

incompetent

incompétent
Meaning
Lacking the necessary ability or skills to do something successfully.
Example
He was fired because he was incompetent at his job.
Il a été licencié parce qu'il était incompétent dans son travail.
C1 adjective ˌɪn.tə.dʒen.əˈreɪ.ʃən.əl

intergenerational

intergénérationnel, entre différentes générations d'une famille
Meaning
Existing or occurring between different generations of a family.
Example
Intergenerational wisdom ensures cultural continuity.
La sagesse intergénérationnelle garantit la continuité culturelle.
C1 verb /ɪnˈsɪnjueɪt/

insinuate

insinuer
Meaning
To suggest or hint something indirectly and often unpleasantly.
Example
He insinuated that she had lied about her qualifications.
Il a insinué qu'elle avait menti sur ses qualifications.
C1 verb /ɪnˈfleɪm/

inflame

enflammer
Meaning
to arouse strong feelings or provoke anger; to cause inflammation in the body
Example
The politician's remarks served to inflame public opinion.
Les remarques du politicien ont servi à enflammer l'opinion publique.
C1 adjective /ɪˈmækjələt/

immaculate

immaculé
Meaning
perfectly clean, neat, or free from flaws
Example
Her room was immaculate, with everything in its place.
Sa chambre était immaculée, tout était à sa place.
C1 noun /ˈɪntərˌluːd/

interlude

interlude
Meaning
A short period of time that comes between two events; an interval.
Example
There was a brief musical interlude between the two acts of the play.
Il y a eu un bref interlude musical entre les deux actes de la pièce.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈsteɪbəl/

instable

instable
Meaning
not stable; liable to change, collapse, or fail; lacking firmness or reliability
Example
The instable political situation worried foreign investors.
La situation politique instable a inquiété les investisseurs étrangers.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnsɪˈdɛntəl/

incidental

incidentel
Meaning
happening as a minor part or in connection with something else
Example
Incidental expenses like snacks and tips were included in the bill.
Les dépenses incidentelles comme les collations et les pourboires ont été incluses dans la facture.
C1 noun ˌɪn.fɪlˈtreɪ.ʃən

infiltration

infiltration, accès secret
Meaning
The process of entering or gaining access to an organization or place surreptitiously.
Example
Cybersecurity prevents infiltration into sensitive data.
La cybersécurité empêche l'infiltration des données sensibles.
C1 adjective /ˌɪməˈtɪəriəl/

immaterial

immatériel
Meaning
Not important or relevant; lacking physical substance.
Example
The judge ruled that the argument was immaterial to the case.
Le juge a statué que l'argument était immatériel pour l'affaire.
C1 noun ˌɪndɪˈspensəbl̩ ˈkɒmpɪtənsi

indispensable competency

compétence indispensable
Meaning
Essential skill or ability that cannot be done without; a crucial capability that is absolutely necessary.
Example
Digital literacy is an indispensable competency in the 21st century.
L'alphabétisation numérique est une compétence indispensable au XXIe siècle.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnɪkˈsplɪkəbl/

inexplicable

inexpliquable
Meaning
Impossible to explain or understand.
Example
The sudden disappearance of the file was inexplicable.
La disparition soudaine du fichier était inexpliquable.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈfriːkwənt/

infrequent

peu fréquent
Meaning
Happening rarely or not often.
Example
He made infrequent visits to his hometown after moving abroad.
Il faisait des visites peu fréquentes dans sa ville natale après avoir déménagé à l'étranger.
C1 noun ˌɪndɪˈspensəbl səˈpɔːrt

indispensable support

soutien indispensable
Meaning
Essential assistance that cannot be done without; absolutely necessary help.
Example
Volunteers provide indispensable support to communities.
Les bénévoles apportent un soutien indispensable aux communautés.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈɔːdəbl/

inaudible

inaudible
Meaning
Unable to be heard.
Example
Her voice was almost inaudible over the noise.
Sa voix était presque inaudible par-dessus le bruit.
C1 noun /ˈɪnsɪdəns/

incidence

incidence
Meaning
the occurrence, rate, or frequency of something
Example
The incidence of road accidents has decreased this year.
L'incidence des accidents de la route a diminué cette année.
C1 noun /ˌɪmɔːrˈtæləti/

immortality

immortalité
Meaning
the state of living forever; eternal life or lasting fame beyond death
Example
Many ancient cultures believed that heroes could achieve immortality through great deeds.
De nombreuses cultures anciennes pensaient que les héros pouvaient atteindre l’immortalité par de grands exploits.
C1 noun /ɪnˈɛk.wɪ.ti/

inequity

inégalité
Meaning
Lack of fairness or justice; unequal distribution or treatment.
Example
Social inequity continues to be a global issue.
L'inégalité sociale reste un problème mondial.
C1 verb /ɪnˈskraɪb/

inscribe

graver
Meaning
to write or carve words or symbols on a surface
Example
They inscribed her name on the trophy.
Ils ont gravé son nom sur le trophée.
C1 verb /ˌɪntəˈsɛkt/

intersect

croiser
Meaning
to cross or pass through each other
Example
The two roads intersect at the city center.
Les deux routes se croisent au centre-ville.
C1 verb /ɪnˈtɪmɪdeɪt/

intimidate

intimider
Meaning
To frighten or overawe someone, especially to make them do what one wants.
Example
The bully tried to intimidate the smaller kids.
Le harceleur a essayé d'intimider les enfants plus jeunes.
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈskrɪmɪnət/

indiscriminate

indiscriminé
Meaning
Done without careful judgment; random or haphazard.
Example
The indiscriminate use of pesticides harms the environment.
L'utilisation indiscriminée de pesticides nuit à l'environnement.
C1 adjective /ˌɪntəˈrɑːɡətɪv/

interrogative

interrogatif
Meaning
Relating to or conveying a question; in grammar, used to form questions.
Example
She raised an interrogative eyebrow when she heard the news.
Elle haussa un sourcil interrogatif lorsqu'elle entendit la nouvelle.
C1 adverb /ˌɪnsɪˈdɛntəli/

incidentally

d'ailleurs
Meaning
by the way; used to introduce a remark not directly related to the main subject
Example
Incidentally, did you know that she studied in Paris?
D'ailleurs, savais-tu qu'elle avait étudié à Paris ?
C1 adjective /ɪˈnɛpt/

inept

inepte
Meaning
lacking skill or ability; clumsy or incompetent
Example
His inept handling of the situation made it worse.
Sa gestion inepte de la situation a empiré les choses.
C1 noun /ɪmˈpɛdɪmənt/

impediments

obstacles
Meaning
A hindrance or obstruction in doing something; things that prevent progress or achievement.
Example
Economic impediments often hinder social development.
Les obstacles économiques entravent souvent le développement social.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈvæljʊəbl/

invaluable

inestimable
Meaning
Extremely useful or indispensable.
Example
Her advice proved invaluable to my success.
Son conseil s'est avéré inestimable pour mon succès.
C1 noun /ˌɪn.trəˈvɜːr.ʒən/

introversion

introversion
Meaning
The tendency to be inward-looking and shy, preferring solitary activities.
Example
Her introversion made it difficult for her to enjoy large parties.
Son introversion rendait difficile pour elle de profiter des grandes fêtes.
C1 noun /ɪnˈsɜːrdʒənt/

insurgent

insurgé
Meaning
A person who rises in revolt against authority or government.
Example
The army arrested several insurgents after the attack.
L'armée a arrêté plusieurs insurgés après l'attaque.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnɔːrˈɡænɪk/

inorganic

inorganique
Meaning
relating to substances that are not derived from living organisms; lacking organic structure or growth
Example
Inorganic compounds are commonly studied in chemistry labs.
Les composés inorganiques sont courants en chimie.
C1 adjective ˌɪm.pəˈsɛp.tɪ.bəl

imperceptible

imperceptible
Meaning
So subtle or gradual that it is difficult to notice or perceive
Example
The changes in his behavior were imperceptible at first.
Les changements dans son comportement étaient imperceptibles au début.
C1 noun /ˌɪnkɑːrˈneɪʃən/

incarnation

incarnation
Meaning
the embodiment of a deity, spirit, or quality in a physical form
Example
The monk was considered the incarnation of compassion.
Le moine était considéré comme l'incarnation de la compassion.
C1 adjective /ɪˈrɛvərənt/

irreverent

irrévérencieux
Meaning
showing a lack of respect for people or things that are usually respected
Example
The comedian’s irreverent jokes offended some of the audience.
Les blagues irrévérencieuses du comédien ont offensé certains membres du public.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpoʊzɪŋ/

imposing

imposant
Meaning
having an appearance that is grand, impressive, or commanding
Example
The castle is an imposing structure overlooking the valley.
Le château est une structure imposante qui surplombe la vallée.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈæk.tɪv/

Inactive

inactif
Meaning
not active; not working; dormant; idle
Example
The volcano has been inactive for over a century.
Le volcan est inactif depuis plus d'un siecle.
C1 adjective /ˌɪmprɪˈsaɪs/

imprecise

imprécis
Meaning
Not exact or accurate; vague.
Example
His explanation was too imprecise to be helpful.
Son explication était trop imprécise pour être utile.
C1 adjective /ɪˈnɔːɡjərəl/

Inaugural

inaugural
Meaning
marking the beginning of something; first; opening
Example
The president delivered his inaugural speech.
Le président a prononcé son discours inaugural.
C1 noun /ɪnˌtɪmɪˈdeɪʃən/

intimidation

intimidation
Meaning
The action of frightening or threatening someone to make them do something.
Example
The workers reported cases of intimidation by the management.
Les travailleurs ont signalé des cas d'intimidation par la direction.
C1 noun /ˌɪnkəmˌpætəˈbɪlɪti/

incompatibility

incompatibilité
Meaning
the state of being unable to exist or work together harmoniously; lack of compatibility
Example
The project failed because of incompatibility between the two software systems.
Le projet a échoué à cause de l’incompatibilité entre les deux systèmes logiciels.
C1 noun ˌɪn.toʊˈneɪ.ʃən

intonation

intonation
Meaning
The rise and fall of tone in speech and pronunciation.
Example
Proper intonation enhances the clarity of a speech.
Une intonation appropriée améliore la clarté d'un discours.
C1 adjective /ˈɪntrɪkət/

intricate

complexe
Meaning
very detailed, complex, and difficult to understand
Example
The artist created an intricate pattern on the wall.
L'artiste a créé un motif complexe sur le mur.
C1 verb /ɪnˈterəˌɡeɪt/

interrogate

interroger
Meaning
to ask someone questions in a thorough and formal way; to question intensively
Example
The police interrogated the suspect for hours.
La police a interrogé le suspect pendant des heures.
C1 adjective /aɪˈdɪlɪk/

idyllic

idyllique et magnifique
Meaning
Like an idyll; extremely happy, peaceful, or picturesque.
Example
They enjoyed an idyllic vacation by the sea.
Ils ont apprécié des vacances idylliques au bord de la mer.
C1 noun /ˈɪn.floʊ/

inflow

afflux
Meaning
The movement of things such as money, people, or water into a place.
Example
The inflow of tourists boosted the local economy.
L'afflux de touristes a stimulé l'économie locale.
C1 noun /ˈɪnlɛt/

inlet

entrée
Meaning
A small arm of the sea, a lake, or a river; an opening or passage for entry.
Example
The boat entered a narrow inlet along the coast.
Le bateau est entré dans une entrée étroite le long de la côte.
C1 noun ˌɪrɪˈvɜːrsəbl ˈdæmɪdʒ

irreversible damage

dommages irréversibles
Meaning
Harm or injury that cannot be undone or repaired.
Example
Climate change causes irreversible damage to ecosystems.
Le changement climatique cause des dommages irréversibles aux écosystèmes.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈɛlɪdʒəbəl/

Ineligible

inéligible; non qualifié; inapte
Meaning
not qualified or entitled to participate or be chosen; unsuitable
Example
Students with poor grades are ineligible for the scholarship program.
Les étudiants avec de mauvaises notes sont inéligibles pour le programme de bourses.
C1 noun /ɪˈreləvəns/

irrelevance

irrélevance
Meaning
the quality of not being connected to or important for a particular matter; lack of significance
Example
His long explanation only highlighted the irrelevance of the details to the main issue.
Sa longue explication n’a fait que souligner l’irrélevance des détails pour le sujet principal.
C1 noun /ɪnˈtɛstɪn/

intestine

intestin
Meaning
The part of the digestive system where food is digested and absorbed, extending from the stomach to the anus.
Example
The doctor explained how nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine.
Le médecin a expliqué comment les nutriments sont absorbés dans l'intestin grêle.
C1 verb /ˌɪntərˈsɛpt/

intercept

Meaning
to stop, catch, or seize something on its way from one place to another
Example
The police intercepted the stolen car before it crossed the border.
C1 noun ɪmˈpɛə(r)mənt

impairment

dommages, handicap
Meaning
The state of being damaged or weakened; a disability or handicap.
Example
Hearing impairment can be caused by long-term exposure to loud noise.
La perte auditive peut être causée par une exposition prolongée à des bruits forts.
C1 noun /ɪnˈsaɪtmənt/

incitement

incitation
Meaning
the action of provoking unlawful or violent behavior
Example
He was arrested for incitement to riot.
Il a été arrêté pour incitation à la violence.
C1 adjective /ɪˈmuː.və.bəl/

immovable

immobile
Meaning
Not able to be moved; fixed in position.
Example
Immovable barriers prevent change.
Les barrières immobiles empêchent le changement.
C1 verb /ɪnˈvoʊk/

invoke

invoquer
Meaning
to call upon a higher power, authority, or principle for help, support, or justification
Example
The lawyer invoked the constitution to defend his client.
L'avocat a invoqué la constitution pour défendre son client.
C1 verb /ɪmˈpɑːrt/

impart

transmettre
Meaning
to make information known; to bestow or communicate
Example
The teacher imparted valuable knowledge to her students.
L'enseignant a imparté des connaissances précieuses à ses élèves.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈprɒbəbl/

improbable

improbable
Meaning
Not likely to be true or to happen.
Example
It seems improbable that he will arrive on time.
Il semble improbable qu'il arrive à l'heure.
C1 noun /ɪnˈfɜː.mə.ti/

Infirmity

faiblesse; maladie; fragilité
Meaning
physical or mental weakness; a disease or ailment; frailty
Example
Despite his advanced age and various infirmities, he remained mentally sharp and alert.
Malgré son âge avancé et ses diverses infirmités, il est resté mentalement vif et alerte.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈdʒʊəriəs/

injurious

nuisible
Meaning
Causing or likely to cause harm or damage.
Example
Smoking is injurious to health.
Fumer est nuisible à la santé.
C1 verb /ɪmˈplɔːr/

implore

implorer
Meaning
To beg someone earnestly or desperately to do something.
Example
She implored him to stay with her.
Elle lui implora de rester avec elle.
C1 noun /ˈɪn.fən.tri/

Infantry

infanterie
Meaning
soldiers marching or fighting on foot; foot soldiers collectively
Example
The infantry advanced across the battlefield on foot.
L'infanterie a avancé à travers le champ de bataille à pied.
C1 adjective /ɪˈnɜːrt/

inert

inactif
Meaning
lacking the ability or strength to move or act; chemically inactive
Example
The patient remained inert on the bed.
Le patient est resté inactif sur le lit.
C1 noun/verb /ˈɪnsɛns/

incense

encens / irriter
Meaning
a substance burned for its sweet smell (noun); to make very angry (verb)
Example
The smell of incense filled the temple, but his rude words incensed her.
L'odeur de l'encens remplissait le temple, mais ses mots impolis l'ont mise en colère.
C1 adjective /ˌɪlɪˈdʒɪtɪmət/

illegitimate

illégitime
Meaning
Not authorized by law, rules, or standards; not recognized as valid.
Example
The court ruled the contract to be illegitimate.
Le tribunal a jugé que le contrat était illégitime.
C1 noun /ɪmˈpɛd.ɪ.mənt/

impediment

obstacle
Meaning
A hindrance or obstruction in doing something; something that prevents progress.
Example
Lack of funds is a major impediment to the project.
Le manque de fonds est un obstacle majeur pour le projet.
C1 adjective /ɪˈledʒ.ə.bəl/

illegible

illisible
Meaning
Not clear enough to be read; unreadable.
Example
The doctor’s handwriting was almost illegible.
L'écriture du médecin était presque illisible.
C1 adjective /ˌɪrɪˈspɛktɪv/

Irrespective

indifférent; sans tenir compte
Meaning
without taking something into account; regardless of
Example
All students will be treated equally, irrespective of their background.
Tous les étudiants seront traités de manière égale, indépendamment de leurs antécédents.
C1 adjective ˈɪn.tər.ɪm

interim

intérimaire
Meaning
In or for the intervening period; provisional or temporary.
Example
Interim governments manage transitional phases.
Les gouvernements intérimaires gèrent les phases de transition.
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈsaɪsɪv/

Indecisive

indécis
Meaning
unable to make decisions quickly; hesitant; wavering
Example
She was indecisive about which university to attend.
Elle était indécise quant à l'université qu'elle allait fréquenter.
C1 adjective ɪnˈdel.ə.bəl

indelible

indélébile
Meaning
Making marks that cannot be removed; impossible to forget or remove.
Example
Her speech left an indelible mark on the audience.
Son discours a laissé une marque indélébile sur le public.
C1 noun ɪnˌɛv.ɪ.təˈbɪl.ɪ.ti

inevitability

inévitabilité
Meaning
The quality of being certain to happen and impossible to avoid or prevent.
Example
The inevitability of change is a part of life.
L'inévitabilité du changement fait partie de la vie.
C1 noun /ˌɪməˈtjʊərəti/

immaturity

immaturité
Meaning
the state of not being fully developed emotionally, mentally, or physically; lack of maturity
Example
His immaturity made it difficult for him to handle responsibility.
Son immaturité a rendu la gestion des responsabilités difficile.
C1 noun /ˈaɪsətəʊp/

isotope

isotope
Meaning
Atoms of the same element with equal number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
Example
Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope used in dating fossils.
Le carbone-14 est un isotope radioactif utilisé pour dater les fossiles.
C1 adjective ˌɪn.təˈstel.ər

interstellar

entre les étoiles, interstellaire, cosmique
Meaning
Occurring or situated between stars.
Example
Scientists study interstellar travel possibilities.
Les scientifiques étudient les possibilités de voyages interstellaires.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈvɪnsəbl/

invincible

invincible
Meaning
too powerful to be defeated or overcome
Example
The team seemed invincible after winning ten matches in a row.
L'équipe semblait invincible après avoir gagné dix matchs d'affilée.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnkənˈkluːsɪv/

inconclusive

inconclusif
Meaning
Not leading to a definite result or decision.
Example
The investigation remained inconclusive due to a lack of evidence.
L'enquête est restée inconclusive en raison d'un manque de preuves.
C1 verb ɪˈnɔː.ɡjə.reɪ.tɪd

inaugurated

inauguré
Meaning
Begin or introduce (a system, policy, or period) formally.
Example
The organization was inaugurated officially.
L'organisation a été inaugurée officiellement.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnhɒˈspɪtəbl/

inhospitable

inhospitalier
Meaning
Harsh and difficult to live in; unfriendly or unwelcoming to guests.
Example
The desert is an inhospitable environment for most plants.
Le désert est un environnement inhospitalier pour la plupart des plantes.
C1 noun /ˌɪn.dɪˈsɪʒ.ən/

Indecision

indécision; hésitation; doute
Meaning
the inability to make decisions quickly; uncertainty about what to do
Example
Her indecision about which job offer to accept caused her to miss both opportunities.
Son indécision sur quelle offre d'emploi accepter l'a conduite à manquer les deux opportunités.
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈvɪzəbl/

indivisible

indivisible
Meaning
Not able to be divided or separated.
Example
The country's unity was indivisible despite differences.
L'unité du pays était indivisible malgré les différences.
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈspjuːtəbəl/

Indisputable

indiscutable; incontestable; certain
Meaning
impossible to deny or argue against; undeniable; certain
Example
The evidence against him was indisputable.
Les preuves contre lui étaient indiscutables.
C1 adjective /aɪˈreɪt/

irate

furieux
Meaning
Extremely angry.
Example
The customer became irate after waiting for hours.
Le client est devenu furieux après avoir attendu pendant des heures.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈseɪʃəbl̩/

insatiable

insatiable
Meaning
impossible to satisfy; always wanting more
Example
Her insatiable curiosity drove her to read every book in the library.
Sa curiosité insatiable l'a poussée à lire tous les livres de la bibliothèque.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈsʌf.ər.ə.bəl/

insufferable

insupportable
Meaning
Too extreme to bear; intolerable.
Example
The heat during the summer was insufferable.
La chaleur pendant l'été était insupportable.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈvɑːlənˌtɛri/

involuntary

involontaire
Meaning
done without will or conscious control
Example
He gave an involuntary shiver when he heard the loud noise.
Il a eu un frisson involontaire lorsqu'il a entendu le bruit fort.
C1 verb /ˈɪnstɪˌɡeɪt/

instigate

inciter
Meaning
To bring about or initiate an action, often something negative.
Example
He was accused of instigating the riot.
Il a été accusé d'inciter aux émeutes.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɛtʃ.u.əs/

impetuous

impulsif
Meaning
Acting or done quickly and without thought or care; impulsive.
Example
His impetuous decision led to unexpected consequences.
Sa décision impulsive a conduit à des conséquences inattendues.
C1 verb /ˈɪmprəvaɪz/

improvise

improviser
Meaning
To create or perform something spontaneously without preparation.
Example
The actor had to improvise his lines when he forgot the script.
L'acteur a dû improviser ses répliques lorsqu'il a oublié le script.
C1 noun /ˌɪnɪkˈspɪəriəns/

inexperience

inexpérience
Meaning
Lack of knowledge or skill in a particular activity or field.
Example
His inexperience in handling negotiations was evident.
Son inexpérience dans la gestion des négociations était évidente.
C1 noun /aɪˈdiː.ə.lɪ.zəm/

Idealism

Idéalisme
Meaning
the pursuit of high principles and noble goals; unrealistic pursuit of perfection
Example
His youthful idealism motivated him to join various social justice movements.
Son idéalisme juvénile l'a motivé à rejoindre divers mouvements de justice sociale.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈhjuːmən/

Inhuman

inhumain
Meaning
lacking human qualities; cruel; brutal; savage
Example
The dictator's inhuman treatment of prisoners shocked the international community.
The dictator's inhuman treatment of prisoners shocked the international community.