indefinitely
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C1 adverb /ɪnˈdɛfɪnətli/

indefinitely

indéfiniment
Meaning
for an unlimited or unspecified period of time
Example
The project has been postponed indefinitely.
Le projet a été reporté indéfiniment.
C1 noun /ˌɪntərˈmɪʃən/

intermission

entracte
Meaning
A pause or break, especially during a performance or event.
Example
The play had a twenty-minute intermission.
La pièce a eu un entracte de vingt minutes.
C1 noun /ˌɪnkɑːrˈneɪʃən/

incarnation

incarnation
Meaning
the embodiment of a deity, spirit, or quality in a physical form
Example
The monk was considered the incarnation of compassion.
Le moine était considéré comme l'incarnation de la compassion.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈtɜːrmənəbl/

interminable

interminable
Meaning
Seemingly endless; having no apparent end.
Example
The meeting felt interminable and exhausting.
La réunion semblait interminable et épuisante.
C1 noun /ɪmˈbæl.əns/

Imbalance

déséquilibre
Meaning
lack of proportion or relation between corresponding things; unequal distribution
Example
The doctor said the patient's dizziness was caused by an inner ear imbalance.
Le docteur a dit que les vertiges du patient étaient causés par un déséquilibre dans l'oreille interne.
C1 noun/verb /ˈɪmprɪnt/

imprint

empreinte
Meaning
A mark or impression made by pressure; to establish or fix firmly in someone's mind.
Example
The event left an indelible imprint on the city's history.
L'événement a laissé une empreinte indélébile dans l'histoire de la ville.
C1 noun /ɪnˈdɪɡ.nə.ti/

Indignity

indignité; humiliation; déshonneur;
Meaning
treatment or circumstances that cause one to feel shame or loss of dignity; humiliation
Example
She refused to suffer the indignity of being searched without proper cause.
Elle a refusé de subir l'indignité d'être fouillée sans raison valable.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɜːrsənl/

impersonal

impersonnel
Meaning
not influenced by, showing, or involving personal feelings; lacking human warmth or emotion
Example
The letter was written in a very impersonal style.
La lettre a été écrite dans un style très impersonnel.
C1 noun /ˌɪnflɛksɪˈbɪlɪti/

inflexibility

inflexibilité
Meaning
the quality of being rigid or unwilling to change; lack of adaptability
Example
The inflexibility of the rules caused unnecessary delays.
L’inflexibilité des règles a causé des retards inutiles.
C1 noun /ɪnˈvɜːrʒən/

inversion

inversion
Meaning
A reversal of the normal order, position, or relationship.
Example
In poetry, inversion is often used to create emphasis.
Dans la poésie, l'inversion est souvent utilisée pour créer de l'emphase.
C1 adjective ˌɪdiəsɪnˈkrætɪk

idiosyncratic

particulier et individuel
Meaning
Relating to idiosyncrasy; peculiar or individual.
Example
His idiosyncratic behavior set him apart from his colleagues.
Son comportement idiosyncratique le distinguait de ses collègues.
C1 noun ˌɪn.tuˈɪʃ.ən

intuition

intuition
Meaning
The ability to understand something immediately, without the need for conscious reasoning.
Example
Her intuition told her something was wrong.
Son intuition lui a dit que quelque chose n’allait pas.
C1 noun /ˌɪmɔːrˈtæləti/

immortality

immortalité
Meaning
the state of living forever; eternal life or lasting fame beyond death
Example
Many ancient cultures believed that heroes could achieve immortality through great deeds.
De nombreuses cultures anciennes pensaient que les héros pouvaient atteindre l’immortalité par de grands exploits.
C1 noun /ɪˈmiːdiəsi/

immediacy

immédiateté, urgence
Meaning
The quality of bringing one into direct and instant involvement with something, giving rise to a sense of urgency or excitement.
Example
The immediacy of digital communication has reshaped business operations.
L'immédiateté de la communication numérique a transformé les opérations commerciales.
C1 noun /aɪl/

isle

petite île
Meaning
A small island or peninsula, often poetic or literary.
Example
They spent their honeymoon on a beautiful tropical isle.
Ils ont passé leur lune de miel sur une belle île tropicale.
C1 verb /ˌɪntəˈsɛkt/

intersect

croiser
Meaning
to cross or pass through each other
Example
The two roads intersect at the city center.
Les deux routes se croisent au centre-ville.
C1 verb /ɪmˈplɔːr/

implore

implorer
Meaning
To beg someone earnestly or desperately to do something.
Example
She implored him to stay with her.
Elle lui implora de rester avec elle.
C1 verb /ɪnˈvɪɡ.ər.eɪt/

invigorate

revigorer
Meaning
To give strength or energy to someone or something.
Example
A morning walk can invigorate both body and mind.
Une promenade matinale peut revigorer le corps et l'esprit.
C1 noun /ɪmˈpɜː.mə.nəns/

impermanence

impermanence
Meaning
The state or fact of lasting for only a limited period of time.
Example
The philosophy of Buddhism emphasizes the impermanence of life.
La philosophie bouddhiste met l'accent sur l'impermanence de la vie.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈɔːdəbl/

inaudible

inaudible
Meaning
Unable to be heard.
Example
Her voice was almost inaudible over the noise.
Sa voix était presque inaudible par-dessus le bruit.
C1 noun /ɪmˈpɛd.ɪ.mənt/

impediment

obstacle
Meaning
A hindrance or obstruction in doing something; something that prevents progress.
Example
Lack of funds is a major impediment to the project.
Le manque de fonds est un obstacle majeur pour le projet.
C1 adjective /ˌɪntərˈtwaɪnd/

intertwined

bonheur
Meaning
closely connected or twisted together
Example
Their lives became deeply intertwined after the accident.
Elle n'a pas pu cacher son bonheur lorsqu'elle a reçu le prix.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈvɜːs/

Inverse

inverse; opposé
Meaning
opposite in order, nature, or effect; reversed
Example
There is an inverse relationship between price and demand.
Il existe une relation inverse entre le prix et la demande.
C1 noun ɪnˌɛv.ɪ.təˈbɪl.ɪ.ti

inevitability

inévitabilité
Meaning
The quality of being certain to happen and impossible to avoid or prevent.
Example
The inevitability of change is a part of life.
L'inévitabilité du changement fait partie de la vie.
C1 adjective /ˈɪmpjəd(ə)nt/

impudent

imprudent, insolent
Meaning
not showing due respect for another person; rude
Example
The impudent child talked back to the teacher.
L'enfant impudent a répondu au professeur.
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈfɛnsəbl̩/

indefensible

indéfendable
Meaning
not able to be protected or justified
Example
The minister’s remarks were considered indefensible by the public.
Les remarques du ministre ont été jugées indéfendables par le public.
C1 verb /ˌɪntərˈsɛpt/

intercept

Meaning
to stop, catch, or seize something on its way from one place to another
Example
The police intercepted the stolen car before it crossed the border.
C1 noun /ɪnˈhɛrɪtər/

inheritor

héritier
Meaning
a person who receives money, property, or a title when someone dies
Example
She became the inheritor of her family's estate.
Elle est devenue l'héritière de la propriété de sa famille.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈkɒŋɡruəs/

incongruous

incongru
Meaning
Not fitting in with or suitable for the surroundings.
Example
His jokes were incongruous during the serious meeting.
Ses blagues étaient incongrues lors de la réunion sérieuse.
C1 adjective /ɪˈmuː.və.bəl/

immovable

immobile
Meaning
Not able to be moved; fixed in position.
Example
Immovable barriers prevent change.
Les barrières immobiles empêchent le changement.
C1 adverb /ˌɪn.ədˈvɜːr.tənt.li/

Inadvertently

involontairement; par erreur
Meaning
without being aware of what you are doing; unintentionally; by mistake
Example
She inadvertently deleted the important file while cleaning her computer.
Elle a accidentellement supprimé le fichier important en nettoyant son ordinateur.
C1 adjective /ˌaɪ.di.əˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/

ideological

idéologique
Meaning
Relating to or based on a system of ideas or beliefs.
Example
The two parties are divided by deep ideological differences.
Les deux partis sont divisés par de profondes divergences idéologiques.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈsɒlvənt/

insolvent

insolvable
Meaning
unable to pay debts owed
Example
The insolvent firm could not meet its financial obligations.
L'entreprise insolvable n'a pas pu remplir ses obligations financières.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnkənˈsiːvəbl̩/

inconceivable

inconcevable
Meaning
Impossible to imagine or believe; beyond comprehension.
Example
It seemed inconceivable that she could finish the marathon after such little training.
Il semblait inconcevable qu'elle puisse finir le marathon après si peu d'entraînement.
C1 noun /ɪnˈdaɪtmənt/

indictment

acte d'accusation
Meaning
a formal charge or accusation of a serious crime
Example
The indictment accused the company of multiple violations.
L'acte d'accusation a accusé l'entreprise de multiples violations.
C1 noun /ˈɪm.pæs/

impasse

impasse
Meaning
A situation where no progress is possible.
Example
The negotiations reached an impasse, delaying the agreement.
Les négociations ont atteint un impasse, retardant l'accord.
C1 adjective /ɪˈniː.bri.eɪ.tɪd/

inebriated

ivrogne
Meaning
under the influence of alcohol; drunk
Example
He stumbled into the room completely inebriated.
Il est entré dans la pièce complètement ivre.
C1 noun /ɪmˌpɜː.sənˈeɪ.ʃən/

impersonation

usurpation d'identité
Meaning
The action of pretending to be another person for the purpose of entertainment or fraud.
Example
Online impersonation is a serious cybercrime.
L'usurpation d'identité en ligne est un crime informatique grave.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpæʃənd/

impassioned

passionné
Meaning
Filled with or showing great emotion.
Example
She gave an impassioned speech about human rights.
Elle a prononcé un discours passionné sur les droits de l'homme.
C1 verb /ɪnˈvælɪdeɪt/

invalidate

invalider
Meaning
To make something not valid or legally acceptable.
Example
The new evidence may invalidate the previous ruling.
La nouvelle preuve pourrait invalider la décision précédente.
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈvɪzəbl/

indivisible

indivisible
Meaning
Not able to be divided or separated.
Example
The country's unity was indivisible despite differences.
L'unité du pays était indivisible malgré les différences.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈfriːkwənt/

infrequent

peu fréquent
Meaning
Happening rarely or not often.
Example
He made infrequent visits to his hometown after moving abroad.
Il faisait des visites peu fréquentes dans sa ville natale après avoir déménagé à l'étranger.
C1 adjective /ɪˈmeʒərəbəl/

Immeasurable

incommensurable
Meaning
too large or extensive to measure; boundless
Example
The immeasurable love of a mother knows no bounds.
L'amour incommensurable d'une mère ne connaît aucune limite.
C1 noun /ˌɪnsɪɡˈnɪfɪkəns/

insignificance

insignifiance
Meaning
The quality of being unimportant or trivial.
Example
He felt a sense of insignificance in the vast universe.
Il ressentait un sentiment d'insignifiance dans l'immensité de l'univers.
C1 verb /ɪmˈpɛər/

impair

altérer
Meaning
to weaken or damage something, especially a function or ability
Example
Smoking can impair your lung capacity.
Fumer peut nuire à votre capacité pulmonaire.
C1 adjective /ɪˈrɛvərənt/

irreverent

irrévérencieux
Meaning
showing a lack of respect for people or things that are usually respected
Example
The comedian’s irreverent jokes offended some of the audience.
Les blagues irrévérencieuses du comédien ont offensé certains membres du public.
C1 noun ˌɪn.toʊˈneɪ.ʃən

intonation

intonation
Meaning
The rise and fall of tone in speech and pronunciation.
Example
Proper intonation enhances the clarity of a speech.
Une intonation appropriée améliore la clarté d'un discours.
C1 noun /ɪnˈdɪf.ər.əns/

Indifference

indifférence; désintérêt; apathie
Meaning
lack of interest, concern, or sympathy; the state of not caring about something
Example
His indifference to his studies resulted in poor grades throughout the semester.
Son indifférence à ses études a conduit à de mauvaises notes tout au long du semestre.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpæsəbəl/

impassable

impraticable
Meaning
Impossible to travel along or over.
Example
The road became impassable after the heavy snowfall.
La route est devenue impraticable après la forte neige.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnəˈtɛntɪv/

inattentive

inattentif
Meaning
not paying attention; lacking focus or concentration
Example
The inattentive student missed several important instructions.
L'étudiant inattentif a manqué plusieurs consignes importantes.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈtræk.tə.bəl/

intractable

incontrôlable
Meaning
Difficult or impossible to manage, control, or solve.
Example
The conflict has become an intractable problem.
Le conflit est devenu un problème incontrôlable.
C1 noun /ɪmˈprɪzənmənt/

imprisonment

emprisonnement
Meaning
the act of putting someone in prison; the state of being confined as punishment
Example
He faced imprisonment for violating the court order.
Il a fait face à l'emprisonnement pour avoir violé l'ordre du tribunal.
C1 noun /ɪnˌtɪmɪˈdeɪʃən/

intimidation

intimidation
Meaning
The action of frightening or threatening someone to make them do something.
Example
The workers reported cases of intimidation by the management.
Les travailleurs ont signalé des cas d'intimidation par la direction.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈhɛrənt/

inherent

inhérent
Meaning
Existing in something as a natural, permanent, or essential quality.
Example
There are inherent risks in extreme sports.
Il existe des risques inhérents dans les sports extrêmes.
C1 noun /ɪnˈdjuːsmənt/

inducement

incitation
Meaning
something that persuades or encourages someone to do something
Example
The company offered a bonus as an inducement to employees.
L'entreprise a offert une prime comme incitation aux employés.
C1 adjective ɪmˈpɛkəbl

impeccable

impeccable
Meaning
In accordance with the highest standards; faultless.
Example
His impeccable taste in fashion was admired by all his peers.
Son goût impeccable en mode était admiré par tous ses pairs.
C1 noun /ɪnˈædɪkwəsi/

inadequacy

insuffisance
Meaning
lack of sufficient ability, quality, or strength; a feeling of not being good enough
Example
She struggled with feelings of inadequacy at work despite her strong qualifications.
Elle luttait contre un sentiment d’insuffisance au travail malgré ses solides qualifications.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈdʌldʒənt/

indulgent

indulgent
Meaning
Having a tendency to be overly generous or lenient with someone.
Example
The indulgent mother allowed her child to stay up late.
La mère indulgente a permis à son enfant de rester éveillé tard.
C1 noun ˌɪntədɪˈpɛndənsi

interdependency

interdépendance
Meaning
The dependence of two or more people or things on each other.
Example
The interdependency of the countries led to greater cooperation.
L'interdépendance des pays a conduit à une coopération accrue.
C1 verb /ɪnˈkrɪmɪˌneɪt/

incriminate

incriminer
Meaning
to make someone appear guilty of a crime or wrongdoing
Example
The new evidence could incriminate the suspect in the robbery case.
La nouvelle preuve pourrait incriminer le suspect dans l'affaire de vol.
C1 noun /ˌɪməˈtjʊərəti/

immaturity

immaturité
Meaning
the state of not being fully developed emotionally, mentally, or physically; lack of maturity
Example
His immaturity made it difficult for him to handle responsibility.
Son immaturité a rendu la gestion des responsabilités difficile.
C1 adjective /ˌɪntəˈrɑːɡətɪv/

interrogative

interrogatif
Meaning
Relating to or conveying a question; in grammar, used to form questions.
Example
She raised an interrogative eyebrow when she heard the news.
Elle haussa un sourcil interrogatif lorsqu'elle entendit la nouvelle.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈtɛlɪdʒəbl/

intelligible

intelligible
Meaning
Able to be understood; clear enough to be comprehended.
Example
Her speech was barely intelligible over the noise.
Son discours était à peine intelligible à cause du bruit.
C1 noun /ɪˌreɡjəˈlærɪti/

irregularity

irrégularité
Meaning
lack of regularity or consistency; a deviation from what is normal, expected, or orderly
Example
The audit revealed several financial irregularities in the company’s records.
L’audit a révélé plusieurs irrégularités financières dans les registres de l’entreprise.
C1 noun ˌɪm.pʌlˈsɪv.ɪ.ti

impulsivity

impulsivité
Meaning
The tendency to act quickly and without thought or care; lack of self-control.
Example
His impulsivity led him to make reckless choices.
Son impulsivité l'a conduit à prendre des décisions imprudentes.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈkɒmp(ə)rəbl/

incomparable

incomparable
Meaning
Without an equal in quality or excellence; matchless.
Example
The view from the mountain was incomparable.
La vue depuis la montagne était incomparable.
C1 verb /ɪmˈpɛrɪl/

imperil

mettre en danger
Meaning
To put in danger or at risk.
Example
Reckless driving can imperil the lives of others.
La conduite imprudente peut mettre la vie des autres en danger.
C1 verb /ˈɪmplɪˌkeɪt/

implicate

impliquer
Meaning
To show someone’s involvement in a crime or wrongdoing.
Example
The evidence implicated several officials in the scandal.
Les preuves ont impliqué plusieurs responsables dans le scandale.
C1 adjective, noun /ɪnˈdɪkətɪv/

indicative

indicatif
Meaning
Serving as a sign or expression of something; in grammar, a mood used to make factual statements.
Example
His tone was indicative of his frustration.
Son ton était indicatif de sa frustration.
C1 noun /ˈɪtʃ.i.nəs/

itchiness

démangeaison
Meaning
The quality or condition of feeling an irritating sensation on the skin that causes a desire to scratch.
Example
Eye itchiness often leads to rubbing.
Les démangeaisons oculaires entraînent souvent des frottements.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnədˈmɪsəbl̩/

inadmissible

inadmissible
Meaning
Not allowed, especially as evidence in a court of law.
Example
The judge ruled the evidence inadmissible.
Le juge a déclaré que la preuve était inadmissible.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈstɪŋk.tɪv/

instinctive

instinctif, naturel, automatique
Meaning
Based on instinct; done without conscious thought; natural and automatic.
Example
His instinctive reaction saved his life.
Sa réaction instinctive lui a sauvé la vie.
C1 verb /ɪmˈpɒvərɪʃ/

impoverish

appauvrir
Meaning
To make someone poor or reduce the quality or richness of something.
Example
The long war impoverished the entire nation.
La longue guerre a appauvri toute la nation.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈɡreɪnd/

ingrained

enraciné
Meaning
Firmly fixed or established; deeply rooted and difficult to change.
Example
His ingrained habits were hard to break.
Ses habitudes enracinées étaient difficiles à briser.
C1 adjective /ˌɪrɪˈvɜːrsəbl/

irreversible

irréversible
Meaning
Not able to be undone, changed, or reversed.
Example
The damage caused by the fire was irreversible.
Les dommages causés par le feu étaient irréversibles.
C1 noun /ˌɪnkəmˌpætəˈbɪlɪti/

incompatibility

incompatibilité
Meaning
the state of being unable to exist or work together harmoniously; lack of compatibility
Example
The project failed because of incompatibility between the two software systems.
Le projet a échoué à cause de l’incompatibilité entre les deux systèmes logiciels.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpæsɪv/

impassive

impassible
Meaning
Not showing or feeling emotion; expressionless.
Example
Despite the shocking news, she remained impassive.
Malgré les nouvelles choquantes, elle est restée impassible.
C1 verb /ɪnˈsaɪt/

incite

inciter
Meaning
to provoke; to stir up
Example
His speech incited the crowd to violence.
Son discours a incité la foule à la violence.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɛndɪŋ/

impending

imminent
Meaning
about to happen soon, usually something unpleasant or threatening
Example
The villagers were worried about the impending flood.
Les villageois étaient inquiets de l'inondation imminente.
C1 adjective /ɪˈrɛfjʊtəbəl/

Irrefutable

irréfutable
Meaning
impossible to deny or disprove; undeniable
Example
The evidence against him was irrefutable.
Les preuves contre lui étaient irréfutables.
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈstrʌktəbl/

indestructible

indestructible
Meaning
Impossible to destroy or break.
Example
The superhero's shield was said to be indestructible.
On disait que le bouclier du super-héros était indestructible.
C1 noun /ɪnˈdʌstriəsnəs/

industriousness

diligence
Meaning
The quality of being hardworking and diligent.
Example
His industriousness earned him a promotion at work.
Sa diligence lui a valu une promotion au travail.
C1 noun /ˈɪnflʌks/

influx

afflux
Meaning
A large arrival or flow of people or things.
Example
The city experienced an influx of tourists during the festival.
La ville a connu un afflux de touristes pendant le festival.
C1 adjective ˈɪn.lənd

Inland

intérieur
Meaning
Situated in the interior of a country; away from the coast.
Example
Inland transport boosts local trade.
Le transport intérieur stimule le commerce local.
C1 verb /ɪnˈfɛst/

infest

infester
Meaning
to overrun in large numbers, especially so as to cause damage or discomfort
Example
The old house was infested with rats.
La vieille maison était infestée de rats.
C1 verb /ɪmˈpɜːrsəneɪt/

impersonate

imiter
Meaning
to pretend to be another person in order to entertain or deceive
Example
He was arrested for trying to impersonate a police officer.
Il a été arrêté pour avoir tenté d'usurper l'identité d'un policier.
C1 adverb /ɪnˈvɜːrs.li/

Inversely

inversement; de manière opposée
Meaning
in a way that is opposite or contrary; in reverse order or manner
Example
The price of goods is inversely related to their availability in the market.
Le prix des biens est inversement lié à leur disponibilité sur le marché.
C1 noun /ɪˈreləvəns/

irrelevance

irrélevance
Meaning
the quality of not being connected to or important for a particular matter; lack of significance
Example
His long explanation only highlighted the irrelevance of the details to the main issue.
Sa longue explication n’a fait que souligner l’irrélevance des détails pour le sujet principal.
C1 adverb /ˌɪnsɪˈdɛntəli/

incidentally

d'ailleurs
Meaning
by the way; used to introduce a remark not directly related to the main subject
Example
Incidentally, did you know that she studied in Paris?
D'ailleurs, savais-tu qu'elle avait étudié à Paris ?
C1 noun /ˌɪnˈdɪsəplɪn/

indiscipline

indiscipline
Meaning
lack of discipline or self-control; failure to obey rules or maintain order
Example
Indiscipline among the students disrupted the learning environment.
L’indiscipline parmi les étudiants a perturbé l’environnement d’apprentissage.
C1 noun /ˈɪntərˌluːd/

interlude

interlude
Meaning
A short period of time that comes between two events; an interval.
Example
There was a brief musical interlude between the two acts of the play.
Il y a eu un bref interlude musical entre les deux actes de la pièce.
C1 adjective /ɪˈnɛpt/

inept

inepte
Meaning
lacking skill or ability; clumsy or incompetent
Example
His inept handling of the situation made it worse.
Sa gestion inepte de la situation a empiré les choses.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈflæməˌtɔːri/

inflammatory

bonheur
Meaning
causing inflammation in the body; arousing anger, hostility, or strong emotion
Example
His inflammatory speech triggered protests across the city.
Elle ne pouvait pas cacher son bonheur lorsqu'elle a reçu le prix.
C1 noun (plural) /ˈɪndɪˌsiːz/

indices

indices
Meaning
plural form of index; statistical measures or reference points used for comparison
Example
Stock market indices fell sharply after the announcement.
Les indices du marché boursier ont chuté fortement après l'annonce.
C1 noun /ˌɪməˈrælɪti/

immorality

immoralité
Meaning
the quality of being immoral; behavior that violates accepted moral standards
Example
The community condemned the immorality of the corrupt officials.
La communauté a condamné l’immoralité des fonctionnaires corrompus.
C1 noun /ˈɪnstɪˌɡeɪtər/

instigator

instigateur
Meaning
A person who brings about or initiates something, usually something bad.
Example
The police identified him as the instigator of the violence.
La police l'a identifié comme l'instigateur de la violence.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnækˈsɛsəbl/

inaccessible

inaccessible
Meaning
unable to be reached, entered, or understood
Example
The remote village is almost inaccessible during the rainy season.
Le village éloigné est presque inaccessible pendant la saison des pluies.
C1 adjective ɪnˈkʌm.bənt

incumbent

obligatoire
Meaning
necessary for (someone) as a duty or responsibility.
Example
It is incumbent upon all citizens to obey the law.
Il est obligatoire pour tous les citoyens d'obéir à la loi.
C1 adjective /ɪˈlɪsɪt/

illicit

illicite
Meaning
Forbidden by law, rules, or custom.
Example
The police shut down the illicit drug operation.
La police a fermé l'opération de drogue illicite.
C1 noun /ˈɪn.fən.tri/

Infantry

infanterie
Meaning
soldiers marching or fighting on foot; foot soldiers collectively
Example
The infantry advanced across the battlefield on foot.
L'infanterie a avancé à travers le champ de bataille à pied.
C1 verb /ˈɪnkjʊˌbeɪt/

incubate

incuber
Meaning
to keep eggs, cells, or organisms at the right conditions for development
Example
The hen will incubate the eggs until they hatch.
La poule incubera les œufs jusqu'à ce qu'ils éclosent.
C1 noun /ɪnˈsæn.ə.ti/

Insanity

folie; démence
Meaning
the state of being seriously mentally ill; extreme foolishness or irrationality
Example
The defense lawyer argued that his client was not guilty by reason of insanity.
L'avocat de la défense a soutenu que son client n'était pas coupable pour cause de folie.
C1 adjective /ˌɪrɪˈspɛktɪv/

Irrespective

indifférent; sans tenir compte
Meaning
without taking something into account; regardless of
Example
All students will be treated equally, irrespective of their background.
Tous les étudiants seront traités de manière égale, indépendamment de leurs antécédents.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈdiːsənt/

indecent

indécent
Meaning
not conforming to accepted standards of behavior or morality; improper or offensive
Example
He was warned for making an indecent remark during the meeting.
Il a été averti pour une remarque indécente.
C1 noun /ɪnˈtɛstɪn/

intestine

intestin
Meaning
The part of the digestive system where food is digested and absorbed, extending from the stomach to the anus.
Example
The doctor explained how nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine.
Le médecin a expliqué comment les nutriments sont absorbés dans l'intestin grêle.
C1 noun /ɪmˌpɒsəˈbɪlɪti/

impossibility

impossibilité
Meaning
the state or fact of being impossible; something that cannot be done or achieved
Example
Finishing the project in one day was an impossibility.
Finir le projet en un jour était une impossibilité.
C1 verb /ɪnˈfleɪt/

inflate

gonfler
Meaning
to fill with air or gas so it expands; to increase excessively or artificially
Example
The mechanic inflated the tire to the correct pressure.
Le mécanicien a gonflé le pneu à la bonne pression.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈses.ənt/

incessant

incessant
Meaning
Continuing without pause or interruption; constant.
Example
The incessant noise from the construction site made it hard to concentrate.
Le bruit incessant du chantier rendait la concentration difficile.
C1 adjective, noun /ˈɪnvəlɪd/ (adjective), /ɪnˈvælɪd/ (noun)

invalid

invalide
Meaning
Not valid; having no force or effect. Also refers to a person too weak or ill to care for themselves.
Example
The court declared the contract invalid.
Le tribunal a déclaré le contrat invalide.
C1 noun /ɪnˈsaɪtmənt/

incitement

incitation
Meaning
the action of provoking unlawful or violent behavior
Example
He was arrested for incitement to riot.
Il a été arrêté pour incitation à la violence.
C1 adjective /ɪˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/

Illogical

Illogique
Meaning
not reasonable or sensible; lacking logic
Example
It would be illogical to go swimming in such cold weather.
Il serait illogique d'aller nager par un temps aussi froid.
C1 noun ɪnˌten.sɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən

intensification

intensification
Meaning
The process of becoming or making something more intense or extreme.
Example
The intensification of climate change requires urgent action.
L'intensification du changement climatique nécessite une action urgente.
C1 verb /ˈɪnstɪˌɡeɪt/

instigate

inciter
Meaning
To bring about or initiate an action, often something negative.
Example
He was accused of instigating the riot.
Il a été accusé d'inciter aux émeutes.
C1 adjective /ˌaɪdiəˈlɪstɪk/

Idealistic

idéaliste
Meaning
pursuing high principles or ideals; unrealistically optimistic
Example
She has an idealistic view of changing the world.
Elle a une vision idéaliste de changer le monde.
C1 adjective /ˌɪmprɪˈsaɪs/

imprecise

imprécis
Meaning
Not exact or accurate; vague.
Example
His explanation was too imprecise to be helpful.
Son explication était trop imprécise pour être utile.
C1 verb /ɪɡˈnaɪt/

ignite

enflammer
Meaning
To catch fire or cause to catch fire; to start or arouse.
Example
The sparks ignited the dry leaves in seconds.
Les étincelles ont enflammé les feuilles sèches en quelques secondes.
C1 noun /ˈɪn.trə.vɜːrt/

introvert

introverti
Meaning
A person who tends to be shy and prefers spending time alone rather than in groups.
Example
As an introvert, he preferred reading over attending parties.
En tant qu'introverti, il préférait lire plutôt qu'assister à des fêtes.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈseɪʃəbl̩/

insatiable

insatiable
Meaning
impossible to satisfy; always wanting more
Example
Her insatiable curiosity drove her to read every book in the library.
Sa curiosité insatiable l'a poussée à lire tous les livres de la bibliothèque.
C1 adjective /ˌɪn.səbˈstæn.ʃəl/

insubstantial

insubstantiel
Meaning
Lacking strength, substance, or solidity.
Example
The evidence provided was insubstantial and unconvincing.
Les preuves fournies étaient insubstantielles et non convaincantes.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈdʌstriəs/

industrious

travailleur
Meaning
Hardworking and diligent in one's duties.
Example
She is an industrious student who always completes her assignments on time.
Elle est une étudiante travailleuse qui termine toujours ses devoirs à temps.
C1 noun /ˈɪmɪnəns/

imminence

imminence, état de proximité
Meaning
the state of being about to happen
Example
The imminence of the storm forced people to take shelter.
L'imminence de la tempête a forcé les gens à chercher un abri.