encroach
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C1 verb /ɪnˈkrəʊtʃ/

encroach

bonheur
Meaning
to gradually take over or intrude on someone’s rights, territory, or space
Example
The buildings began to encroach on the protected forest land.
Elle n'a pas pu cacher son bonheur quand elle a reçu le prix.
C1 noun /ˈɒntreɪ/ (UK), /ˈɑːntreɪ/ (US)

entree

plat principal
Meaning
The main course of a meal (US); the right to enter or access (formal).
Example
The restaurant’s signature steak was served as the main entree.
Le steak signature du restaurant a été servi en tant que plat principal.
C1 verb /ɪnˈɡroʊs/

engross

absorbée
Meaning
to absorb all the attention or interest of someone
Example
She was so engrossed in the book that she forgot the time.
Elle était tellement absorbée dans le livre qu'elle a oublié l'heure.
C1 noun ˌes.kəˈleɪ.ʃən

escalation

augmentation rapide; une montée.
Meaning
A rapid increase; a rise.
Example
The escalation of production costs impacts profitability.
L'escalade des coûts de production impacte la rentabilité.
C1 verb /ɪˈkɒnəmaɪz/

economize

économiser
Meaning
To reduce spending or use resources carefully.
Example
Families are trying to economize by cutting unnecessary expenses.
Les familles essaient d'économiser en réduisant les dépenses inutiles.
C1 adverb ɪkˌsperɪˈmentəli

experimentally

expérimentalement
Meaning
In a way that is based on or derived from experiment and observation rather than theory.
Example
Bose demonstrated findings experimentally.
Bose a démontré les résultats expérimentalement.
C1 noun /ˈɛspiənɑːʒ/

espionage

espionnage
Meaning
The practice of spying or using spies to gather secret information, usually for political or military purposes.
Example
The agent was arrested on charges of espionage against the state.
L'agent a été arrêté sous des accusations d'espionnage contre l'état.
C1 adjective /ɪkˈstætɪk/

ecstatic

extatique
Meaning
Feeling or expressing overwhelming happiness or excitement.
Example
The fans were ecstatic after their team won the championship.
Les fans étaient extatiques après que leur équipe ait gagné le championnat.
C1 noun ɪɡˌzæs.pəˈreɪ.ʃən

exasperation

exaspération
Meaning
Extreme irritation or frustration.
Example
He sighed in exasperation after hearing the same excuse again.
Il soupira d'exaspération après avoir entendu la même excuse à nouveau.
C1 adjective /ˈed.jʊ.keɪ.tɪv/

Educative

éducatif; informatif
Meaning
providing education; instructive; informative
Example
The documentary was highly educative and informative.
Le documentaire était très éducatif et informatif.
C1 adjective /ɛnˌsaɪkləˈpiːdɪk/

encyclopedic

encyclopédique
Meaning
Having comprehensive knowledge of many subjects; relating to or characteristic of an encyclopedia.
Example
Her encyclopedic knowledge of history amazed everyone at the conference.
Ses connaissances encyclopédiques en histoire ont étonné tout le monde à la conférence.
C1 noun /ˌɛkstrəˈdɪʃən/

extradition

extradition
Meaning
the official process of sending someone accused of a crime to another country or state
Example
The extradition of the suspect was delayed due to legal issues.
L'extradition du suspect a été retardée en raison de problèmes juridiques.
C1 adjective /ˌɛm.briˈɒn.ɪk/

embryonic

embryonnaire
Meaning
in an early or undeveloped stage; relating to an embryo
Example
The project is still in its embryonic stage.
Le projet est encore à son stade embryonnaire.
C1 adjective /ˈɜːrθi/

earthy

terrestre / simple
Meaning
resembling or suggestive of earth or soil; simple, natural, and sometimes coarse
Example
The dish had a rich, earthy flavor from the mushrooms.
Le plat avait une saveur riche et terreuse provenant des champignons.
C1 noun /ɪˈnɪɡ.mə/

enigma

énigme
Meaning
A person or thing that is mysterious, puzzling, or difficult to understand.
Example
Life remains an enigma to many.
La vie reste une énigme pour beaucoup.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈbrɔɪld/

embroiled

embroilé
Meaning
being deeply involved in a difficult situation, conflict, or scandal
Example
She found herself embroiled in a heated family dispute.
Elle s'est retrouvée embroilée dans un conflit familial intense.
C1 verb /ɪˈkweɪt/

equate

assimiler
Meaning
To consider as equal or equivalent.
Example
Many people equate wealth with success.
Beaucoup de gens assimilent la richesse au succès.
C1 noun /ɪkˈstrɛmɪti/

extremity

extrémité
Meaning
The farthest point or limit of something; a severe or extreme condition.
Example
He was pushed to the extremity of his patience.
Il a été poussé à l'extrême de sa patience.
C1 noun /ɪkˈstriː.mɪst/

Extremist

extrémiste
Meaning
a person who holds extreme political or religious views
Example
The government is taking measures to prevent extremist activities.
Le gouvernement prend des mesures pour prévenir les activités extrémistes.
C1 adjective /ɪˈmɜːrdʒənt/

emergent

émergent
Meaning
just coming into existence or becoming prominent
Example
The emergent startup quickly attracted investors.
La startup émergente a rapidement attiré des investisseurs.
C1 noun /ˈɛksɜːrpt/

excerpt

extrait
Meaning
A short portion taken from a text, film, or piece of music.
Example
The teacher read an excerpt from the novel.
Le professeur a lu un extrait du roman.
C1 adjective /ˌiːɡoʊˈsentrɪk/

egocentric

égocentrique
Meaning
thinking only about yourself and not about others
Example
His egocentric behavior annoyed everyone at the meeting.
Son comportement égocentrique a agacé tout le monde à la réunion.
C1 adjective ɪɡˈzɛmpləri

exemplary

exemplaire
Meaning
Serving as a desirable model; representing the best of its kind.
Example
She was praised for her exemplary work ethic and dedication.
Elle a été félicitée pour son éthique de travail exemplaire et son dévouement.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈdjʊər.ə.bəl/

Endurable

supportable
Meaning
able to be endured; bearable; tolerable
Example
The pain was endurable with proper medication.
La douleur était supportable avec un médicament approprié.
C1 verb /ɪnˈθjuːz/

enthuse

enthousiasmer
Meaning
to express excitement or admiration
Example
She enthused about her trip to Italy.
Elle a exprimé son enthousiasme à propos de son voyage en Italie.
C1 noun /ɪkˈstræv.ə.ɡəns/

Extravagance

dépense excessive; gaspillage
Meaning
lack of restraint in spending money; excessive expense
Example
The wedding celebration was criticized for its unnecessary extravagance.
La célébration du mariage a été critiquée pour son extravagance inutile.
C1 adjective /ɪˈstiːmd/

Esteemed

estimé
Meaning
respected and admired; held in high regard
Example
He is an esteemed professor at the university.
Il est un professeur estimé à l'université.
C1 adjective /ˈɜːr.nɪst/

Earnest

sérieux; authentique; montrant une conviction profonde et sérieuse
Meaning
sincere; genuine; showing deep and serious conviction
Example
He made an earnest attempt to solve the problem.
Il a fait une tentative sérieuse pour résoudre le problème.
C1 verb /ˈɛkˌsaɪz/

excise

exciser
Meaning
to cut out or remove completely, often by surgery
Example
The surgeon excised the tumor successfully.
Le chirurgien a excisé la tumeur avec succès.
C1 noun /ɛnˈdɔːr.fɪnz/

endorphins

endorphine
Meaning
Chemical compounds produced by the brain that reduce pain and create feelings of happiness.
Example
Exercise releases endorphins, reducing stress and pain.
L'exercice libère des endorphines, réduisant le stress et la douleur.
C1 noun /ɪɡˈzɜːr.ʃən/

exertion

effort physique ou mental
Meaning
Using energy or effort to achieve something.
Example
Excessive exertion can lead to fatigue and burnout.
L'excès d'exertion peut conduire à la fatigue et à l'épuisement.
C1 verb /ɪɡˈzɒnəreɪt/

exonerate

exonérer
Meaning
To clear someone from blame or accusation.
Example
The court exonerated her from all charges.
Le tribunal l'a exonérée de toutes les charges.
C1 verb /ɛmˈbɛzəl/

embezzle

détourner
Meaning
to steal or misuse money or property entrusted to one's care
Example
The accountant was arrested for embezzling company funds.
Le comptable a été arrêté pour avoir détourné des fonds de l'entreprise.
C1 verb /ˈɛkstrɪkeɪt/

extricate

dégager
Meaning
To free someone or something from a constraint or difficulty.
Example
The firefighters extricated the passengers from the wrecked car.
Les pompiers ont extriqué les passagers de la voiture accidentée.
C1 adjective /ˈɛntərˌpraɪzɪŋ/

enterprising

entreprenant
Meaning
showing initiative and resourcefulness; willing to take risks to achieve success
Example
She is an enterprising young entrepreneur.
Elle est une jeune entrepreneuse entreprenante.
C1 noun ɪkˌstræp.əˈleɪ.ʃən

extrapolation

extrapolation
Meaning
The action of estimating or concluding something by assuming that existing trends will continue.
Example
His extrapolation of market trends helped in financial planning.
Son extrapolation des tendances du marché a aidé à la planification financière.
C1 adjective /ɪˈspeʃəl/

especial

spécial
Meaning
Particularly remarkable or significant; distinguished from others
Example
This is an especial opportunity you should not miss.
C'est une occasion spéciale que vous ne devriez pas manquer.
C1 verb /ɪnˈdaʊ/

endow

doter
Meaning
To provide with a quality, ability, or gift; to donate funds for a purpose.
Example
The university was endowed with a generous donation.
L'université a été dotée d'un généreux don.
C1 noun /ɪˌlæbəˈreɪʃən/

elaboration

élargissement / explication détaillée
Meaning
the process of adding more detail or expanding on something
Example
The teacher appreciated the student's elaboration of the topic.
Le professeur a apprécié l'élaboration du sujet par l'étudiant.
C1 noun /ˈjuː.fə.mɪ.zəm/

euphemism

un terme doux ou indirect utilisé à la place de celui considéré trop direct ou dur
Meaning
A mild or indirect term substituted for one considered too harsh or direct; polite expression for something unpleasant.
Example
The phrase "passed away" is a euphemism for "died".
L'expression 'passé de l'autre côté' est un euphémisme pour 'mort'.
C1 noun /ɪkˈskriːʃən/

excretion

excrétion
Meaning
the process of eliminating waste matter from the body
Example
Excretion is vital for maintaining a healthy body.
L'excrétion est vitale pour maintenir un corps sain.
C1 noun /ˈɛpɪˌlɔːɡ/

epilogue

épilogue
Meaning
A section at the end of a book, play, or speech that serves as a conclusion.
Example
The author included an epilogue to explain what happened to the characters later.
L'auteur a inclus un épilogue pour expliquer ce qui est arrivé aux personnages par la suite.
C1 adjective /ɪɡˈzɔːr.bɪ.tənt/

exorbitant

exorbitant
Meaning
Unreasonably high in price or cost; excessive.
Example
The hotel charged an exorbitant price for a basic room.
L'hôtel a facturé un prix exorbitant pour une chambre basique.
C1 adjective /ɪˌlɪzəˈbiːθən/

elizabethan

époque élisabéthaine
Meaning
Relating to the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England (1558–1603), especially the style of that period.
Example
Shakespeare wrote many of his plays during the Elizabethan era.
Shakespeare a écrit de nombreuses pièces pendant l'époque élisabéthaine.
C1 noun /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈniː/

Examinee

candidat à l'examen
Meaning
a person who is being tested in an examination
Example
Each examinee was given two hours to complete the test.
Chaque candidat à l'examen a reçu deux heures pour terminer le test.
C1 noun /eb/

Ebb

reflux; marée descendante
Meaning
the receding tide; a gradual decline or reduction
Example
The fishermen waited for the ebb before returning to shore.
Les pêcheurs ont attendu le reflux avant de retourner à la rive.
C1 verb /ˈɛkstrəˌdaɪt/

extradite

extrader
Meaning
to hand over a person accused or convicted of a crime to another country or state
Example
The government agreed to extradite the fugitive to his home country.
Le gouvernement a accepté d'extrader le fugitif vers son pays d'origine.
C1 noun /ɪnˈtaɪərəti/

entirety

intégralité
Meaning
the whole of something; the complete form
Example
He watched the movie in its entirety.
Il a regardé le film dans son intégralité.
C1 noun /ˈɛksələnsɪ/

excellency

excellence
Meaning
a title of honor for people of high rank, especially ambassadors or governors
Example
His Excellency the Ambassador attended the ceremony.
Son Excellence l'Ambassadeur a assisté à la cérémonie.
C1 adjective /ɪɡˈzæspəˌreɪtɪd/

exasperated

très agacé
Meaning
greatly annoyed or irritated
Example
She gave him an exasperated look after his repeated mistakes.
Elle lui a lancé un regard très agacé après ses erreurs répétées.
C1 verb /ɪˈmænsɪpeɪt/

emancipate

émanciper
Meaning
to set someone free from legal, social, or political restrictions; to liberate from slavery or oppression
Example
The law was designed to emancipate slaves and grant them full citizenship.
La loi a été conçue pour émanciper les esclaves et leur accorder la pleine citoyenneté.
C1 noun /ˈɛdɪfɪs/

edifice

bâtiment
Meaning
A large, impressive building or structure.
Example
The museum is an impressive edifice in the city center.
Le musée est un bâtiment impressionnant au centre-ville.
C1 noun /ɪkˈspæns/

expanse

étendue vaste
Meaning
a wide, open area of land, sea, or sky
Example
The desert is a vast expanse of sand and rock.
Le désert est une vaste étendue de sable et de roches.
C1 adjective /ˌiːvænˈdʒɛlɪkəl/

evangelical

évangélique
Meaning
Relating to the Christian gospel, especially the teachings that emphasize personal faith and the authority of the Bible.
Example
She grew up in an evangelical church community.
Elle a grandi dans une communauté chrétienne évangélique.
C1 verb /ˈɪə.mɑːrk/

earmark

affecter
Meaning
To designate funds, resources, or time for a particular purpose.
Example
The government has earmarked funds for education.
Le gouvernement a affecté des fonds pour l'éducation.
C1 noun /ˈem.ɪ.nəns/

Eminence

fame; supériorité
Meaning
fame or recognized superiority; high rank or status
Example
The professor achieved eminence in the field of quantum physics.
Le professeur a atteint la célébrité dans le domaine de la physique quantique.
C1 noun /ˈɛpɪθɛt/

epithet

épithète
Meaning
A descriptive phrase or word used to characterize someone or something, often as a nickname.
Example
He earned the epithet ‘The Great’ for his remarkable achievements.
Il a gagné l'épithète ‘Le Grand’ pour ses réalisations remarquables.
C1 adjective ˈɛl.ə.kwənt

eloquent

éloquent
Meaning
Fluent or persuasive in speaking or writing; clearly expressing or indicating something.
Example
Her eloquent speech inspired the entire audience.
Son discours éloquent a inspiré tout le public.
C1 verb /ɪnˈlɪst/

enlist

s'enrôler
Meaning
to join or sign up, especially for military service; to secure someone's support or help
Example
He decided to enlist in the army after graduation.
Il a décidé de s'enrôler dans l'armée après l'obtention de son diplôme.
C1 noun /ˈiːɡoʊˌɪzəm/

egoism

égoïsme
Meaning
An ethical theory that treats self-interest as the foundation of morality; also, excessive preoccupation with oneself.
Example
His decisions were often driven by egoism rather than concern for others.
Ses décisions étaient souvent motivées par l'égoïsme plutôt que par la préoccupation pour les autres.
C1 noun /ˌɛks.həˈleɪ.ʃən/

exhalation

expiration
Meaning
The action of breathing out.
Example
Slow exhalation calms the nervous system.
Une expiration lente calme le système nerveux.
C1 verb ɪˈluː.sɪ.deɪt

elucidate

élucider, clarifier
Meaning
make (something) clear; explain.
Example
The professor elucidated the theory with simple examples.
Le professeur a élucidé la théorie avec des exemples simples.
C1 adjective ɪmˈpɪr.ɪ.kəl

empirical

empirique ou basé sur l'expérience
Meaning
Based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic.
Example
Scientific research relies on empirical evidence.
La recherche scientifique repose sur des preuves empiriques.
C1 noun /ɪˈvæp.ər.ə.tɪv ˈkuː.lər/

Evaporative cooler

refroidisseur par évaporation
Meaning
a cooling device that uses water evaporation to reduce air temperature
Example
The evaporative cooler works best in dry climates.
Le refroidisseur par évaporation fonctionne mieux dans les climats secs.
C1 verb /ɪˈlɪsɪt/

elicit

éliciter
Meaning
To draw out a response, answer, or reaction from someone.
Example
The teacher’s question elicited thoughtful answers from the students.
La question du professeur a suscité des réponses réfléchies des élèves.
C1 verb /ɪkˈstoʊl/

extol

exalter
Meaning
to praise enthusiastically and highly
Example
The teacher extolled the student's dedication and hard work.
Le professeur a exalté le dévouement et le travail acharné de l'étudiant.
C1 adjective /ɪkˈsiːdɪŋ/

Exceeding

excessif; au-delà
Meaning
going beyond; surpassing; extremely
Example
The project was completed with exceeding excellence.
Le projet a été achevé avec une excellence excessive.
C1 noun ɪˈveɪ.ʒən

evasion

évasion
Meaning
The practice of avoiding or escaping from something, especially responsibility or duty.
Example
His evasion of responsibilities frustrated his colleagues.
Son évasion des responsabilités a frustré ses collègues.
C1 noun /ɪɡˌzɪl.əˈreɪ.ʃən/

exhilaration

exaltation ou bonheur
Meaning
A feeling of excitement, happiness, or elation.
Example
The feeling of exhilaration after a roller-coaster ride is amazing.
Le sentiment d'exaltation après un tour de montagnes russes est incroyable.
C1 verb /ɪɡˈzɔːlt/

exalt

exalter, honorer
Meaning
to praise highly or raise in rank, honor, or power
Example
The community exalted the teacher for his dedication.
La communauté a exalté l'enseignant pour son dévouement.
C1 noun /ˈiːɡoʊˌtɪzəm/

egotism

égotisme
Meaning
The practice of talking and thinking about oneself excessively because of an inflated sense of self-importance.
Example
His constant boasting revealed his egotism.
Ses vantardises constantes ont révélé son égotisme.
C1 noun /ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/

etymology

étymologie
Meaning
The study of the origin of words and how their meanings and forms have evolved.
Example
The etymology of the word 'salary' comes from the Latin word for salt.
L'étymologie du mot 'salaire' vient du mot latin pour sel.
C1 verb /ˈɛm.ə.neɪt/

emanate

émaner
Meaning
To come out or spread from a source.
Example
A sweet fragrance emanated from the garden.
Une douce fragrance émana du jardin.
C1 noun /ˌɛlɪˈveɪʃən/

elevation

élévation
Meaning
The act of raising something to a higher position or level.
Example
The hikers reached a high elevation after hours of climbing.
Les randonneurs ont atteint une grande élévation après des heures de montée.
C1 verb /ɪˈnʌnsieɪt/

enunciate

énoncer
Meaning
to pronounce words clearly; to express an idea clearly
Example
The teacher asked him to enunciate each word.
L'enseignant lui a demandé d'énoncer chaque mot.
C1 verb /ɪnˈtrɛntʃ/

entrench

enraciner
Meaning
To establish something so firmly that it is difficult to change.
Example
The company entrenched its position in the market through innovation.
L'entreprise a consolidé sa position sur le marché grâce à l'innovation.
C1 noun /ˈiː.zi tʃeər/

Easy-chair

fauteuil
Meaning
a comfortable chair with arms and a back that reclines
Example
He relaxed in his favorite easy-chair after work.
Il s'est détendu dans son fauteuil préféré après le travail.
C1 verb /ɪnˈdʒen.dər/

engender

engendrer
Meaning
To cause or give rise to a feeling, situation, or condition.
Example
The speech engendered hope among the people.
Le discours a engendré de l'espoir parmi les gens.
C1 verb /ɪnˈtaɪs/

entice

attirer
Meaning
to attract or tempt someone by offering something appealing
Example
The advertisement was designed to entice customers into the store.
La publicité a été conçue pour attirer les clients dans le magasin.
C1 adjective /ˈɪəri/

eerie

étrange
Meaning
Strange and frightening in a mysterious way.
Example
The abandoned house had an eerie silence.
La maison abandonnée avait un étrange silence.
C1 noun ɪˈpɪf.ə.ni

epiphany

révélation soudaine ou perspicacité
Meaning
A moment of sudden revelation or insight.
Example
He had an epiphany about his true purpose in life.
Il a eu une épiphanie sur son véritable but dans la vie.
C1 noun ˈiːkəʊˌsɪstəm ˈsɜːvɪsɪz

ecosystem services

services écosystémiques
Meaning
The benefits people obtain from ecosystems.
Example
Forests provide valuable ecosystem services, such as purifying air and water.
Les forêts fournissent des services écosystémiques précieux, comme la purification de l'air et de l'eau.
C1 noun /ɪkˈspɛktənsi/

expectancy

attente
Meaning
the state of expecting something; anticipation or likelihood
Example
There was a sense of expectancy in the room before the results were announced.
Il y avait un sentiment d'attente dans la pièce avant que les résultats ne soient annoncés.
C1 noun ɪnˈdaʊmənt

endowment

dote, don
Meaning
An income or form of property given or bequeathed to someone.
Example
The university received a large endowment for research.
L'université a reçu une grande dotation pour la recherche.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈtrɛntʃt/

entrenched

enraciné
Meaning
Firmly established and unlikely to change.
Example
Corruption is deeply entrenched in the system.
La corruption est profondément enracinée dans le système.
C1 verb /ɪnˈɡʌlf/

engulf

engloutir
Meaning
to completely surround or cover something or someone
Example
The village was engulfed by floodwaters.
Le village a été englouti par les eaux de crue.
C1 adjective /ɪˈvɒkətɪv/

evocative

évoquant
Meaning
bringing strong images, memories, or feelings to mind
Example
The music was evocative of her childhood memories.
La musique évoquait ses souvenirs d'enfance.
C1 noun /ˈen.mə.ti/

Enmity

ennemi
Meaning
a state or feeling of active opposition or hostility
Example
The enmity between the two families lasted for generations.
L'hostilité entre les deux familles a duré des générations.
C1 adjective /ɪˈlɪptɪkl/

elliptical

elliptique
Meaning
Having the shape of an ellipse; also, a style of speech that is concise and sometimes obscure.
Example
The planet follows an elliptical orbit around the sun.
La planète suit une orbite elliptique autour du soleil.
C1 adjective /ɪˈklɛktɪk/

eclectic

éclectique
Meaning
Selecting or deriving ideas, styles, or tastes from a broad and diverse range of sources.
Example
Her taste in music is eclectic, ranging from classical to hip-hop.
Ses goûts en musique sont éclectiques, allant de la musique classique au hip-hop.
C1 noun /ˈek.saɪl/

Exile

exil
Meaning
the state of being barred from one's native country; enforced removal from one's homeland
Example
The political leader was forced into exile after the military coup.
Le leader politique a été contraint à l'exil après le coup d'état militaire.
C1 verb ɪɡˈzɛm.plɪ.faɪ

exemplify

illustrer
Meaning
To be a typical example of or to illustrate something clearly, to show as an example or demonstrate.
Example
His dedication exemplifies true leadership.
Sa dévotion illustre un véritable leadership.
C1 adjective /ɪˈstreɪndʒd/

estranged

éloigné
Meaning
no longer close or affectionate with someone; alienated
Example
She felt estranged from her family after the long dispute.
Elle se sentait éloignée de sa famille après le long différend.
C1 verb /ɪnˈtʃænt/

enchant

enchanter
Meaning
to delight or charm greatly; to cast a spell over
Example
The storyteller enchanted the children with his tales.
Le conteur a enchanté les enfants avec ses histoires.
C1 noun /ɪɡˈzɛkjətər/

executor

exécuteur testamentaire
Meaning
A person appointed to carry out the terms of someone's will after their death.
Example
The executor managed the estate according to the deceased’s wishes.
L'exécuteur a géré la succession conformément aux souhaits du défunt.
C1 noun /ˈɛkstrəˌvɜːrt/

extrovert

extraverti
Meaning
a person who is outgoing, sociable, and energized by being around other people
Example
As an extrovert, she enjoys meeting new people at social events.
En tant qu'extravertie, elle aime rencontrer de nouvelles personnes lors d'événements sociaux.
C1 noun /ˈɛksədəs/

exodus

exode
Meaning
A mass departure of people from a place.
Example
There was a sudden exodus of workers after the strike began.
Il y a eu un exode soudain des travailleurs après le début de la grève.
C1 noun /ˈɛf.ɪ.kə.si/

efficacy

efficacité
Meaning
The ability to produce a desired or intended result; effectiveness.
Example
The efficacy of the vaccine has been proven in trials.
L'efficacité du vaccin a été prouvée lors des essais.
C1 noun /ˈɛmbləm/

emblem

emblème
Meaning
A symbolic object, design, or figure representing an idea, group, or identity.
Example
The dove is an emblem of peace.
La colombe est un emblème de la paix.
C1 adjective ɪˌlektrəʊmæɡˈnetɪk

electromagnetic

électromagnétique
Meaning
Relating to both electricity and magnetism or their interaction.
Example
Electromagnetic forces repel protons.
Les forces électromagnétiques repoussent les protons.
C1 adjective /ɪˈkwɛstriən/

equestrian

équestre
Meaning
Relating to horse riding or horseback riders.
Example
She won several equestrian competitions.
Elle a remporté plusieurs compétitions équestres.
C1 adjective /ˈɜːr.θən/

Earthen

fait de terre ou d'argile; lié à la poterie
Meaning
made of earth or clay; relating to pottery or ceramic materials
Example
The kitchen had beautiful earthen pots for storage.
La cuisine avait de beaux pots en terre cuite pour le stockage.
C1 noun /ɪɡˈzuːbərəns/

exuberance

exubérance
Meaning
the quality of being full of energy, excitement, and cheerfulness
Example
Her exuberance made the whole team feel motivated.
Son exubérance a motivé toute l'équipe.
C1 adjective /ɪɡˈzæktɪŋ/

exacting

exigeant
Meaning
demanding a lot of effort, attention, or precision
Example
She is known for her exacting standards in design.
Elle est connue pour ses normes exigeantes en design.
C1 verb /ɛtʃ/

etch

graver
Meaning
to cut or carve a design onto a surface
Example
The artist etched her initials into the glass.
L'artiste a gravé ses initiales dans le verre.
C1 adjective /ˌɛnɪɡˈmætɪk/

enigmatic

énigmatique
Meaning
mysterious and difficult to interpret or understand
Example
He gave me an enigmatic smile.
Il m'a donné un sourire énigmatique.
C1 noun/adjective /ɪˈliːtɪst/

elitist

élitiste
Meaning
A person who believes that a society should be led by an elite; showing preference for a privileged class.
Example
His elitist attitude made him unpopular among his peers.
Son attitude élitiste l'a rendu impopulaire parmi ses pairs.
C1 adjective ɪˈræt.ɪk

erratic

erratique
Meaning
Unpredictable and inconsistent; not even or regular in pattern or movement.
Example
His erratic behavior confused his colleagues.
Son comportement erratique a confondu ses collègues.
C1 verb /ɪˈlɛktrɪfaɪ/

electrify

électrifier; enthousiasmer
Meaning
to charge with electricity; to excite or thrill intensely
Example
The speaker's speech electrified the audience.
Le discours a enthousiasmé le public.
C1 adjective /ɪˈmeɪʃieɪtɪd/

emaciated

émacié
Meaning
Abnormally thin or weak, usually due to illness or lack of food.
Example
The emaciated dog was rescued from the abandoned house.
Le chien émacié a été sauvé de la maison abandonnée.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈfæt.ɪk/

Emphatic

ferme; fort; exprimé avec force et conviction
Meaning
forceful; strong; showing emphasis; expressed with force and conviction
Example
She gave an emphatic 'no' to the proposal.
Elle a donné un 'non' emphatique à la proposition.
C1 adjective /ˈen.vi.əs/

Envious

envieux/envieuse; jaloux/jalouse
Meaning
feeling or showing envy; jealous
Example
She felt envious of her friend's new car.
Elle se sentait envieuse de la nouvelle voiture de son amie.
C1 adjective /ɪkˈspænsɪv/

expansive

expansif
Meaning
covering a wide area or having a wide range of ideas or emotions
Example
They enjoyed the expansive view from the hilltop.
Ils ont apprécié la vue expansive depuis le sommet de la colline.
C1 adjective ɪˈθɪə.ri.əl

ethereal

céleste, délicat, surnaturel
Meaning
Extremely delicate and light in a way that seems too perfect for this world.
Example
Her voice had an ethereal quality.
Sa voix avait une qualité éthérée.
C1 verb /ɪkˈspaʊnd/

expound

expliquer en détail
Meaning
to present and explain in detail
Example
The professor expounded the theory in simple terms.
Le professeur a exposé la théorie en termes simples.
C1 verb /ɪmˈbrɔɪl/

embroil

embrouiller
Meaning
to involve someone deeply in a conflict, argument, or difficult situation
Example
The politician was embroiled in a major corruption scandal.
Le politicien était embourbé dans un grand scandale de corruption.
C1 noun /ˈɑːnkɔːr/

encore

rappel
Meaning
An additional performance demanded by an audience at the end of a show.
Example
The band returned to the stage for an encore.
Le groupe est revenu sur scène pour un rappel.
C1 adjective, verb /ɪɡˈzɛmpt/

exempt

exempté
Meaning
Free from an obligation or liability imposed on others.
Example
Students with high grades are exempt from the final exam.
Les étudiants ayant de bonnes notes sont exemptés de l'examen final.
C1 noun /ɪkˈspoʊnənt/

exponent

exposant
Meaning
a person who supports, promotes, or explains an idea; in math, a symbol denoting power
Example
She is a leading exponent of modern dance.
Elle est une des principales exposantes de la danse moderne.
C1 verb /ɜːr/

err

errer
Meaning
to make a mistake or be incorrect
Example
To err is human, to forgive divine.
Se tromper est humain, pardonner est divin.
C1 noun ɪˌlæˈstɪs.ə.ti

elasticity

élasticité
Meaning
The responsiveness of demand or supply to changes in price.
Example
The elasticity of demand for luxury goods is high.
L'élasticité de la demande pour les biens de luxe est élevée.