demean
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C1 verb /dɪˈmiːn/

demean

dévaloriser
Meaning
to cause someone to lose dignity or respect
Example
The manager demeaned his employees with rude remarks.
Le gestionnaire a dévalorisé ses employés avec des remarques grossières.
C1 noun /ˈɪnstɪˌɡeɪtər/

instigator

instigateur
Meaning
A person who brings about or initiates something, usually something bad.
Example
The police identified him as the instigator of the violence.
La police l'a identifié comme l'instigateur de la violence.
C1 noun /ˌekspəˈzɪʃən/

exposition

exposition
Meaning
a detailed explanation or a large public exhibition
Example
The scientist gave a clear exposition of the theory.
Le scientifique a donné une explication claire de la théorie.
C1 noun ˌdɪm.ɪˈnjuː.ʃən

diminution

réduction
Meaning
A reduction in the size, extent, or importance of something; decrease.
Example
There has been a diminution in air pollution.
Il y a eu une diminution de la pollution de l'air.
C1 noun /ˈiːɡoʊˌtɪzəm/

egotism

égotisme
Meaning
The practice of talking and thinking about oneself excessively because of an inflated sense of self-importance.
Example
His constant boasting revealed his egotism.
Ses vantardises constantes ont révélé son égotisme.
C1 noun /ˈoʊ.vər spɪl/

Over-spill

débordement
Meaning
the overflow of liquid from a container; excess that cannot be contained
Example
The overspill from the river flooded nearby farms.
Le débordement de la rivière a inondé les fermes voisines.
C1 noun /əˈpærəl/

apparel

vêtements
Meaning
Clothing, especially formal or special clothes.
Example
The store specializes in wedding apparel.
Le magasin se spécialise dans les vêtements de mariage.
C1 verb ɪkˈstræp.ə.leɪt

Extrapolate

extrapoler
Meaning
Making future estimates based on existing information
Example
Scientists extrapolate climate changes based on past data.
Les scientifiques extrapolent les changements climatiques en se basant sur les données passées.
C1 noun /beɪl/

bail

caution
Meaning
the temporary release of an accused person awaiting trial, often with a financial guarantee
Example
He was granted bail after his arrest.
Il a obtenu une caution après son arrestation.
C1 adjective /ˈprevələnt/

Prevalent

répandu
Meaning
widespread; existing very commonly; generally occurring
Example
Smoking is still prevalent among teenagers despite health warnings.
Le tabagisme est encore répandu chez les adolescents malgré les avertissements sanitaires.
C1 adjective /ˈkɒn.keɪv/

concave

concave
Meaning
curved inward like the inside of a bowl
Example
The mirror had a concave surface that magnified her reflection.
Le miroir avait une surface concave qui grossissait son reflet.
C1 noun /ˈɡrɪd.lɒk/

gridlock

embouteillage complet ou condition d'arrêt du trafic
Meaning
Complete traffic jam or standstill condition where vehicles cannot move.
Example
A major accident led to gridlock in the city center.
Un grand accident a causé un embouteillage dans le centre-ville.
C1 verb /druːp/

droop

pencher
Meaning
to bend or hang downward; to become weak or tired
Example
The flowers began to droop in the heat.
Les fleurs ont commencé à se pencher sous la chaleur.
C1 noun ˌdɛməˈɡræfɪk trænˈzɪʃən

demographic transition

transition démographique
Meaning
A shift in population patterns from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops economically
Example
The demographic transition indicates a shift towards an aging society.
La transition démographique indique un changement vers une société vieillissante.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɛtʃ.u.əs/

impetuous

impulsif
Meaning
Acting or done quickly and without thought or care; impulsive.
Example
His impetuous decision led to unexpected consequences.
Sa décision impulsive a conduit à des conséquences inattendues.
C1 noun /ˈtæbloʊ/

tableau

tableau
Meaning
a striking or artistic scene or arrangement of people or objects, often presented on stage or in art
Example
The actors froze in a tableau that captured the final moment of the play.
Les acteurs sont restés figés dans un tableau qui capturait le dernier moment de la pièce.
C1 noun ɪnˈdɪdʒɪnəs trəˈdɪʃənz

Indigenous Traditions

Traditions indigènes
Meaning
Cultural practices, beliefs, and customs that have been passed down through generations among native peoples.
Example
Indigenous traditions in the Chittagong Hill Tracts are unique.
Les traditions indigènes dans les Chittagong Hill Tracts sont uniques.
C1 adjective/noun nɪˈmɒn.ɪk

mnemonic

dispositif mnémotechnique, technique de mémorisation
Meaning
Assisting or intended to assist memory; a device or technique to aid memory.
Example
A mnemonic device helps students remember complex concepts.
Un dispositif mnémotechnique aide les étudiants à mémoriser des concepts complexes.
C1 noun /ˌaɪ.diˈɒl.ə.dʒi/

ideology

idéologie
Meaning
A system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.
Example
Democracy is based on the ideology of freedom and equality.
La démocratie repose sur l'idéologie de la liberté et de l'égalité.
C1 noun ˌnæn.oʊ.tekˈnɒl.ə.dʒi

nanotechnology

nanotechnologie
Meaning
The branch of technology that deals with dimensions and tolerances of less than 100 nanometers.
Example
Nanotechnology is advancing medical treatments.
La nanotechnologie fait progresser les traitements médicaux.
C1 noun /ˈɑːrmfʊl/

armful

bras plein
Meaning
As much as can be carried in one or both arms.
Example
She carried an armful of books into the library.
Elle a porté un bras plein de livres à la bibliothèque.
C1 noun /ɒpˈtɒmətri/

optometry

optométrie
Meaning
The practice or profession of examining the eyes and prescribing corrective lenses.
Example
She studied optometry at the university to become an eye specialist.
Elle a étudié l'optométrie à l'université pour devenir spécialiste des yeux.
C1 verb কনডেন্স

condense

se condenser
Meaning
To change from gas to liquid form; to become denser.
Example
Water vapor condenses into raindrops.
La vapeur d'eau se condense en gouttes de pluie.
C1 noun /əˈlɜːrtnəs/

alertness

vigilance
Meaning
the state of being mentally aware and quick to notice or respond; vigilance
Example
The driver maintained a high level of alertness during the long journey.
Le conducteur a maintenu une grande vigilance pendant le trajet.
C1 verb /ˈkaʊər/

cower

se recroqueviller de peur
Meaning
to crouch down in fear
Example
The child cowered behind the sofa during the thunderstorm.
L'enfant se coucha derrière le canapé pendant l'orage.
C1 noun /ˈæbdəmən/

abdomen

abdomen
Meaning
The part of the body below the chest and above the hips that contains the stomach and other organs.
Example
He complained of pain in his abdomen.
Il s'est plaint de douleur dans son abdomen.
C1 noun /rɪˈmɛmbrəns/

remembrance

souvenir
Meaning
the act of remembering or honoring someone or something
Example
A service was held in remembrance of the fallen soldiers.
Un service a été organisé en souvenir des soldats tombés.
C1 adjective /rɪˈdʌn.dənt/

redundant

superflu
Meaning
Not or no longer needed or useful; superfluous.
Example
The report contained redundant information.
Le rapport contenait des informations superflues.
C1 noun /ˈaʊtpoʊst/

outpost

avant-poste
Meaning
A small military camp or position at some distance from the main force, used especially as a guard.
Example
The soldiers were stationed at a remote outpost.
Les soldats étaient stationnés dans un avant-poste éloigné.
C1 noun /dɪˈspɜːrʒən/

dispersion

dispersion
Meaning
The action or process of distributing things or people over a wide area.
Example
The dispersion of seeds by the wind helps plants reproduce.
La dispersion des graines par le vent aide les plantes à se reproduire.
C1 noun /kuːp/

coop

un petit enclos ou cage pour les poules ou autres oiseaux
Meaning
a small enclosure or cage for chickens or other birds
Example
The farmer checked the chickens in the coop every morning.
Le fermier vérifiait les poules dans le poulailler chaque matin.
C1 adjective ˈflʌd proʊn

flood-prone

sujette aux inondations
Meaning
Susceptible to flooding; likely to experience floods frequently.
Example
Bangladesh is a flood-prone deltaic nation.
Le Bangladesh est une nation deltaïque sujette aux inondations.
C1 adjective /ˌfʊl ˈbɒd.id/

full-bodied

à saveur intense
Meaning
Having a strong, rich, and robust quality, especially of wine, coffee, or voice.
Example
He prefers a full-bodied red wine with his dinner.
Il préfère un vin rouge à saveur intense avec son dîner.
C1 noun /stæɡˈneɪ.ʃən/

stagnation

stagnation
Meaning
A state of inactivity or lack of growth, especially in an economy.
Example
High unemployment led to economic stagnation.
Le chômage élevé a conduit à une stagnation économique.
C1 noun ˈoʊʃən əˌsɪdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən

ocean acidification

acidification océanique
Meaning
The ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Example
Ocean acidification is caused by atmospheric CO2 absorption.
L'acidification océanique est causée par l'absorption du CO2 atmosphérique.
C1 noun dɪˈtætʃ.mənt

detachment

détachement
Meaning
The state of being objective or aloof; not being emotionally involved.
Example
Buddhist philosophy encourages detachment from material desires.
La philosophie bouddhiste encourage le détachement des désirs matériels.
C1 verb /ˈsɪn.θə.saɪz/

synthesize

synthétiser
Meaning
To combine a number of things into a coherent whole.
Example
Scientists synthesize new compounds for medical research.
Les scientifiques synthétisent de nouveaux composés pour la recherche médicale.
C1 adjective /ˈpɔːrəs/

porous

poreux
Meaning
Having tiny holes that allow liquid or air to pass through.
Example
The soil is very porous and drains quickly.
Le sol est très poreux et draine rapidement.
C1 noun /mjuːˈteɪʃn/

mutation

mutation, changement génétique
Meaning
A change in form, structure, or nature, especially in genetics.
Example
Scientists discovered a genetic mutation that caused the disorder.
Les scientifiques ont découvert une mutation génétique qui a causé le trouble.
C1 noun /ˌɛks.həˈleɪ.ʃən/

exhalation

expiration
Meaning
The action of breathing out.
Example
Slow exhalation calms the nervous system.
Une expiration lente calme le système nerveux.
C1 verb /ʃraʊd/

shroud

envelopper
Meaning
to cover or hide; to wrap in cloth
Example
The mountain peak was shrouded in mist.
Le sommet de la montagne était enveloppé de brume.
C1 noun /ˌʌl.tɪˈmeɪ.təm/

Ultimatum

ultimatum
Meaning
a final demand or statement of terms, the rejection of which will result in retaliation
Example
The boss gave him an ultimatum: improve or be fired.
Le patron lui a donné un ultimatum : améliorez-vous ou vous serez renvoyé.
C1 adjective, noun /ˈɪnvəlɪd/ (adjective), /ɪnˈvælɪd/ (noun)

invalid

invalide
Meaning
Not valid; having no force or effect. Also refers to a person too weak or ill to care for themselves.
Example
The court declared the contract invalid.
Le tribunal a déclaré le contrat invalide.
C1 noun /ɡrəˈtjuːɪti/

gratuity

pourboire
Meaning
A sum of money given as a tip or a retirement benefit.
Example
The waiter received a generous gratuity for his excellent service.
Le serveur a reçu un généreux pourboire pour son excellent service.
C1 adjective ʌnˈjiːl.dɪŋ

unyielding

inébranlable ou ferme
Meaning
Not easily broken or giving in to pressure.
Example
Her unyielding determination helped her overcome all challenges.
Sa détermination inébranlable l'a aidée à surmonter tous les défis.
C1 adverb /ˈvaɪtəli/

vitally

vitalement
Meaning
in an extremely important or essential way; in a manner relating to life or vitality
Example
Access to clean water is vitally important for public health.
L’accès à l’eau propre est vitalement important pour la santé publique.
C1 adjective/verb /ˈprɒstreɪt/

prostrate

prosterné
Meaning
lying stretched out on the ground with one's face downward, often as a sign of submission or exhaustion
Example
He lay prostrate on the ground after the long battle.
Il s'est allongé prosterné après la longue bataille.
C1 noun /kənˈsep.ʃən/

Conception

conception; idée; fertilisation
Meaning
the forming of an idea or plan; the fertilization of an ovum by a sperm; the action of conceiving
Example
The conception of this innovative project took several months of brainstorming.
La conception de ce projet innovant a pris plusieurs mois de brainstorming.
C1 noun /næk/

knack

aptitude
Meaning
a natural skill or ability; a special talent for doing something easily
Example
She has a knack for making people feel comfortable.
Elle a une aptitude à rendre les gens à l'aise.
C1 noun /koʊˈɜː.ʃən/

coercion

coercition
Meaning
The practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or threats.
Example
Cybercriminals use coercion to extract information.
Les cybercriminels utilisent la coercition pour obtenir des informations.
C1 verb /səbˈsaɪd/

subside

diminuer
Meaning
to become less intense, violent, or severe; to sink or fall to a lower level
Example
After the storm, the floodwaters began to subside.
Après la tempête, les eaux de l'inondation ont commencé à diminuer.
C1 noun /ˌɪn.trəˈvɜːr.ʒən/

introversion

introversion
Meaning
The tendency to be inward-looking and shy, preferring solitary activities.
Example
Her introversion made it difficult for her to enjoy large parties.
Son introversion rendait difficile pour elle de profiter des grandes fêtes.
C1 noun /ˌɒbstəˈtrɪʃən/

obstetrician

obstétricien
Meaning
A doctor specializing in pregnancy, childbirth, and women's reproductive health.
Example
The obstetrician monitored the mother’s health throughout the pregnancy.
L'obstétricien a surveillé la santé de la mère tout au long de la grossesse.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈsoʊld/

unsold

invendu
Meaning
not sold; remaining without a buyer
Example
The unsold goods were returned to the warehouse.
Les marchandises invendues ont été retournées à l’entrepôt.
C1 noun /kæsˈkeɪd/

Cascade

cascade; une succession d'étapes ou d'opérations
Meaning
a waterfall; a succession of stages or operations
Example
The mountain cascade created a beautiful natural swimming pool below.
La cascade de la montagne a créé une belle piscine naturelle en dessous.
C1 noun ˌlɪt.ɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən

litigation

litige
Meaning
The process of taking legal action; a lawsuit.
Example
The litigation accused the regime of human rights abuses.
Le litige a accusé le régime de violations des droits de l'homme.
C1 adjective /ɪɡˈzuːbərənt/

exuberant

exubérant
Meaning
full of energy, excitement, and cheerfulness
Example
The children were exuberant after winning the game.
Les enfants étaient exubérants après avoir gagné le jeu.
C1 adjective /rɪˈkʌr.ənt/

Recurrent

récurrent
Meaning
happening repeatedly; occurring again and again; periodic;
Example
She has been suffering from recurrent headaches for months.
Elle souffre de maux de tête récurrents depuis des mois.
C1 verb /kənˈstruː/

construe

interpréter
Meaning
to interpret or understand the meaning of something in a particular way
Example
His words could be construed as a threat.
Ses mots pouvaient être interprétés comme une menace.
C1 verb /ˈprɪkəl/

prickle

picoter
Meaning
to cause a slight stinging or tingling sensation on the skin
Example
Her skin began to prickle in the cold wind.
Sa peau a commencé à picoter avec le vent froid.
C1 adjective /məˈnæstɪk/

monastic

monastique
Meaning
Relating to monks, monasteries, or a life of religious seclusion.
Example
He chose to live a monastic life away from the city.
Il a choisi de vivre une vie monastique loin de la ville.
C1 verb, adjective, noun /spruːs/

spruce

ranger / un type d'arbre
Meaning
to make neat or tidy in appearance; also refers to an evergreen tree
Example
He spruced up his room before the guests arrived.
Il a arrangé sa chambre avant l'arrivée des invités.
C1 adjective /ˈkɜːrsəri/

cursory

superficiel
Meaning
Hasty and therefore not thorough or detailed.
Example
He gave the report only a cursory glance before the meeting.
Il a jeté un coup d'œil superficiel au rapport avant la réunion.
C1 verb /ˌʌndəˈreɪt/

underrate

sous-estimer
Meaning
to fail to recognize the full value or importance of something or someone
Example
Many people underrate the benefits of regular exercise.
Beaucoup de gens sous-estiment les bienfaits de l'exercice régulier.
C1 adjective /ˈfleɪɡrənt/

flagrant

flagrant et clairement erroné
Meaning
shockingly noticeable or evident; glaringly wrong
Example
It was a flagrant violation of the rules.
C'était une violation évidente des règles.
C1 noun, verb /strænd/

strand

fil / bloqué
Meaning
Noun: A single thin length of thread, wire, or similar. Verb: To leave someone or something without a way of moving or leaving.
Example
The storm stranded many tourists on the island.
La tempête a laissé de nombreux touristes bloqués sur l'île.
C1 adjective /ɔːˌθɒr.ɪˈteə.ri.ən/

authoritarian

autoritaire
Meaning
Demanding absolute obedience to authority; excessively controlling or strict in governance.
Example
Authoritarian parenting often limits a child's independence.
L'éducation autoritaire limite souvent l'indépendance d'un enfant.
C1 adjective ɪnˈkʌm.bənt

incumbent

obligatoire
Meaning
necessary for (someone) as a duty or responsibility.
Example
It is incumbent upon all citizens to obey the law.
Il est obligatoire pour tous les citoyens d'obéir à la loi.
C1 adjective /ˈbed.rɪd.ən/

Bedridden

alité
Meaning
confined to bed; unable to leave one's bed due to illness or infirmity
Example
The elderly man has been bedridden for several months.
L'homme âgé est alité depuis plusieurs mois.
C1 noun /ˈswiːt.miːt/

Sweetmeat

confiserie
Meaning
a small piece of confectionery or candy; a sweet delicacy
Example
The children enjoyed the traditional sweetmeats during the festival.
Les enfants ont apprécié les sucreries traditionnelles pendant le festival.
C1 verb /ˈɡræpəl/

grapple

lutter, se battre
Meaning
to struggle or wrestle with something, often a problem or opponent
Example
The company is grappling with financial difficulties.
L'entreprise lutte avec des difficultés financières.
C1 noun /kəˈlaɪdəˌskoʊp/

kaleidoscope

kaléidoscope
Meaning
A toy or instrument with mirrors and colored pieces that create changing patterns when rotated; also used metaphorically for a constantly changing sequence of patterns or elements.
Example
The city lights turned into a kaleidoscope of colors as the festival began.
Les lumières de la ville se sont transformées en un kaléidoscope de couleurs lorsque le festival a commencé.
C1 noun rɪˌdʒɛnəˈreɪʃən

regeneration

régénération
Meaning
Renewal, growth and development of cells, tissues or energy
Example
Proper rest allows muscle regeneration after exercise.
Un repos adéquat permet la régénération musculaire après l'exercice.
C1 verb /weɪd/

wade

marcher dans l'eau
Meaning
to walk through water or another substance that impedes movement
Example
The children waded in the shallow river.
Les enfants marchaient dans le fleuve peu profond.
C1 verb /ˌoʊvərˈruːl/

overrule

rejeter
Meaning
to reject or disallow by exercising one's superior authority; to override a decision
Example
The judge overruled the objection from the defense attorney.
Le juge a rejeté l'objection de l'avocat de la défense.
C1 noun /kɒzˈmɒlədʒi/

cosmology

cosmologie
Meaning
the science of the origin and development of the universe
Example
She studied cosmology to understand the origins of the universe.
Elle a étudié la cosmologie pour comprendre les origines de l'univers.
C1 noun /ˈfɔːr.teɪ/ or /fɔːrt/

forte

talent
Meaning
a strong ability or talent; something one does particularly well
Example
Cooking is definitely her forte.
La cuisine est définitivement son talent.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnədˈvɜːrtənt/

inadvertent

involontaire, non intentionnel
Meaning
Not resulting from or achieved through deliberate planning; unintentional.
Example
Her inadvertent mistake caused a delay in the project.
Son erreur involontaire a causé un retard dans le projet.
C1 noun /ˈnɪkəl/

nickel

nickel
Meaning
a small coin, typically worth five cents in the United States
Example
He found a nickel on the ground.
Il a trouvé un nickel par terre.
C1 noun /ˈvaɪ.pər/

Viper

vipère
Meaning
a venomous snake with large hinged fangs that typically has a thick body and gives birth to live young
Example
The viper coiled up when it sensed danger.
La vipère s'est enroulée lorsqu'elle a ressenti le danger.
C1 noun /ʃruː/

shrew

femme irritable / petit animal ressemblant à une souris
Meaning
a small mouse-like animal; also a woman with a bad temper
Example
The play describes a strong-willed woman as a shrew.
La pièce décrit une femme déterminée comme une femme irritable.
C1 noun /ˈkroʊ.bɑːr/

Crowbar

pied-de-biche
Meaning
a heavy iron bar with a curved end used as a lever for prying things apart
Example
He used a crowbar to remove the old nails.
Il a utilisé un pied-de-biche pour retirer les vieux clous.
C1 adjective /rɪˈɡrɛtfəl/

regretful

regrettable
Meaning
feeling or showing sadness or disappointment about something that has happened or been done
Example
She gave him a regretful smile as she turned away.
Elle lui offrit un sourire regrettable alors qu'elle s'éloignait.
C1 adjective /əˈpriː.ʃə.bəl/

Appreciable

appréciable; significatif; considérable en quantité
Meaning
noticeable; significant; considerable in amount
Example
There was an appreciable improvement in his test scores.
Il y a eu une amélioration appréciable de ses scores aux tests.
C1 noun /wæks ɡɔːrd/

Wax Gourd

courge cireuse
Meaning
a large white or green gourd with waxy skin, commonly used in Asian cooking
Example
The wax gourd soup is very nutritious and helps with digestion.
La soupe de courge cireuse est très nutritive et aide à la digestion.
C1 noun /səˈlɛmnɪti/

solemnity

solennité
Meaning
the state or quality of being serious and dignified
Example
The ceremony was conducted with great solemnity.
La cérémonie a été menée avec grande solennité.
C1 verb /piːv/

peeve

agacer
Meaning
To annoy or irritate someone.
Example
His constant interruptions really peeve me.
Ses interruptions constantes me vexent vraiment.
C1 verb /aʊtˈlɪv/

outlive

survivre
Meaning
to live longer than someone or something else
Example
She outlived all her siblings.
Elle a vécu plus longtemps que tous ses frères et sœurs.
C1 verb /prəˈkræs.tɪ.neɪt/

procrastinate

procrastiner, remettre à plus tard, retarder
Meaning
To delay or postpone action; to put off doing something, especially out of habitual carelessness or laziness.
Example
He tends to procrastinate when facing difficult tasks.
Il a tendance à procrastiner lorsqu'il fait face à des tâches difficiles.
C1 noun /ɒnˈsɒmbəl/

ensemble

ensemble, groupe
Meaning
a group of things or people viewed as a whole, especially performers in music or theater
Example
The theater ensemble gave a spectacular performance.
L'ensemble théâtral a donné une performance spectaculaire.
C1 adjective /ˌmɛtəˈfɔːrɪkəl/

metaphorical

métaphorique
Meaning
Characteristic of or relating to metaphor; figurative rather than literal.
Example
He used metaphorical language to describe his emotions.
Il a utilisé un langage métaphorique pour décrire ses émotions.
C1 noun /ɪnˈdjuːsmənt/

inducement

incitation
Meaning
something that persuades or encourages someone to do something
Example
The company offered a bonus as an inducement to employees.
L'entreprise a offert une prime comme incitation aux employés.
C1 noun /ˌdɒmɪˈneɪʃən/

domination

domination
Meaning
the exercise of control or influence over someone or something
Example
The empire sought domination over its neighbors.
L'empire cherchait à exercer sa domination sur ses voisins.
C1 verb /ˌɪntəˈsɛkt/

intersect

croiser
Meaning
to cross or pass through each other
Example
The two roads intersect at the city center.
Les deux routes se croisent au centre-ville.
C1 verb /koʊks/

coax

persuader
Meaning
to persuade someone gently or gradually to do something
Example
She managed to coax the cat out of the tree with some food.
Elle a réussi à convaincre le chat de descendre de l'arbre avec un peu de nourriture.
C1 noun ˈsɪmbəlɪzəm

symbolism

symbolisme
Meaning
The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities.
Example
The use of symbolism in the novel is masterful.
L'utilisation du symbolisme dans le roman est magistrale.
C1 noun /ˈsæf.rən/

Saffron

safran
Meaning
a deep yellow-orange color; an expensive spice derived from crocus flowers
Example
The saffron fabric looked beautiful in the sunlight.
Le tissu de safran avait l'air magnifique au soleil.
C1 verb /ˈɡɑː.nər/

garner

recueillir
Meaning
To gather or collect, especially information, support, or approval.
Example
The politician garnered support from young voters.
Le politicien a recueilli le soutien des jeunes électeurs.
C1 noun, verb, adjective /ˈæɡ.rɪ.ɡət/ (noun/adjective), /ˈæɡ.rɪ.ɡeɪt/ (verb)

aggregate

agrégat, ensemble
Meaning
A whole formed by combining several elements; to combine into a total.
Example
The data was aggregated to provide a clearer picture of the market.
Les données ont été agrégées pour fournir une image plus claire du marché.
C1 adjective /ˈpɑːr.dən.ə.bəl/

Pardonable

pardonnable
Meaning
able to be forgiven; excusable
Example
His mistake was pardonable given the difficult circumstances.
Son erreur était pardonnable étant donné les circonstances difficiles.
C1 verb /ɪnˈkɑːrsəreɪt/

incarcerate

incarcérer
Meaning
to imprison or confine someone
Example
The authorities incarcerated the criminal after the trial.
Les autorités ont emprisonné le criminel après le procès.
C1 noun /ʃoʊl/

shoal

école de poissons
Meaning
a large group of fish swimming together; a shallow place in water
Example
We saw a shoal of fish near the coast.
Nous avons vu une école de poissons près de la côte.
C1 adverb /ˈhɛdˌlɔŋ/

headlong

à toute allure
Meaning
With the head leading; in a rush or without thinking.
Example
She rushed headlong into the new project.
Elle s'est précipitée à toute allure dans le nouveau projet.
C1 adjective /ˈkræfti/

crafty

rusé, astucieux, sournois
Meaning
skilled at achieving goals through cunning or deceit; sly
Example
The crafty fox evaded the hunters again.
Le renard rusé a de nouveau échappé aux chasseurs.
C1 noun /əˈvɜːrʒən/

aversion

aversion
Meaning
a strong feeling of dislike or unwillingness towards something
Example
She has a strong aversion to smoking.
Elle a une forte aversion pour le tabagisme.
C1 noun /ˈheɪvən/

haven

havre
Meaning
a safe place or shelter
Example
The library became a haven for students during exams.
La bibliothèque est devenue un havre pour les étudiants pendant les examens.
C1 noun /ˈhɜː.mɪt/

Hermit

une personne vivant dans la solitude comme une discipline religieuse; quelqu'un qui se retire de la société
Meaning
a person living in solitude as a religious discipline; someone who withdraws from society
Example
The old hermit lived alone in a small cabin deep in the mountains, away from civilization.
Le vieux ermite vivait seul dans une petite cabane au fond des montagnes, loin de la civilisation.
C1 verb /ˌaʊtˈweɪ/

outweigh

avoir plus de poids
Meaning
To be more important, valuable, or significant than something else.
Example
The benefits of the new policy outweigh the risks.
Les avantages de la nouvelle politique l'emportent sur les risques.
C1 adjective /ˈskrɪptʃərəl/

scriptural

scripturaire
Meaning
Relating to or contained in the scriptures or holy writings.
Example
The priest gave a scriptural reference during the sermon.
Le prêtre a donné une référence scripturaire pendant le sermon.
C1 verb /ˌʌndərˈlaɪ/

underlie

sous-tendre
Meaning
to be the hidden cause or basis of something
Example
Strong cultural traditions underlie the community's practices.
De fortes traditions culturelles sous-tendent les pratiques de la communauté.
C1 noun /ˈnɒnʃələns/

nonchalance

nonchalance
Meaning
A relaxed and calm state, showing lack of concern or interest.
Example
She answered the tough questions with surprising nonchalance.
Elle a répondu aux questions difficiles avec une surprenante nonchalance.
C1 adjective /ˈdɒdʒi/

Dodgy

suspect; douteux; peu fiable; risqué ou dangereux
Meaning
suspicious; questionable; unreliable; risky or dangerous
Example
That deal sounds dodgy to me.
Cet accord me semble suspect.
C1 verb /kwɑːʃ/

quash

annuler
Meaning
To reject or void something legally or to put an end to something forcefully.
Example
The court quashed the decision due to lack of evidence.
Le tribunal a annulé la décision en raison du manque de preuves.
C1 noun /ˈkɪləˌwɒt/

kilowatt

kilowatt
Meaning
a unit of power equal to 1,000 watts
Example
The generator produces ten kilowatts of electricity.
Le générateur produit dix kilowatts d'électricité.
C1 adverb /ˈnæroʊli/

Narrowly

de justesse; à peine
Meaning
by a small margin; barely; in a limited way
Example
She narrowly escaped the accident.
Elle a échappé de justesse à l'accident.
C1 adjective /ˌsʌbˈkɒn.ʃəs/

subconscious

subconscient
Meaning
Of or concerning the part of the mind which one is not fully aware of but which influences actions and feelings.
Example
Fears often come from the subconscious mind.
Les peurs proviennent souvent de l'esprit subconscient.
C1 noun /ɪnˈvɜːrʒən/

inversion

inversion
Meaning
A reversal of the normal order, position, or relationship.
Example
In poetry, inversion is often used to create emphasis.
Dans la poésie, l'inversion est souvent utilisée pour créer de l'emphase.
C1 noun /ˈʃɪvəlri/

chivalry

chevalerie
Meaning
The medieval knightly system with its moral, social, and religious code; courteous behavior, especially toward women.
Example
The knight lived by the code of chivalry.
Le chevalier vivait selon le code de la chevalerie.
C1 adjective /səbˈsɜːviənt/

subservient

soumis / soumise
Meaning
prepared to obey others unquestioningly; less important than something else
Example
She was too subservient to challenge his decision.
Elle etait trop soumise pour contester sa decision.
C1 verb θwɔːt

thwart

contrecarrer
Meaning
Prevent (someone) from accomplishing something; oppose successfully.
Example
His efforts to thwart the proposal were unsuccessful.
Ses efforts pour contrecarrer la proposition ont échoué.
C1 noun /kəmˈprɛʃn̩/

compression

compression
Meaning
The act of pressing or squeezing something into a smaller space.
Example
File compression helps reduce storage requirements.
La compression de fichiers aide à réduire les besoins en stockage.