daze
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C1 verb /deɪz/

daze

étourdir
Meaning
to stun or confuse someone temporarily with a shock or surprise
Example
The bright lights dazed the runners as they entered the stadium.
Les lumières vives ont étourdi les coureurs lorsqu'ils sont entrés dans le stade.
C1 verb /ˈdræm.ə.taɪz/

dramatize

dramatiser
Meaning
to present a story in a dramatic way, or to exaggerate something
Example
The novel was dramatized into a popular TV series.
Le roman a été dramatizé en une série télévisée populaire.
C1 adjective /dɪˈbeɪst/

debased

dégradé
Meaning
having lost quality, value, or moral character
Example
The debased currency lost the trust of the people.
La monnaie dégradée a perdu la confiance des gens.
C1 noun dɪˈskrep.ən.siz

discrepancies

divergence
Meaning
Differences between things that should be the same
Example
Discrepancies in regulations delay progress.
Les divergences dans les règlements retardent les progrès.
C1 verb /daʊs/

douse

éteindre / verser
Meaning
to pour liquid over; to extinguish a fire or light
Example
Firefighters doused the flames with water.
Les pompiers ont éteint les flammes avec de l'eau.
C1 noun /ˌdiː.kɒmpəˈzɪʃən/

decomposition

décomposition
Meaning
the process of decaying or breaking down into simpler parts
Example
The decomposition of leaves enriches the soil.
La décomposition des feuilles enrichit le sol.
C1 noun /ˈdaɪhɑːrd/

diehard

fanatique
Meaning
A person who strongly resists change and remains loyal to a belief or cause.
Example
He is a diehard fan of classic rock music.
Il est un fanatique inconditionnel du rock classique.
C1 noun ˈdɪk.ʃən

diction

prononciation et choix des mots
Meaning
The style of pronunciation and word choice in speaking or writing.
Example
A strong diction enhances communication skills.
Une forte diction améliore les compétences en communication.
C1 noun /djuːˈɛt/

duet

duo
Meaning
a musical performance by two singers or instrumentalists
Example
They sang a beautiful duet together on stage.
Ils ont chanté un magnifique duo ensemble sur scène.
C1 verb /dɪsˈmæntəl/

dismantle

démanteler
Meaning
to take apart; to remove or destroy the parts of
Example
Workers will dismantle the old bridge next month.
Les travailleurs démantèleront le vieux pont le mois prochain.
C1 adjective /ˌdɪfəˈrɛnʃəl/

differential

différentiel
Meaning
Relating to or showing a difference; involving a distinction.
Example
There is a differential treatment between the two groups.
Il existe un traitement différentiel entre les deux groupes.
C1 adjective /dɪˈskrɪmɪˌneɪtɪŋ/

discriminating

discriminant
Meaning
Having refined taste or good judgment; able to recognize subtle differences.
Example
She is known for her discriminating taste in art.
Elle est connue pour son goût discriminant en art.
C1 noun delˈteɪɪk ˈlændskeɪp

deltaic landscape

paysage deltaïque
Meaning
A geographical area formed by sediment deposits at the mouth of a river, creating a triangular land formation.
Example
Bangladesh has a unique deltaic landscape.
Le Bangladesh possède un paysage deltaïque unique.
C1 noun /ˌdɪs.kʌl.əˈreɪ.ʃən/

discoloration

décoloration
Meaning
The process of changing or losing color; fading.
Example
Sun exposure causes discoloration of fabrics.
L'exposition au soleil provoque la décoloration des tissus.
C1 noun /ˈdeɪ.li.ə/

Dahlia

dahlia
Meaning
a garden plant with brightly colored flowers that bloom in summer and autumn
Example
She planted colorful dahlias in her garden last summer.
Elle a planté des dahlias colorés dans son jardin l'été dernier.
C1 verb /dɪˈnəʊt/

denote

dénoter
Meaning
To be a sign of; to indicate or mean something.
Example
A red flag denotes danger.
Un drapeau rouge dénote un danger.
C1 adjective /dɪˈsɪd.ju.əs/

deciduous

décidu
Meaning
Referring to trees that shed their leaves seasonally, typically in autumn.
Example
Oak and maple trees are deciduous, shedding leaves in autumn.
Les chênes et les érables sont des arbres décidues, perdant leurs feuilles en automne.
C1 verb /ˈdɛsɪmeɪt/

decimate

détruire
Meaning
To destroy or kill a large proportion of something.
Example
The wildfire decimated the forest.
L'incendie a ravagé la forêt.
C1 adjective /dɪˈspɒndənt/

despondent

désespéré
Meaning
feeling or showing deep hopelessness or discouragement
Example
She felt despondent after losing her job.
Elle s'est sentie désespérée après avoir perdu son travail.
C1 noun /ˈdɛsɪˌbɛl/

decibel

décibel
Meaning
a unit used to measure the intensity of sound
Example
The noise level in the factory exceeded 90 decibels.
Le niveau de bruit dans l'usine a dépassé 90 décibels.
C1 adjective /dɪsˈrɛpjətəbl̩/

disreputable

discrédité
Meaning
having a bad reputation; not considered respectable or trustworthy
Example
The journalist avoided staying in the disreputable part of town.
Le journaliste a évité de séjourner dans le quartier discrédité de la ville.
C1 noun /doʊ/

doe

biche
Meaning
a female deer, especially an adult one
Example
The doe and her fawn were grazing in the meadow.
La biche et son faon paissaient dans la prairie.
C1 verb /ˌdɪsɪnˈtæŋɡl/

disentangle

démêler
Meaning
To free something or someone from a tangle or complication.
Example
She tried to disentangle her hair from the branches.
Elle a essayé de démêler ses cheveux des branches.
C1 noun /dɪˈluːʒən/

delusion

illusion
Meaning
A false belief or impression maintained despite being contradicted by reality.
Example
He lived under the delusion that he was invincible.
Il vivait sous l'illusion qu'il était invincible.
C1 noun /ˌdɪstɪˈleɪʃən/

distillation

distillation
Meaning
The process of purifying a liquid by heating and cooling; the extraction of the essential meaning.
Example
Distillation is commonly used to produce alcoholic beverages.
La distillation est couramment utilisée pour produire des boissons alcoolisées.
C1 adjective /dɪˈplɔːrəbl/

deplorable

déplorable
Meaning
deserving strong condemnation; shockingly bad in quality
Example
The refugees were living in deplorable conditions.
Les réfugiés vivaient dans des conditions déplorables.
C1 noun /ˌdɪfəˈrɛnʃɪˈeɪʃən/

differentiation

différenciation, distinction
Meaning
The action or process of differentiating or distinguishing between things.
Example
Differentiation from competitors can create a unique market position.
La différenciation des concurrents peut créer une position unique sur le marché.
C1 noun /ˌdɪsbɪˈliːvər/

disbeliever

incrédule
Meaning
a person who does not believe in something, especially a religion or idea
Example
He was called a disbeliever for rejecting the traditional faith.
Il a été appelé incrédule pour avoir rejeté la foi traditionnelle.
C1 noun /ˈdɒɡmə/

dogma

dogme
Meaning
A principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true.
Example
The religious leader strictly adhered to traditional dogma.
Le leader religieux s'est strictement conformé au dogme traditionnel.
C1 verb /daɪˈluːt/

dilute

diluer
Meaning
To make a liquid thinner or weaker by adding water or another solvent.
Example
You should dilute the juice with water before serving it to children.
Vous devez diluer le jus avec de l'eau avant de le servir aux enfants.
C1 noun /dɪsˈɪntrəst/

disinterest

désintérêt
Meaning
lack of interest or concern
Example
His disinterest in the project was obvious.
Son désintérêt pour le projet était évident.
C1 noun/verb /dɪsˈkwaɪət/

disquiet

inquiétude
Meaning
A feeling of worry or unease; to make someone feel anxious or uneasy.
Example
The strange silence filled the room with disquiet.
Le silence étrange a rempli la pièce d'inquiétude.
C1 verb /druːp/

droop

pencher
Meaning
to bend or hang downward; to become weak or tired
Example
The flowers began to droop in the heat.
Les fleurs ont commencé à se pencher sous la chaleur.
C1 adjective /dɪˈpreɪvd/

depraved

dépravé
Meaning
morally corrupt or wicked
Example
The film depicts the life of a depraved criminal.
Le film décrit la vie d'un criminel dépravé.
C1 verb /dɪsˈpærɪdʒ/

disparage

dénigrer
Meaning
to criticize someone or something in a way that shows a lack of respect
Example
It is unfair to disparage people for their opinions.
Il est injuste de dénigrer les gens pour leurs opinions.
C1 noun ˈdɛf.ər.əns

deference

déférence
Meaning
Humble submission and respect.
Example
He showed deference to his elderly mentor.
Il a montré de la déférence envers son mentor âgé.
C1 noun /dɪˈfjuːʒən/

diffusion

diffusion
Meaning
the spreading of something more widely or the movement of particles from high to low concentration
Example
The diffusion of information on social media is rapid.
La diffusion de l'information sur les réseaux sociaux est rapide.
C1 adjective /dɪsˈkɔːrdənt/

discordant

discordant
Meaning
disagreeing or clashing; harsh and jarring in sound
Example
The discordant notes of the band hurt our ears.
Les notes discordantes du groupe ont blessé nos oreilles.
C1 noun /drɑːft/ (UK), /dræft/ (US)

draught

courant d air
Meaning
a current of cool air in a room or another confined space; also a portion of liquid, especially beer, served from a barrel or cask
Example
She closed the window to keep out the cold draught.
Elle a referme la fenetre pour ne pas laisser entrer le courant d air froid.
C1 verb /daɪˈɡrɛs/

digress

s'écarter temporairement du sujet principal
Meaning
To leave the main subject temporarily in speech or writing.
Example
The professor began to digress from the main topic of the lecture.
Le professeur a commencé à digresser du sujet principal de la conférence.
C1 noun /dɜːrθ/

dearth

pénurie
Meaning
A scarcity or lack of something.
Example
There was a dearth of food during the famine.
Il y avait une pénurie de nourriture pendant la famine.
C1 noun /ˌdɛsɪˈmeɪʃən/

decimation

décimation
Meaning
The act of destroying or killing a large proportion of something.
Example
The decimation of the city left thousands homeless.
La décimation de la ville a laissé des milliers de sans-abri.
C1 noun /dɪˈvaɪzər/

divisor

diviseur
Meaning
A number by which another number is divided.
Example
In the equation 12 ÷ 3, the number 3 is the divisor.
Dans l'équation 12 ÷ 3, le nombre 3 est le diviseur.
C1 adjective draʊt rɪˈzɪs.tənt

drought-resistant

résistant à la sécheresse
Meaning
Able to survive and grow despite limited water availability or drought conditions.
Example
Drought-resistant crops can survive in arid conditions.
Les cultures résistantes à la sécheresse peuvent survivre dans des conditions arides.
C1 verb /dɪˈfɔːrm/

deform

déformer
Meaning
to change the shape or form of something, especially in a way that makes it ugly or damaged; to distort
Example
The intense heat began to deform the plastic container.
La chaleur intense a commencé à déformer le récipient en plastique.
C1 verb/adjective /dɪˈdʒɛnəreɪt/

degenerate

dégénérer
Meaning
To decline or deteriorate in quality, character, or condition; or someone with low moral standards.
Example
The once thriving empire began to degenerate into chaos.
L'empire autrefois prospère a commencé à dégénérer en chaos.
C1 verb /dɪˈspɛl/

dispel

dissiper
Meaning
to make a doubt, feeling, or belief disappear
Example
The teacher's explanation dispelled the students' confusion.
L'explication de l'enseignant a dissipé la confusion des élèves.
C1 adjective /daɪər/

Dire

grave; urgent; terrible
Meaning
extremely serious; urgent; terrible
Example
The country is facing a dire economic crisis.
Le pays fait face à une grave crise économique.
C1 verb /dɪˈmoʊt/

demote

rétrograder
Meaning
to reduce to a lower rank or position
Example
The manager decided to demote the employee for poor performance.
Le gestionnaire a décidé de rétrograder l'employé pour mauvaise performance.
C1 noun /ˌdev.əˈtiː/

Devotee

dévote; adepte
Meaning
a person who is very interested in and enthusiastic about someone or something
Example
As a devotee of classical music, she attended every concert in the city.
En tant que dévote de la musique classique, elle assistait à chaque concert de la ville.
C1 verb /dɪˈsweɪd/

dissuade

dissuader
Meaning
To persuade someone not to do something.
Example
She tried to dissuade him from quitting his job.
Elle a essayé de le dissuader de quitter son travail.
C1 noun ˌdep.əˈzɪʃ.ən

deposition

dépôt, action de déposer quelque chose
Meaning
The action of depositing something; the laying down of matter by a natural process.
Example
River deposition leads to the formation of new landmasses.
La déposition des rivières mène à la formation de nouvelles terres.
C1 noun /dɪˈsaɪ.pəl/

Disciple

disciple; partisan
Meaning
a follower and student of a teacher, leader, or philosopher; devoted follower
Example
The famous philosopher had many disciples who spread his teachings worldwide.
Le célèbre philosophe avait de nombreux disciples qui ont répandu ses enseignements dans le monde entier.
C1 verb /dɪsˈfɪɡjər/

disfigure

défigurer
Meaning
to spoil or damage the appearance of something
Example
The fire disfigured the old building.
Le feu a défiguré le vieux bâtiment.
C1 noun /diːˈkrɪp.ʃən/

decryption

décryptage
Meaning
The process of converting encrypted data back into its original form so it can be understood.
Example
Hackers attempted decryption of classified data.
Les hackers ont tenté de décrypter des données classifiées.
C1 noun, adjective /dɪˈrɪvətɪv/

derivative

dérivé
Meaning
Something that is based on another source; in math, a measure of how a function changes.
Example
The film was criticized for being too derivative of earlier works.
Le film a été critiqué pour être trop dérivé des œuvres précédentes.
C1 adjective /ˈdɪs.ə.plɪ.ner.i/

Disciplinary

disciplinaire
Meaning
relating to discipline; intended to correct behavior
Example
The company took disciplinary action against the employee.
L'entreprise a pris des mesures disciplinaires contre l'employé.
C1 verb /dɪsˈpruːv/

disprove

démontre que quelque chose est faux
Meaning
to show that something is false or wrong
Example
The scientist worked hard to disprove the old theory.
Le scientifique a travaillé dur pour prouver que la vieille théorie était fausse.
C1 noun /ˈdrʌdʒəri/

drudgery

travail pénible et monotone
Meaning
Hard, menial, or dull work.
Example
She wanted to escape the drudgery of her daily routine.
Elle voulait échapper à la routine monotone de sa journée.
C1 adjective ˌdet.rɪˈmen.təl

detrimental

détériorant
Meaning
Tending to cause harm; damaging or harmful.
Example
Pollution has detrimental effects on fertility.
La pollution a des effets nuisibles sur la fertilité.
C1 noun /dɪˈlɪriəm/

delirium

délire
Meaning
An acutely disturbed state of mind characterized by restlessness, illusions, and incoherence.
Example
The patient experienced delirium after the surgery due to the strong medication.
Le patient a éprouvé un délire après la chirurgie en raison des médicaments forts.
C1 verb /dɪˈsɛkt/

dissect

disséquer
Meaning
to cut apart an animal, plant, or other organism to study its internal parts; to analyze something in detail
Example
In biology class, students had to dissect a frog to learn about its anatomy.
En cours de biologie, les étudiants ont dû disséquer une grenouille pour apprendre son anatomie.
C1 adjective /dɪˈraɪsɪv/

derisive

méprisant
Meaning
Expressing contempt or ridicule.
Example
She gave a derisive laugh at his attempt to sing.
Elle a donné un rire méprisant face à sa tentative de chanter.
C1 noun /ˈdɛdlɒk/

deadlock

impasse
Meaning
a situation in which progress is impossible because of disagreement
Example
Negotiations reached a deadlock after neither side agreed to compromise.
Les négociations ont atteint un impasse après que les deux parties aient refusé de faire des compromis.
C1 adjective /daɪˈvɜːrsɪfaɪd/

diversified

diversifié
Meaning
Made or having variety in form, nature, or content.
Example
The company adopted a diversified business strategy to reduce risks.
L'entreprise a adopté une stratégie commerciale diversifiée pour réduire les risques.
C1 verb /ˈdɪsləkeɪt/

dislocate

déboîter
Meaning
To disturb the normal position of something, especially a joint in the body.
Example
He dislocated his shoulder while playing football.
Il a disloqué son épaule en jouant au football.
C1 verb /dɪsˈoʊn/

disown

renier
Meaning
to refuse to acknowledge or accept responsibility for someone or something
Example
He decided to disown his reckless brother.
Il a décidé de renier son frère imprudent.
C1 noun ˌdɪs.æmˌbɪɡ.juˈeɪ.ʃən

disambiguation

désambiguïsation
Meaning
The removal of ambiguity by making something clear and unambiguous.
Example
The AI system applies disambiguation to refine text understanding.
Le système IA applique la disambiguation pour affiner la compréhension du texte.
C1 verb /dɪsˈkʌlər/

discolor

décolorer
Meaning
to change color, especially in a way that spoils the original appearance
Example
The fabric began to discolor after being left in the sun.
Le tissu a commencé à se décolorer après avoir été laissé au soleil.
C1 adjective dɪˈskrɪmɪnətɔːri

discriminatory

discriminatoire
Meaning
Making or showing an unfair or prejudicial distinction between different categories of people or things.
Example
Discriminatory policies triggered protests.
Les politiques discriminatoires ont déclenché des protestations.
C1 verb /dɪˈfeɪs/

deface

défigurer
Meaning
to spoil the surface or appearance of something, especially by writing or drawing on it
Example
The vandals defaced the wall with graffiti.
Les vandales ont défiguré le mur avec des graffitis.
C1 noun dɪˈtɜː.mɪ.nənt

determinant

facteur déterminant
Meaning
A factor that decisively affects the nature or outcome of something.
Example
Education is a key determinant of success.
L'éducation est un facteur déterminant du succès.
C1 noun /dɪˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən/

denunciation

dénonciation / accusation publique
Meaning
the public condemnation or accusation of someone or something
Example
The journalist's article was a strong denunciation of corruption.
L'article du journaliste était une forte dénonciation de la corruption.
C1 noun ˌdɪm.ɪˈnjuː.ʃən

diminution

réduction
Meaning
A reduction in the size, extent, or importance of something; decrease.
Example
There has been a diminution in air pollution.
Il y a eu une diminution de la pollution de l'air.
C1 phrase ˌdɪp.ləˈmæt.ɪk rɛz.əˈluː.ʃən

diplomatic resolution

résolution diplomatique
Meaning
A peaceful solution to conflicts through negotiation and diplomatic channels.
Example
A diplomatic resolution is necessary for peace.
Une résolution diplomatique est nécessaire pour la paix.
C1 noun /ˈdæɡ.ər/

Dagger

dague
Meaning
a short knife with a pointed blade used as a weapon
Example
The ancient warrior carried a silver dagger.
Le guerrier ancien portait une dague en argent.
C1 adjective /dɪˈvaʊt/

devout

dévoué
Meaning
Deeply religious or sincere.
Example
He is a devout believer who prays every day.
Il est un croyant dévoué qui prie chaque jour.
C1 noun /daɪˈvɜː.ʃən/

Diversion

détournement
Meaning
the action of turning something aside from its course; an activity that diverts the mind
Example
The road closure forced a diversion through the countryside for all travelers.
La fermeture de la route a forcé un détour à travers la campagne pour tous les voyageurs.
C1 noun /ˈdɪsɪdənt/

dissident

dissident
Meaning
A person who opposes official policy, especially that of an authoritarian state.
Example
The dissident was arrested for speaking against the government.
Le dissident a été arrêté pour avoir parlé contre le gouvernement.
C1 verb /dɪˈtɛst/

detest

détester
Meaning
To dislike intensely or hate.
Example
I detest waking up early on weekends.
Je déteste me lever tôt le week-end.
C1 noun /dɪˈmaɪz/

demise

décès / fin
Meaning
Death or end of something, especially the end of an institution or system.
Example
The sudden demise of the company shocked investors.
La chute soudaine de l'entreprise a choqué les investisseurs.
C1 adjective /ˈdɒɡɪd/

dogged

obstiné
Meaning
showing stubborn determination and persistence
Example
She succeeded through dogged determination.
Elle a réussi grâce à sa détermination obstinée.
C1 noun /ˌdɛtəˈneɪʃən/

detonation

détonation
Meaning
The act of exploding or causing something to explode.
Example
The sudden detonation shook the entire building.
La détonation soudaine a secoué tout le bâtiment.
C1 verb /doʊt/

dote

gâter
Meaning
to show excessive love or fondness for someone or something
Example
She tends to dote on her grandchildren.
Elle a tendance à gâter ses petits-enfants.
C1 verb /dɪˈfjuːz/

diffuse

diffuser
Meaning
to spread over a wide area or among a large number of people
Example
The smell of fresh bread diffused through the entire house.
L'odeur du pain frais s'est diffusée dans toute la maison.
C1 verb /ˌdɪsɪmˈbɑːrk/

disembark

débarquer
Meaning
To leave a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle.
Example
The passengers disembarked from the plane after landing.
Les passagers sont descendus de l'avion après l'atterrissage.
C1 adjective /dɪsˈpæʃənət/

dispassionate

impartial
Meaning
not influenced by strong emotion; impartial
Example
The judge remained dispassionate throughout the trial.
Le juge est resté impartial pendant tout le procès.
C1 noun /ˌdɜːrməˈtɑːlədʒi/

dermatology

dermatologie
Meaning
The branch of medicine concerned with the skin and its diseases.
Example
He studied dermatology at medical school.
Il a étudié la dermatologie à l'école de médecine.
C1 noun/verb /dɛnt/

dent

bosse
Meaning
a small hollow mark on the surface of something; to make a small hollow mark
Example
The accident left a dent in the car door.
L'accident a laissé une bosse dans la porte de la voiture.
C1 noun /djuːn/

dune

dune
Meaning
A hill or ridge of sand formed by the wind, usually found in deserts or near beaches.
Example
The children played on the sand dune by the beach.
Les enfants jouaient sur la dune de sable près de la plage.
C1 verb /ˈdɛnɪˌɡreɪt/

denigrate

dénigrer
Meaning
to criticize unfairly; to belittle or disparage someone or something
Example
He was quick to denigrate the achievements of his colleagues.
Il était rapide à dénigrer les réalisations de ses collègues.
C1 adjective /dɪˈskriːt/

discrete

discret
Meaning
individually separate and distinct
Example
The course is divided into three discrete modules.
Le cours est divisé en trois modules discrets.
C1 noun /ˈded.lɑk/

Dead-lock

impasse; blocage
Meaning
a situation in which no progress is possible; complete standstill
Example
The negotiations reached a deadlock when neither side would compromise.
Les négociations ont atteint une impasse lorsque les deux parties ne voulaient pas faire de compromis.
C1 noun /dɪˈvɪnɪti/

divinity

divinité
Meaning
The quality or state of being divine; a deity.
Example
The priest spoke about the divinity of the soul.
Le prêtre a parlé de la divinité de l'âme.
C1 verb dɪˈlɪnieɪt

delineate

décrire de manière précise
Meaning
To describe or portray something precisely
Example
The artist delineated the scene in intricate detail.
L'artiste a délimité la scène avec des détails complexes.
C1 verb /dɪˈpliːt/

deplete

épuiser
Meaning
to reduce the quantity or supply of something
Example
The long war has depleted the country's resources.
La longue guerre a épuisé les ressources du pays.
C1 noun /djʊˈrɛs/

duress

contrainte
Meaning
threats, violence, or pressure used to force someone to do something
Example
She signed the contract under duress.
Elle a signé le contrat sous la contrainte.
C1 verb /ˌdiːˈbʌŋk/

debunk

démystifier, exposer la fausseté de
Meaning
Expose the falseness or hollowness of (a myth, idea, or belief).
Example
Scientists debunked the myth that vaccines cause autism.
Les scientifiques ont démystifié le mythe selon lequel les vaccins causent l'autisme.
C1 noun /ˈdeɪtəm/ or /ˈdætəm/

datum

donnée
Meaning
a single piece of information; a fact used as a basis for reasoning or calculation
Example
Each datum in the survey was carefully analyzed.
Chaque donnée dans l'enquête a été soigneusement analysée.
C1 verb /dɪsˈɑːrm/

disarm

désarmer
Meaning
to take weapons away from someone; to make someone feel less hostile
Example
The soldiers were ordered to disarm the rebels.
Les soldats ont été ordonnés de désarmer les rebelles.
C1 noun /ˈdɛspɒt/

despot

despote
Meaning
a ruler with absolute power, often ruling in a cruel or oppressive way
Example
The despot ruled the nation with fear and violence.
Le despote a dirigé la nation avec la peur et la violence.
C1 adjective /ˈdraʊ.zi/

Drowsy

somnolent; fatigué; léthargique
Meaning
feeling sleepy and lethargic; half asleep; tired
Example
I felt drowsy after the heavy meal.
Je me suis senti somnolent après le repas copieux.
C1 verb /dɪˈpriːʃieɪt/

depreciate

déprécier
Meaning
to reduce in value over time
Example
Cars tend to depreciate quickly in their first few years.
Les voitures ont tendance à se déprécier rapidement dans leurs premières années.
C1 verb /ˌdɪsəˈsɛmbəl/

disassemble

démonter
Meaning
To take apart something into its separate pieces.
Example
He had to disassemble the computer to repair it.
Il a dû démonter l'ordinateur pour le réparer.
C1 noun /daɪˈvɜː.dʒəns/

divergence

divergence
Meaning
The process or state of diverging; a difference or deviation between two or more things.
Example
The divergence in their opinions led to a heated debate.
La divergence dans leurs opinions a conduit à un débat animé.
C1 verb /dɪˈbɑːr/

debar

interdire
Meaning
To officially prevent someone from doing something.
Example
He was debarred from entering the competition due to cheating.
Il a été interdit d'entrer dans la compétition en raison de la triche.
C1 verb /dɪsˈpleɪs/

displace

déplacer
Meaning
to force someone or something out of their usual or original position; to replace or substitute
Example
The new technology will displace many traditional manufacturing jobs.
La nouvelle technologie déplacera de nombreux emplois traditionnels dans la fabrication.
C1 noun /ˈdaʊri/

dowry

dot
Meaning
Property or money brought by a bride to her husband at marriage.
Example
The dowry tradition is still followed in some cultures.
La tradition du dot est encore suivie dans certaines cultures.
C1 noun ˌdiː.sen.trə.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

decentralization

décentralisation
Meaning
The transfer of authority from central to local government.
Example
Decentralization promotes regional autonomy.
La décentralisation favorise l'autonomie régionale.
C1 verb ˈdiː.vi.eɪt

deviate

s'écarter
Meaning
To depart from an established course or normal pattern.
Example
He tends to deviate from the original plan.
Il a tendance à s'écarter du plan initial.
C1 noun /ˈdɒktrɪn/

doctrine

doctrine
Meaning
A set of beliefs or principles held and taught by a religious, political, or other group.
Example
The church follows a strict doctrine on moral values.
L'église suit une doctrine stricte sur les valeurs morales.
C1 noun /ˌdep.rɪˈveɪ.ʃən/

deprivation

privation, pénurie, manque
Meaning
The damaging lack of material benefits considered to be basic necessities in a society.
Example
Sleep deprivation affects cognitive function.
La privation de sommeil affecte la fonction cognitive.
C1 noun /ˌdɪsərˈteɪʃən/

dissertation

thèse
Meaning
A long piece of writing on a particular subject, usually written for a university degree.
Example
She spent two years writing her doctoral dissertation.
Elle a passé deux ans à rédiger sa thèse doctorale.
C1 noun /ˌdɪp.ləˈmæt.ɪk ˈmaɪl.stəʊn/

diplomatic milestone

jalon diplomatique
Meaning
A significant achievement or important event in diplomatic relations.
Example
Hosting the summit was a diplomatic milestone.
L'organisation du sommet était un jalon diplomatique.
C1 verb /dɛlv/

delve

approfondir
Meaning
To investigate deeply; to dig into a subject or area.
Example
The researcher delved into ancient manuscripts to find clues.
Le chercheur a approfondi les manuscrits anciens pour trouver des indices.
C1 verb /dɪsˈkleɪm/

disclaim

démentir
Meaning
to deny responsibility or connection with something
Example
The company disclaimed responsibility for the accident.
L'entreprise a démenti toute responsabilité pour l'accident.
C1 adjective /dɪsˈɪntrəstɪd/

disinterested

désintéressé
Meaning
not influenced by personal interest; impartial or neutral
Example
The judge remained disinterested in the case.
Le juge est resté désintéressé dans l'affaire.
C1 noun /ˈdɛspətɪzəm/

despotism

despotisme
Meaning
absolute power exercised in a cruel and oppressive way
Example
The people revolted against the era of despotism.
Le peuple s'est révolté contre l'ère du despotisme.
C1 verb /dɪˈfaɪl/

defile

profaner
Meaning
to pollute, corrupt, or make dirty
Example
The river was defiled by industrial waste.
La rivière a été profanée par les déchets industriels.
C1 verb /ˌdɪsˈmaʊnt/

dismount

descendre
Meaning
to get off or down from something, especially a horse, bicycle, or motorcycle
Example
The rider dismounted from the horse after a long journey.
Le cavalier est descendu du cheval après un long voyage.
C1 adjective /ˈdɪn.dʒi/

Dingy

sale et sombre; de couleur terne
Meaning
dark and dirty; gloomy; dull in color
Example
The old building had dingy walls that needed painting.
Le vieux bâtiment avait des murs sales qui avaient besoin d'être peints.