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C1 noun /krʌst/

crust

croûte
Meaning
the hard outer surface of something, especially bread or the Earth's outer layer
Example
He cut off the crust of the bread before eating.
Il a coupé la croûte du pain avant de manger.
C1 adjective /ˌkɒnvəˈlɛsnt/

convalescent

en convalescence, en rétablissement après une maladie ou un traitement médical
Meaning
recovering from an illness or medical treatment
Example
The hospital has a special ward for convalescent patients.
L'hôpital dispose d'une salle spéciale pour les patients en convalescence.
C1 adjective /kənˈsɪliətɔːri/

conciliatory

conciliatoire
Meaning
intended to make someone less angry or more agreeable; soothing
Example
She spoke in a conciliatory tone to ease the tension.
Elle a parlé d'un ton conciliant pour apaiser la tension.
C1 verb kəˈrɒb.ə.reɪt

corroborate

corroborer
Meaning
Confirm or give support to a statement, theory, or finding.
Example
The witness corroborated the defendant's testimony.
Le témoin a corroboré le témoignage du prévenu.
C1 noun /ˈsɪn.ɪˌsɪz.əm/

cynicism

cynisme
Meaning
An inclination to believe that people are motivated purely by self-interest; skepticism.
Example
His cynicism made it hard for him to trust anyone.
Son cynisme lui rendait difficile de faire confiance à quiconque.
C1 noun /ˈkɜːrlər/

curler

fer à friser
Meaning
A small roller used for curling hair.
Example
She used a curler to style her hair for the party.
Elle a utilisé un fer à friser pour coiffer ses cheveux pour la fête.
C1 noun /tʃæmp/

champ

champion / gagnant
Meaning
an informal word for champion or winner.
Example
He is the new champ of the boxing tournament.
Il est le nouveau champion du tournoi de boxe.
C1 adjective /ˈtʃɛk.ərd/

checkered

à carreaux
Meaning
Having a pattern of alternating squares of different colors; also describing a past full of ups and downs or varied experiences.
Example
He had a checkered career with many highs and lows.
Il a eu une carrière à carreaux avec de nombreux hauts et bas.
C1 noun ˌkæl.ɪˈbreɪ.ʃən

calibration

calibration
Meaning
The action or process of adjusting or determining the accuracy of measuring instruments.
Example
The accuracy of a scale depends on regular calibration.
La précision d'une balance dépend d'une calibration régulière.
C1 noun /ˈtʃæriət/

Chariot

char de guerre
Meaning
an ancient horse-drawn vehicle used in warfare and racing
Example
The warrior rode his chariot into battle with great courage.
Le guerrier monta son char de guerre avec un grand courage.
C1 adjective ˈkʌm.bə.səm

cumbersome

lourd, encombrant, difficile à manipuler
Meaning
Heavy, unwieldy, difficult to handle or carry.
Example
The cumbersome luggage slowed him down.
Les bagages encombrants l'ont ralenti.
C1 noun /ˈkætərækt/

cataract

cataracte / chute d'eau
Meaning
A medical condition causing clouding of the eye's lens; also a large waterfall.
Example
The old man suffered from cataracts in both eyes.
L'homme âgé souffrait de cataractes aux deux yeux.
C1 noun /ˈkæzəm/

chasm

fissure / grande différence
Meaning
a deep fissure in the earth's surface or a wide difference between people or ideas
Example
There was a great chasm between the two political parties.
Il y avait une grande fissure entre les deux partis politiques.
C1 verb /klæsp/

clasp

attraper / fermoir
Meaning
to grasp or hold tightly; also a device for fastening
Example
She clasped her hands together in prayer.
Elle a entrelacé ses mains ensemble en prière.
C1 adjective /ˈkɒz.mɪk/

cosmic

cosmique, vaste
Meaning
relating to the universe or cosmos; vast
Example
Astronomers study cosmic phenomena to understand the universe.
Les astronomes étudient les phénomènes cosmiques pour comprendre l'univers.
C1 noun ˌkæp.ɪ.təl.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

capitalization

capitalisation
Meaning
The total market value of a company's shares or the provision of capital for a company or activity.
Example
The company's capitalization reached $1 billion in market value.
La capitalisation de l'entreprise a atteint 1 milliard de dollars en valeur marchande.
C1 noun /kənˈtɛndər/

contender

concurren, prétendant
Meaning
a person or team competing for a title or prize
Example
She is a strong contender for the mayoral position.
Elle est une forte prétendante pour le poste de maire.
C1 adjective /klænˈdɛstaɪn/

clandestine

clandestin
Meaning
kept secret or done secretly, especially for illicit purposes
Example
They held a clandestine meeting late at night.
Ils ont tenu une réunion clandestine tard dans la nuit.
C1 noun /ˌklɔːstrəˈfəʊbiə/

claustrophobia

claustrophobie
Meaning
an extreme or irrational fear of being in confined spaces
Example
He avoids elevators because of his claustrophobia.
Il évite les ascenseurs à cause de sa claustrophobie.
C1 adjective /ˈtʃɛkərd/

chequered

à rayures
Meaning
Having a pattern of squares, or marked by varied and contrasting experiences or periods.
Example
He had a chequered career with both great successes and failures.
Il a eu une carrière à rayures avec de grands succès et des échecs.
C1 adjective ˌkɒn.ʃiˈen.ʃəs

conscientious

consciencieux
Meaning
Wishing to do what is right, especially to do one's work or duty well and thoroughly.
Example
A conscientious worker always delivers high-quality results.
Un travailleur consciencieux livre toujours des résultats de haute qualité.
C1 noun /kəˈlæm.ɪ.ti/

Calamity

calamité; désastre
Meaning
an event causing great and often sudden damage or distress; a disaster
Example
The earthquake was a terrible calamity that affected thousands of families.
Le tremblement de terre était une terrible calamité qui a affecté des milliers de familles.
C1 verb /ˌkɒm.pɑːtˈmen.təl.aɪz/

compartmentalize

compartimenter
Meaning
To divide into sections or categories; to separate things into compartments.
Example
To increase efficiency, he compartmentalized his work tasks.
Pour augmenter l'efficacité, il a compartimenté ses tâches de travail.
C1 noun /ˈkɜːr.i liːvz/

Curry Leaves

feuilles de curry
Meaning
aromatic leaves from the curry tree used in South Asian cooking
Example
Fresh curry leaves add authentic flavor to Indian dishes.
Les feuilles de curry fraîches ajoutent une saveur authentique aux plats indiens.
C1 verb /kəmˈprɛs/

compress

compresser
Meaning
to press or squeeze something so that it becomes smaller
Example
The file was compressed to save storage space.
Le fichier a été compressé pour économiser de l'espace de stockage.
C1 adjective/verb /ˈkɒn.sə.mət/

consummate

compléter ou perfectionner quelque chose avec une grande habileté
Meaning
To complete or perfect something with great skill
Example
He is a consummate artist with years of experience.
C'est un artiste consommé avec des années d'expérience.
C1 noun /ˈkɑːrtrɪdʒ/

cartridge

cartouche
Meaning
A container holding a substance or device, such as ink for printers or bullets for firearms.
Example
The printer stopped working because the ink cartridge was empty.
L'imprimante a cessé de fonctionner car la cartouche d'encre était vide.
C1 noun kəˈmɑːnd ɪˈkɒn.ə.mi

command economy

économie commandée
Meaning
An economic system where economic activities are controlled by the government.
Example
In a command economy, the government controls production and prices.
Dans une économie commandée, le gouvernement contrôle la production et les prix.
C1 noun/adjective /kənˈfɛdərət/

confederate

confédéré
Meaning
a person, group, or state joined in an alliance or union; relating to a confederacy
Example
The confederate soldiers fought bravely in the war.
Les soldats confédérés ont combattu courageusement dans la guerre.
C1 verb /kəmˈpjuːt/

compute

calculer
Meaning
To calculate or determine by using a computer or mathematical methods.
Example
The software can compute the total cost in seconds.
Le logiciel peut calculer le coût total en quelques secondes.
C1 noun /ˈʃæsi/

chassis

châssis du véhicule
Meaning
the base frame of a vehicle or other wheeled machine
Example
The mechanic examined the car's chassis for damage.
Le mécanicien a examiné le châssis de la voiture pour détecter des dommages.
C1 adjective /kəˈrəʊsɪv/

corrosive

corrosif, nuisible
Meaning
tending to cause corrosion; harmful or destructive to materials or people
Example
The chemical is highly corrosive and should be handled with care.
Le produit chimique est hautement corrosif et doit être manipulé avec soin.
C1 noun /ˈkɒləmnɪst/

columnist

chroniqueur
Meaning
a journalist who regularly writes articles or opinions for a newspaper or magazine
Example
The columnist wrote an article about climate change.
Le chroniqueur a écrit un article sur le changement climatique.
C1 adjective /kənˈtɪn.ju.əl/

Continual

continu; ininterrompu;
Meaning
happening repeatedly over a long period of time; constant and uninterrupted
Example
The continual noise from the construction site was very annoying.
Le bruit continu du chantier de construction était très ennuyeux.
C1 noun /tʃɪt/

Chit

billet, note
Meaning
a short note, typically a brief informal letter; a voucher for a sum owed
Example
She left a chit on the table asking him to call her back.
Elle a laissé un chit sur la table lui demandant de la rappeler.
C1 noun /ˈkɒnsjʊlət/

consulate

consulat
Meaning
the building or office where a consul works
Example
He went to the consulate to renew his visa.
Il est allé au consulat pour renouveler son visa.
C1 adjective, noun /ˈsɛlɪbət/

celibate

célibataire
Meaning
abstaining from marriage and sexual relations; a person who does so
Example
He chose to remain celibate for religious reasons.
Il a choisi de rester célibataire pour des raisons religieuses.
C1 verb /kənˈkɜːr/

concur

convenir
Meaning
To agree with someone or something.
Example
I concur with your opinion on this matter.
Je suis d'accord avec votre opinion sur cette question.
C1 noun sɪˈmɛntɪd ɡreɪv

cemented grave

tombe cimentée
Meaning
A grave that is constructed with cement for permanence.
Example
The cemented grave of the martyrs was seen near the river.
La tombe cimentée des martyrs a été vue près de la rivière.
C1 noun /ˈkɒlərə/

cholera

choléra
Meaning
An infectious disease of the small intestine causing severe vomiting and diarrhea.
Example
The village suffered an outbreak of cholera after the flood.
Le village a connu une épidémie de choléra après l'inondation.
C1 noun /kənˈtɪn.dʒən.si/

contingency

plan de contingence
Meaning
A provision for an unforeseen event or circumstance, especially in financial planning.
Example
The company has a contingency plan for economic downturns.
L'entreprise dispose d'un plan de contingence pour les récessions économiques.
C1 noun /ˈtʃæplɪn/

chaplain

aumônier
Meaning
A member of the clergy attached to a private chapel, institution, hospital, or military unit.
Example
The army chaplain offered prayers before the battle.
L'aumônier de l'armée a offert des prières avant la bataille.
C1 noun /ˈkruːsɪbəl/

crucible

épreuve sévère, creuset
Meaning
a severe test or trial; a container used for heating substances to very high temperatures
Example
The team emerged stronger from the crucible of competition.
L'équipe est sortie plus forte de l'épreuve de la compétition.
C1 noun /ˈkroʊniˌɪzəm/

cronyism

népotisme
Meaning
The practice of favoring friends or associates, especially in political appointments or business deals.
Example
The company was accused of cronyism in hiring practices.
L'entreprise a été accusée de népotisme dans ses pratiques de recrutement.
C1 adjective /ˌʃoʊ.vəˈnɪs.tɪk/

chauvinistic

chauviniste
Meaning
Displaying or characterized by excessive or prejudiced loyalty or support, especially towards one's own gender or group.
Example
His chauvinistic attitude alienated many of his female colleagues.
Son attitude chauviniste a aliéné beaucoup de ses collègues féminines.
C1 adjective /kəˈlæpsəbl̩/

collapsible

pliable
Meaning
able to be folded down or reduced in size
Example
She bought a collapsible chair for camping.
Elle a acheté une chaise pliable pour le camping.
C1 noun /ˈkaʊn.tə.nəns/

countenance

visage, expression; soutien
Meaning
a person's face or expression; support or approval
Example
Her cheerful countenance brightened the room.
Son visage joyeux a éclairé la pièce.
C1 noun /ˈklaɪəntɛl/

clientele

clientèle
Meaning
The clients or customers of a professional person or business.
Example
The salon's clientele includes many high-profile individuals.
La clientèle du salon comprend de nombreuses personnes de haut niveau.
C1 noun /ˈkʌntrɪmən/

countryman

compatriote
Meaning
a person from one's own country or rural area
Example
He was proud to meet a fellow countryman at the international conference.
Il était fier de rencontrer un compatriote à la conférence internationale.
C1 verb /kliːv/

cleave

fendre, couper
Meaning
to split or divide; to cut through forcefully
Example
He used an axe to cleave the wood.
Il a utilisé une hache pour fendre le bois.
C1 adjective /ˈkoʊpiəs/

copious

copieux
Meaning
abundant in supply or quantity
Example
She took copious notes during the lecture.
Elle a pris des notes copieuses pendant la conférence.
C1 adverb /ˌkɒnfɪˈdenʃəli/

Confidentially

confidentiellement
Meaning
in a confidential manner; secretly; privately
Example
The information was shared confidentially between the two managers.
L'information a été partagée confidentiellement entre les deux gestionnaires.
C1 verb /kənˈvɜːrdʒ/

converge

converger
Meaning
to come together from different directions; to meet at a point
Example
The roads converge at the city center.
Les routes convergent au centre-ville.
C1 noun /ˈsɪtəˌdɛl/

citadel

citadelle
Meaning
A fortress protecting or dominating a city.
Example
The ancient citadel stood guard over the town for centuries.
L'ancienne citadelle a protégé la ville pendant des siècles.
C1 noun /kəmˈpʌl.ʃən/

Compulsion

compulsion; contrainte;
Meaning
the action or state of forcing or being forced to do something; an irresistible urge to behave in a certain way
Example
He felt a strong compulsion to check his phone every few minutes.
Il ressentait une forte compulsion de vérifier son téléphone toutes les quelques minutes.
C1 noun /ˈsɛtərə/

cetera

etc.
Meaning
Latin for 'the rest' or 'others'; commonly used in the phrase 'et cetera' meaning 'and so on'.
Example
We need to buy pens, paper, notebooks, et cetera.
Nous devons acheter des stylos, du papier, des carnets, etc.
C1 adjective /klaɪˈmæktɪk/

climactic

climactique
Meaning
Relating to the most exciting or important moment of something.
Example
The film ended with a climactic battle scene.
Le film s'est terminé par une scène de bataille climactique.
C1 noun /ˈkɒmən kɑːp/

Common Carp

carpe commune
Meaning
A large freshwater fish widely cultivated for food
Example
Common carp is an important fish in aquaculture.
La carpe commune est un poisson important en aquaculture.
C1 adjective /ˈkɔːrdiəl/

Cordial

chaleureux; sincère; cordial
Meaning
warmly friendly; sincere; heartfelt
Example
She gave us a cordial welcome at the front door.
Elle nous a donné un accueil chaleureux à la porte d'entrée.
C1 noun /kənˈveɪəns/

conveyance

transport
Meaning
The action or process of transporting or carrying someone or something from one place to another.
Example
The conveyance of goods was delayed due to bad weather.
Le transport des marchandises a été retardé en raison du mauvais temps.
C1 verb /ˈkɒŋɡrɪɡeɪt/

congregate

se rassembler, s'assembler
Meaning
to gather together in a group; to assemble
Example
People congregate in the town square every evening.
les gens se rassemblent sur la place du village chaque soir.
C1 verb /kɑːrp/

carp

se plaindre
Meaning
to complain or find fault continually, often about trivial matters
Example
She tends to carp about the smallest inconveniences.
Elle a tendance à se plaindre des plus petites contrariétés.
C1 verb /koʊˈhæbɪt/

cohabit

cohabiter
Meaning
To live together, often as partners without being married.
Example
They decided to cohabit before getting married.
Ils ont décidé de cohabiter avant de se marier.
C1 noun /kliːˈʃeɪ/

cliche

cliché
Meaning
An overused expression or idea that has lost its originality or impact.
Example
The speech was filled with old clichés that failed to inspire the audience.
Le discours était rempli de vieux clichés qui n'ont pas réussi à inspirer l'audience.
C1 adjective /kənˈɡrɛʃənl/

congressional

congressional
Meaning
relating to a congress, especially the US Congress
Example
The bill received strong congressional support.
Le projet de loi a reçu un fort soutien du Congrès.
C1 adjective /ˈkrɪm.zən/

Crimson

rouge intense
Meaning
a deep purplish-red color
Example
The crimson sunset painted the sky with beautiful shades.
Le coucher du soleil rouge intense a peint le ciel de belles nuances.
C1 adjective /kənˈtraɪvd/

contrived

artificiel ou forcé; pas naturel ni spontané
Meaning
artificial or forced; not natural or spontaneous
Example
The ending of the movie felt contrived and unrealistic.
La fin du film semblait artificielle et irréaliste.
C1 noun /koʊlt/

Colt

poulain
Meaning
a young male horse, especially one under four years old
Example
The farmer trained the young colt to accept a saddle.
Le fermier a entraîné le jeune poulain à accepter une selle.
C1 verb/noun /ˈkrɒn.ɪ.kəl/

chronicle

enregistrer des événements dans l'ordre où ils se sont produits
Meaning
To record events in the order in which they happened; a written record of historical events.
Example
She decided to chronicle her journey through a blog.
Elle a décidé de chroniquer son voyage à travers un blog.
C1 adjective /kəmˈpensətɔːri/

compensatory

compensatoire
Meaning
serving to make up for a loss, damage, or injury
Example
The court awarded him compensatory damages.
Le tribunal lui a accordé des dommages-intérêts compensatoires.
C1 noun /krɪˈden.ʃəl/

credential

certificat, titre
Meaning
a qualification, achievement, or aspect of a person's background used to indicate suitability for something
Example
She presented her credentials before starting the new job.
Elle a présenté ses certificats avant de commencer son nouveau travail.
C1 noun /ˈʃoʊ.və.nɪst/

chauvinist

personne excessivement partiale
Meaning
A person displaying excessive or prejudiced loyalty to a group, cause, or gender.
Example
He was labeled a chauvinist after his remarks about women in the workplace.
Il a été étiqueté comme choviniste après ses remarques sur les femmes au travail.
C1 verb /ˈkʌn.dʒər/

conjure

conjurer
Meaning
to summon something as if by magic; to imagine vividly
Example
The magician conjured a rabbit out of the hat.
Le magicien a conjuré un lapin du chapeau.
C1 noun/verb /ˈsaɪ.fər/

cipher

chiffre
Meaning
A secret or disguised way of writing; a code; to put a message into secret writing.
Example
Military messages are protected using a cipher.
Les messages militaires sont protégés par un chiffre.
C1 verb /kənˈdʒɛst/

congest

congestionner
Meaning
To block or overcrowd a space, making movement or flow difficult.
Example
Heavy traffic can congest the city streets during rush hour.
Le trafic dense peut congestionner les rues de la ville pendant les heures de pointe.
C1 adjective /kɜːrt/

curt

bref
Meaning
Rudely brief in speech or manner.
Example
His curt reply made everyone uncomfortable.
Sa réponse brève rendit tout le monde mal à l'aise.
C1 adjective /ˈkɜːrsəri/

cursory

superficiel
Meaning
Hasty and therefore not thorough or detailed.
Example
He gave the report only a cursory glance before the meeting.
Il a jeté un coup d'œil superficiel au rapport avant la réunion.
C1 noun ˌkɒm.pjʊˈteɪ.ʃən

computation

calcul
Meaning
The action of mathematical calculation.
Example
Complex computation is required for AI models.
Un calcul complexe est nécessaire pour les modèles d'IA.
C1 noun /ˈtʃʌk.əl/

Chuckle

rire discret
Meaning
a quiet or suppressed laugh; to laugh quietly or with amusement
Example
He gave a soft chuckle when he heard the funny joke.
Il a laissé échapper un léger rire lorsqu'il a entendu la blague drôle.
C1 noun /krʌtʃ/

crutch

béquille, soutien
Meaning
a support used by someone injured to walk; also something relied upon for support or help
Example
He had to use crutches after breaking his leg.
Il a dû utiliser des béquilles après s'être cassé la jambe.
C1 noun /ˈkælkjʊləs/

calculus

calcul
Meaning
A branch of mathematics concerned with rates of change and accumulation; also a hard mineral deposit in the body such as on teeth.
Example
Calculus is essential for advanced studies in physics and engineering.
Le calcul est essentiel pour les études avancées en physique et en ingénierie.
C1 noun /ˈʃæpəroʊn/

chaperon

accompagnateur
Meaning
An older person who accompanies and supervises young people in social situations.
Example
The teacher acted as a chaperon during the school dance.
L'enseignant a agi en tant qu'accompagnateur pendant le bal scolaire.
C1 adjective ˈkrɪp.tɪk

cryptic

cryptique, énigmatique, obscure
Meaning
Having a meaning that is mysterious or obscure; difficult to understand.
Example
The message was cryptic and hard to decipher.
Le message était cryptique et difficile à déchiffrer.
C1 adjective ˈkɒn.və.luː.tɪd

convoluted

compliqué
Meaning
Extremely complex and difficult to follow; twisted or intricate.
Example
His argument was so convoluted that no one understood it.
Son argument était tellement compliqué que personne ne l'a compris.
C1 noun /ˈkɒb.lər/

Cobbler

cordonnier
Meaning
a person who repairs shoes and other leather goods
Example
The cobbler fixed my broken shoes perfectly.
Le cordonnier a réparé mes chaussures cassées parfaitement.
C1 verb /ˌkaʊntərˈbæləns/

counterbalance

contrebalancer
Meaning
to offset or balance the effect of something
Example
Exercise can counterbalance the negative effects of stress.
L'exercice peut contrebalancer les effets négatifs du stress.
C1 noun ˌsɛn.trə.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

centralization

centralisation
Meaning
The concentration of control and decision-making power in a central authority.
Example
Excessive centralization can slow down decision-making.
Une centralisation excessive peut ralentir la prise de décision.
C1 noun kənˈvɜː.dʒəns

convergence

convergence
Meaning
The process of coming together from different directions to meet at a common point; unification or integration.
Example
The convergence of technologies is revolutionizing industries.
La convergence des technologies révolutionne les industries.
C1 noun /krɪpt/

crypt

crypte
Meaning
an underground chamber, especially one beneath a church, used as a burial place
Example
The tourists explored the ancient crypt beneath the cathedral.
Les touristes ont exploré la crypte ancienne sous la cathédrale.
C1 verb /ˈsenʃər/

censure

censurer, critiquer sévèrement
Meaning
to criticize severely; to express strong disapproval
Example
The committee censured the politician for his misconduct.
Le comité a censuré le politicien pour sa mauvaise conduite.
C1 noun/adjective /klɛft/

cleft

fissure
Meaning
a split or crack; a space or opening made by cleavage
Example
The goat disappeared into a cleft in the rocks.
La chèvre a disparu dans une fissure dans les rochers.
C1 noun /ˈkɒt.ən ˈfæb.rɪk/

Cotton Fabric

tissu de coton
Meaning
textile made from cotton fibers, known for being soft, breathable, and comfortable
Example
Cotton fabric is perfect for summer clothing.
Le tissu de coton est parfait pour les vêtements d'été.
C1 adjective kəʊˈhiː.sɪv

cohesive

cohésif
Meaning
Characterized by or causing cohesion; forming a united whole.
Example
The team displayed a cohesive strategy.
L'équipe a montré une stratégie cohésive.
C1 noun /ˈkɒrənər/

coroner

médecin légiste
Meaning
an official who investigates sudden, violent, or suspicious deaths
Example
The coroner determined the cause of death was natural.
Le médecin légiste a déterminé que la cause de la mort était naturelle.
C1 noun /ˌkɒk.əˈtuː/

Cockatoo

cacato
Meaning
a large parrot with a prominent crest that can be raised or lowered
Example
The white cockatoo raised its beautiful crest.
Le cacato blanc a levé sa belle crête.
C1 noun /ˈkælɪbər/

caliber

calibre
Meaning
The quality of someone's ability or character; the internal diameter of a gun barrel.
Example
The university attracts students of high caliber.
L'université attire des étudiants de haut calibre.
C1 noun /ˌkɒrəˈneɪʃən/

coronation

couronnement
Meaning
the act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign or monarch
Example
The coronation of the new king was attended by thousands of people.
Le couronnement du nouveau roi a été assisté par des milliers de personnes.
C1 noun ˌkʌl.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən

culmination

aboutissement. Le point culminant ou le plus élevé de quelque chose, généralement atteint après beaucoup de temps.
Meaning
The highest or climactic point of something, especially as attained after a long time.
Example
The project reached its culmination after years of effort.
Le projet a atteint son aboutissement après des années d'efforts.
C1 noun koʊˈhisɪv ˈjunɪts

cohesive units

unités cohésives
Meaning
Groups or organizations that work together as unified wholes, with members closely bound together.
Example
Early humans formed cohesive units for survival.
Les premiers humains ont formé des unités cohésives pour survivre.
C1 noun /ˈtʃæs.tɪ.ti/

Chastity

chasteté; virginité; modération;
Meaning
the practice of refraining from extramarital or premarital sexual relations; sexual purity
Example
Many religious traditions value chastity as a virtue of moral purity.
De nombreuses traditions religieuses valorisent la chasteté comme une vertu de pureté morale.
C1 noun /ˈkævərn/

cavern

caverne
Meaning
a large cave or chamber in a cave
Example
The explorers entered a dark cavern beneath the mountain.
Les explorateurs sont entrés dans une caverne sombre sous la montagne.
C1 adjective, noun /ˈkeɪnaɪn/

canine

relatif aux chiens / dents canines
Meaning
Relating to dogs; also refers to the pointed teeth in humans and animals
Example
The police trained a canine unit for search operations.
La police a formé une unité canine pour les opérations de recherche.
C1 noun /kəˈpɪl.ər.iz/

capillaries

capillaires
Meaning
Any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules.
Example
Broken capillaries cause dark circles.
Les capillaires cassés causent des cernes.
C1 noun kəˈmjuːnɪti ˈsɜːrvɪs aɪˈdiːəlz

community service ideals

idéaux du service communautaire
Meaning
Principles and standards of serving the community for social good.
Example
Community service ideals must be taught in schools.
Les idéaux du service communautaire doivent être enseignés à l'école.
C1 noun /ˌkɒn.əˈsɜːr/

connoisseur

connaisseur
Meaning
an expert judge in matters of taste, especially in food, art, or wine
Example
She is a true connoisseur of fine art.
Elle est une véritable connaisseuse de l'art.
C1 noun /ˈkoʊhɔːrts/

cohorts

cohortes
Meaning
Groups of people who share a common feature or experience.
Example
Researchers compared the health outcomes of different cohorts.
Les chercheurs ont comparé les résultats de santé de différents groupes.
C1 adjective/noun /ˈkɜːrsɪv/

cursive

écriture cursive
Meaning
Written with characters joined together in a flowing manner.
Example
The teacher asked students to write the essay in cursive handwriting.
Le professeur a demandé aux élèves d'écrire l'essai en écriture cursive.
C1 adjective /ˈkælkjʊleɪtɪŋ/

calculating

calculateur
Meaning
acting in a scheming and ruthlessly determined way
Example
He had a cold and calculating approach to business.
Il avait une approche froide et calculatrice des affaires.
C1 noun kəˈmɛns.mənt

commencement

commencement
Meaning
The beginning of something; a ceremony at which degrees or diplomas are conferred on graduating students.
Example
The commencement ceremony marked the start of a new journey.
La cérémonie de commencement a marqué le début d'un nouveau voyage.
C1 noun /ˈʃoʊ.vəˌnɪz.əm/

chauvinism

Meaning
Excessive or prejudiced support for one's own cause, group, or gender, often with contempt for others.
Example
The company's culture was criticized for promoting male chauvinism.
C1 adjective /kəmˈpleɪsənt/

complacent

complaisant
Meaning
showing self-satisfaction and a lack of concern about potential dangers or problems
Example
The team grew complacent after a few victories and stopped practicing hard.
L'équipe est devenue complaisante après quelques victoires et a arrêté de s'entraîner dur.
C1 verb /koʊks/

coax

persuader
Meaning
to persuade someone gently or gradually to do something
Example
She managed to coax the cat out of the tree with some food.
Elle a réussi à convaincre le chat de descendre de l'arbre avec un peu de nourriture.
C1 noun /ˈkɒnɪfər/

conifer

Conifère
Meaning
a type of tree that bears cones and evergreen needle-like leaves, such as pine or fir
Example
The forest is dominated by conifers like pine and spruce.
La forêt est dominée par des conifères comme le pin et l'épicéa.
C1 adjective /kənˈspɪkjuəs/

conspicuous

conspicueux
Meaning
Easily noticeable; attracting attention due to being unusual or prominent.
Example
Her red dress made her conspicuous at the party.
Sa robe rouge la rendait conspicueuse à la fête.
C1 verb /tʃæsˈtaɪz/

chastise

critiquer sévèrement / punir sévèrement
Meaning
to criticize or punish severely
Example
The teacher chastised the student for being late.
Le professeur a sévèrement réprimandé l'étudiant pour son retard.
C1 noun /kəʊˈhiːʒən/

cohesion

cohésion
Meaning
The action or fact of forming a united whole.
Example
The team showed excellent cohesion throughout the project.
L'équipe a montré une excellente cohésion tout au long du projet.
C1 verb /tʃaɪd/

chide

gronder
Meaning
to scold or rebuke; to express disapproval
Example
The teacher chided the student for being late.
Le professeur gronda l'élève pour son retard.
C1 noun /ˌkɒnfləˈɡreɪʃən/

conflagaration

faute d'orthographe (de 'conflagration')
Meaning
This is a common misspelling of 'conflagration', which means a large, destructive fire.
Example
The term 'conflagaration' is often incorrectly used instead of 'conflagration'.
Le terme 'conflagaration' est souvent utilisé à tort à la place de 'conflagration'.
C1 noun /kəˈluːʒən/

collusion

collusion
Meaning
A secret agreement or cooperation, especially for an illegal or dishonest purpose.
Example
There was evidence of collusion between the officials and the contractors.
Il y avait des preuves de collusion entre les fonctionnaires et les entrepreneurs.
C1 noun /ˈsɪvɪks/

civics

instruction civique
Meaning
the study of the rights and duties of citizens and how government works
Example
Civics helps students understand their responsibilities as citizens.
L’instruction civique aide les élèves à comprendre leurs devoirs de citoyens.
C1 verb ˌsɝː.kəmˈvent

circumvent

éviter habilement ou contourner des obstacles ou des règles
Meaning
To cleverly avoid or find a way around obstacles or rules.
Example
He tried to circumvent the security system.
Il a essayé de contourner le système de sécurité.