celibate
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C1 adjective, noun /ˈsɛlɪbət/

celibate

célibataire
Meaning
abstaining from marriage and sexual relations; a person who does so
Example
He chose to remain celibate for religious reasons.
Il a choisi de rester célibataire pour des raisons religieuses.
C1 noun kənˈɡlɒm.ər.ət

conglomerate

conglomérat
Meaning
A large corporation formed by the merging of separate and diverse firms.
Example
The company grew into a multinational conglomerate.
L'entreprise est devenue un conglomérat multinational.
C1 noun /ˈkæn.dɚ/

candor

franchise
Meaning
The quality of being open, honest, and straightforward in speech or expression.
Example
She spoke with candor about the challenges she faced.
Elle a parlé avec franchise des défis auxquels elle a fait face.
C1 noun kəˈlæt.ər.əl

collateral

garantie, bien offert comme sécurité pour un prêt
Meaning
Something pledged as security for repayment of a loan, to be forfeited in the event of a default.
Example
The bank requires collateral for loan approval.
La banque exige une garantie pour l'approbation du prêt.
C1 adjective /ˌkɒnvəˈlɛsnt/

convalescent

en convalescence, en rétablissement après une maladie ou un traitement médical
Meaning
recovering from an illness or medical treatment
Example
The hospital has a special ward for convalescent patients.
L'hôpital dispose d'une salle spéciale pour les patients en convalescence.
C1 noun /kənˈtɪnjuəm/

continuum

continuum
Meaning
A continuous sequence in which adjacent elements are not perceptibly different from each other, but the extremes are quite distinct.
Example
Life and death are often seen as part of the same continuum.
La vie et la mort sont souvent considérées comme faisant partie du même continuum.
C1 adjective /ˈkjuːmjələtɪv/

cumulative

cumulatif
Meaning
Increasing gradually by addition; growing in quantity, force, or effect.
Example
The cumulative effect of stress can harm your health.
L'effet cumulatif du stress peut nuire à votre santé.
C1 verb /ˈkriːmeɪt/

cremate

incinérer
Meaning
to burn a dead body to ashes as a funeral rite
Example
According to his wishes, they cremated his body after the funeral.
Selon ses volontés, ils ont incinéré son corps après les funérailles.
C1 noun /kənˈspɪrə.tər/

conspirator

conspirateur
Meaning
a person who secretly plans with others to do something unlawful or harmful
Example
The conspirator was arrested before the plan could be carried out.
Le conspirateur a été arrêté avant que le plan ne puisse être mis à exécution.
C1 noun /krʊk/

crook

escroc
Meaning
a dishonest person, especially a criminal
Example
The police finally caught the crook who had been stealing cars.
La police a finalement attrapé l'escroc qui volait des voitures.
C1 noun /ˈkeɪ.sɪŋ/

Casing

revêtement; coque
Meaning
a cover or shell that protects or encloses something
Example
The mechanic removed the engine casing to examine the internal parts.
Le mécanicien a retiré la coque du moteur pour examiner les pièces internes.
C1 noun /kəˈluːʒən/

collusion

collusion
Meaning
A secret agreement or cooperation, especially for an illegal or dishonest purpose.
Example
There was evidence of collusion between the officials and the contractors.
Il y avait des preuves de collusion entre les fonctionnaires et les entrepreneurs.
C1 noun /kəˈθɑːrsɪs/

catharsis

catharsis
Meaning
The process of releasing strong emotions, providing relief.
Example
Writing in her diary was a form of catharsis for her.
Écrire dans son journal était une forme de catharsis pour elle.
C1 noun ˌkɒn.əˈteɪ.ʃən

connotation

signification implicite ou suggérée
Meaning
The implied or suggested meaning of a word beyond its literal definition
Example
The word 'home' has a warm connotation of comfort and family.
Le mot 'maison' a une connotation chaleureuse de confort et de famille
C1 noun /ˈkæləs/

callus

zone épaissie de la peau
Meaning
A thickened and hardened part of the skin or soft tissue, especially in an area subjected to friction.
Example
A callus formed on his palm from using tools every day.
Un callus s'est formé sur sa paume à force d'utiliser des outils tous les jours.
C1 adjective /koʊˈɪnsɪdənt/

coincident

coïncident
Meaning
Occurring at the same time; occupying the same position in space or time.
Example
The festival was coincident with the national holiday.
Le festival était coïncident avec le jour férié national.
C1 noun /ˈkɒndɪmənt/

condiment

condiment
Meaning
a substance such as salt, mustard, or ketchup that is used to add flavor to food
Example
Ketchup is a popular condiment in many countries.
Le ketchup est un condiment populaire dans de nombreux pays.
C1 noun /ˈkæviˌæt/

caveat

avertissement
Meaning
a warning or condition to be considered before taking action
Example
The proposal was accepted with one caveat.
La proposition a été acceptée avec un avertissement.
C1 verb /kəˈleɪt/

collate

collater
Meaning
to collect, arrange, and combine in order
Example
The secretary collated the reports before the meeting.
La secrétaire a collationné les rapports avant la réunion.
C1 noun /ˈsɪtəˌdɛl/

citadel

citadelle
Meaning
A fortress protecting or dominating a city.
Example
The ancient citadel stood guard over the town for centuries.
L'ancienne citadelle a protégé la ville pendant des siècles.
C1 adjective ˌkɒn.ʃiˈen.ʃəs

conscientious

consciencieux
Meaning
Wishing to do what is right, especially to do one's work or duty well and thoroughly.
Example
A conscientious worker always delivers high-quality results.
Un travailleur consciencieux livre toujours des résultats de haute qualité.
C1 verb ˌsɝː.kəmˈvent

circumvent

éviter habilement ou contourner des obstacles ou des règles
Meaning
To cleverly avoid or find a way around obstacles or rules.
Example
He tried to circumvent the security system.
Il a essayé de contourner le système de sécurité.
C1 noun /ˈkæn.ɪ.bəl/

Cannibal

cannibale
Meaning
a person who eats the flesh of other human beings
Example
The explorer's journal described rumors of cannibals living on the remote island.
Le journal de l'explorateur décrivait des rumeurs de cannibales vivant sur une île éloignée.
C1 noun /sɛˈseɪʃən/

cessation

cessation
Meaning
The fact or process of ending or being brought to an end.
Example
There was a temporary cessation of hostilities.
Il y a eu une cessation temporaire des hostilités.
C1 noun /ˈkjuːmɪn/

Cumin

cumin
Meaning
A spice made from the dried seeds of a plant in the parsley family, with a warm earthy flavor
Example
Cumin is an essential spice in Indian and Middle Eastern cooking.
Le cumin est une épice essentielle dans la cuisine indienne et du Moyen-Orient.
C1 noun /ˌkʌl də ˈsæk/

cul de sac

impasse
Meaning
A street or passage closed at one end; a dead end.
Example
They bought a house at the end of a quiet cul de sac.
Ils ont acheté une maison au bout d'une impasse tranquille.
C1 noun /ˈkɒnsjʊlət/

consulate

consulat
Meaning
the building or office where a consul works
Example
He went to the consulate to renew his visa.
Il est allé au consulat pour renouveler son visa.
C1 noun /ˈkʌn.stə.bəl/

constable

agent de police
Meaning
a police officer of the lowest rank
Example
The constable directed traffic at the busy intersection.
L'agent de police a dirigé la circulation à l'intersection animée.
C1 adjective /ˌkɒzməˈpɒlɪtən/

cosmopolitan

cosmopolite
Meaning
familiar with and at ease in many different countries and cultures
Example
He has a cosmopolitan outlook due to his extensive travels.
Il a une perspective cosmopolite grâce à ses nombreux voyages.
C1 adverb kəmˈpæktli

compactly

compactement
Meaning
In a closely packed or dense manner.
Example
Protons and neutrons are compactly arranged.
Les protons et les neutrons sont disposés de manière compacte.
C1 noun /ˈkærət/

carat

unité de poids pour les pierres précieuses
Meaning
a unit of weight for precious stones, equal to 200 milligrams
Example
She received a two-carat diamond ring for her engagement.
Elle a reçu une bague en diamant de deux carats pour ses fiançailles.
C1 noun kəmˈpleɪ.sən.si

complacency

complaisance
Meaning
Excessive self-satisfaction with one's achievements that can hinder progress.
Example
His complacency led to a decline in his performance.
Sa complaisance a conduit à une baisse de ses performances.
C1 adjective /ˈkɜːrsəri/

cursory

superficiel
Meaning
Hasty and therefore not thorough or detailed.
Example
He gave the report only a cursory glance before the meeting.
Il a jeté un coup d'œil superficiel au rapport avant la réunion.
C1 adjective ˈkʌm.bə.səm

cumbersome

lourd, encombrant, difficile à manipuler
Meaning
Heavy, unwieldy, difficult to handle or carry.
Example
The cumbersome luggage slowed him down.
Les bagages encombrants l'ont ralenti.
C1 noun /ˈkleɪmənt/

claimant

demandeur
Meaning
a person who makes a claim, especially in a legal or financial context
Example
The claimant filed for compensation after the accident.
Le demandeur a déposé une demande de compensation après l'accident.
C1 noun /kɑːrˈtɒɡrəfi/

cartography

cartographie
Meaning
The science or practice of drawing maps.
Example
She studied cartography at university to learn how to design maps.
Elle a étudié la cartographie à l'université pour apprendre à concevoir des cartes.
C1 adjective /ˈkɔː.zəl/

causal

causal
Meaning
relating to or acting as a cause
Example
There is a causal link between smoking and cancer.
Il existe un lien causal entre le tabagisme et le cancer.
C1 noun /kliːˈʃeɪ/

cliche

cliché
Meaning
An overused expression or idea that has lost its originality or impact.
Example
The speech was filled with old clichés that failed to inspire the audience.
Le discours était rempli de vieux clichés qui n'ont pas réussi à inspirer l'audience.
C1 verb /ˌkɒm.pɑːtˈmen.təl.aɪz/

compartmentalize

compartimenter
Meaning
To divide into sections or categories; to separate things into compartments.
Example
To increase efficiency, he compartmentalized his work tasks.
Pour augmenter l'efficacité, il a compartimenté ses tâches de travail.
C1 verb /kənˈkɒkt/

concoct

créer ou inventer
Meaning
to make something, especially food or a story, by mixing or inventing
Example
He concocted a story to explain his absence.
Il a inventé une histoire pour expliquer son absence.
C1 noun /kæsˈkeɪd/

Cascade

cascade; une succession d'étapes ou d'opérations
Meaning
a waterfall; a succession of stages or operations
Example
The mountain cascade created a beautiful natural swimming pool below.
La cascade de la montagne a créé une belle piscine naturelle en dessous.
C1 verb /kənˈdʒɛst/

congest

congestionner
Meaning
To block or overcrowd a space, making movement or flow difficult.
Example
Heavy traffic can congest the city streets during rush hour.
Le trafic dense peut congestionner les rues de la ville pendant les heures de pointe.
C1 noun kəˈmjuːnɪti ˈsɜːrvɪs aɪˈdiːəlz

community service ideals

idéaux du service communautaire
Meaning
Principles and standards of serving the community for social good.
Example
Community service ideals must be taught in schools.
Les idéaux du service communautaire doivent être enseignés à l'école.
C1 noun kənˌsɒl.ɪˈdeɪ.ʃən

Consolidation

consolidation de la mémoire
Meaning
The process of converting newly learned information into long-term memory
Example
Sleep plays a key role in memory consolidation.
Le sommeil joue un rôle clé dans la consolidation de la mémoire.
C1 noun /ˈkaʊntərˌpɔɪnt/

counterpoint

contrepoint
Meaning
an argument, idea, or theme contrasting with another; also a musical term for independent melody
Example
Her calm attitude was a counterpoint to his anger.
Son attitude calme était un contrepoint à sa colère.
C1 verb /kənˈstruː/

construe

interpréter
Meaning
to interpret or understand the meaning of something in a particular way
Example
His words could be construed as a threat.
Ses mots pouvaient être interprétés comme une menace.
C1 noun koʊˈhisɪv ˈjunɪts

cohesive units

unités cohésives
Meaning
Groups or organizations that work together as unified wholes, with members closely bound together.
Example
Early humans formed cohesive units for survival.
Les premiers humains ont formé des unités cohésives pour survivre.
C1 noun /ˈkɒrənər/

coroner

médecin légiste
Meaning
an official who investigates sudden, violent, or suspicious deaths
Example
The coroner determined the cause of death was natural.
Le médecin légiste a déterminé que la cause de la mort était naturelle.
C1 adjective kəˈlɒs.əl

Colossal

colossal
Meaning
Extremely large, gigantic, enormous in size or extent.
Example
The colossal pyramids of Egypt are a marvel of architecture.
Les pyramides colossales d'Égypte sont un miracle de l'architecture.
C1 adjective /ˈkæl.əs/

Callous

insensible; cruel; impitoyable
Meaning
showing or having an insensitive and cruel disregard for others; emotionally hardened
Example
He showed a callous disregard for others' feelings.
Il a montré un mépris insensible pour les sentiments des autres.
C1 verb /ˈkrʌmpəl/

crumple

froisser
Meaning
to crush something into folds or wrinkles
Example
He crumpled the paper and threw it in the bin.
Il a froissé le papier et l'a jeté dans la poubelle.
C1 noun /ˈkærɪkətjʊə/

caricature

caricature
Meaning
A picture or description that exaggerates certain features for comic or satirical effect.
Example
The magazine published a caricature of the politician.
Le magazine a publié une caricature du politicien.
C1 noun /kənˈsep.ʃən/

Conception

conception; idée; fertilisation
Meaning
the forming of an idea or plan; the fertilization of an ovum by a sperm; the action of conceiving
Example
The conception of this innovative project took several months of brainstorming.
La conception de ce projet innovant a pris plusieurs mois de brainstorming.
C1 adjective /ˌkævəˈlɪər/

cavalier

désinvolte
Meaning
showing a lack of proper concern; dismissive or offhand
Example
He had a cavalier attitude toward safety regulations.
Il avait une attitude désinvolte envers les règlements de sécurité.
C1 adjective /ˈkʌlpəbl̩/

culpable

coupable
Meaning
deserving blame or responsibility for a wrongdoing
Example
The judge found him culpable for the accident.
Le juge l'a jugé coupable de l'accident.
C1 noun, adjective /ˈsɛntənəri/ or /sɛnˈtɛnəri/

centenary

centenaire
Meaning
The hundredth anniversary of a significant event; relating to a period of 100 years.
Example
The school celebrated its centenary with a grand event.
L'école a célébré son centenaire avec un grand événement.
C1 adjective /ˌkɒndɪˈsɛndɪŋ/

condescending

condescendant
Meaning
having or showing an attitude of patronizing superiority
Example
Her condescending tone upset her colleagues.
Son ton condescendant a dérangé ses collègues.
C1 verb /ˈkrɪstəlaɪz/

crystallize

cristalliser
Meaning
to form crystals; to make an idea or plan clear and definite
Example
Her vague thoughts began to crystallize into a solid plan.
Ses pensées floues ont commencé à se cristalliser en un plan solide.
C1 noun ˌkɒn.ʃiˈen.ʃəs.nəs

conscientiousness

conscience
Meaning
The quality of wishing to do one's work or duty well and thoroughly; diligence.
Example
Her conscientiousness in work led to a well-organized project.
Sa conscience au travail a conduit à un projet bien organisé.
C1 noun /ˌkɒnfləˈɡreɪʃən/

conflagaration

faute d'orthographe (de 'conflagration')
Meaning
This is a common misspelling of 'conflagration', which means a large, destructive fire.
Example
The term 'conflagaration' is often incorrectly used instead of 'conflagration'.
Le terme 'conflagaration' est souvent utilisé à tort à la place de 'conflagration'.
C1 verb /kənˈfaʊnd/

confound

déconcerter
Meaning
to confuse or surprise someone, often by acting against their expectations
Example
The magician's trick seemed to confound the entire audience.
Le tour du magicien semblait déconcerter tout le public.
C1 noun /krɪˈden.ʃəl/

credential

certificat, titre
Meaning
a qualification, achievement, or aspect of a person's background used to indicate suitability for something
Example
She presented her credentials before starting the new job.
Elle a présenté ses certificats avant de commencer son nouveau travail.
C1 noun /ˈkælkjʊləs/

calculus

calcul
Meaning
A branch of mathematics concerned with rates of change and accumulation; also a hard mineral deposit in the body such as on teeth.
Example
Calculus is essential for advanced studies in physics and engineering.
Le calcul est essentiel pour les études avancées en physique et en ingénierie.
C1 noun sɜːrˈkeɪdiən ˈrɪðəm

circadian rhythm

rythme circadien
Meaning
The body's natural sleep-wake cycle that occurs within 24 hours
Example
Exposure to natural light regulates the circadian rhythm.
L'exposition à la lumière naturelle régule le rythme circadien.
C1 adjective /kənˈvɜːrdʒənt/

convergent

convergent
Meaning
tending to move toward a common point or result
Example
The two rivers have a convergent path before entering the lake.
Les deux rivières ont un chemin convergent avant d'entrer dans le lac.
C1 verb /ˌkaʊntərˈbæləns/

counterbalance

contrebalancer
Meaning
to offset or balance the effect of something
Example
Exercise can counterbalance the negative effects of stress.
L'exercice peut contrebalancer les effets négatifs du stress.
C1 noun /ˈtʃæriət/

Chariot

char de guerre
Meaning
an ancient horse-drawn vehicle used in warfare and racing
Example
The warrior rode his chariot into battle with great courage.
Le guerrier monta son char de guerre avec un grand courage.
C1 adjective /kræs/

crass

grossier, sans sensibilité ou raffinement
Meaning
lacking sensitivity, refinement, or intelligence
Example
His crass remarks offended everyone at the meeting.
Ses remarques grossières ont offensé tout le monde lors de la réunion.
C1 noun /ˈkɑːrdəməm/

Cardamom

cardamome
Meaning
aromatic seeds from a plant in the ginger family, used as a spice
Example
The recipe calls for a pinch of ground cardamom.
La recette nécessite une pincée de cardamome moulue.
C1 noun /ˈsɛtərə/

cetera

etc.
Meaning
Latin for 'the rest' or 'others'; commonly used in the phrase 'et cetera' meaning 'and so on'.
Example
We need to buy pens, paper, notebooks, et cetera.
Nous devons acheter des stylos, du papier, des carnets, etc.
C1 noun /kəˈlæm.ɪ.ti/

Calamity

calamité; désastre
Meaning
an event causing great and often sudden damage or distress; a disaster
Example
The earthquake was a terrible calamity that affected thousands of families.
Le tremblement de terre était une terrible calamité qui a affecté des milliers de familles.
C1 verb /kənˈviːn/

convene

se réunir, convoquer une réunion ou un rassemblement
Meaning
to come together or assemble, especially for a meeting or formal gathering
Example
The board will convene tomorrow to discuss the new policy.
Le conseil se réunira demain pour discuter de la nouvelle politique.
C1 adjective /kəmˈpʌlsɪv/

compulsive

compulsif
Meaning
Resulting from or acting on an irresistible urge, especially one that is against one's conscious wishes.
Example
He is a compulsive gambler who cannot stop placing bets.
C'est un joueur compulsif qui ne peut pas arrêter de parier.
C1 adjective /kɜːrt/

curt

bref
Meaning
Rudely brief in speech or manner.
Example
His curt reply made everyone uncomfortable.
Sa réponse brève rendit tout le monde mal à l'aise.
C1 noun /krʌˈsteɪʃən/

crustacean

animal aquatique à coquille dure
Meaning
an aquatic animal with a hard shell, such as crabs, lobsters, and shrimps
Example
Crabs and lobsters are well-known crustaceans.
Les crabes et les homards sont des crustacés bien connus.
C1 noun /kənˈdəʊləns/

condolence

condoléances
Meaning
An expression of sympathy, especially on the occasion of death.
Example
She offered her sincere condolence to the grieving family.
Elle a offert ses plus sincères condoléances à la famille endeuillée.
C1 verb /ˈkaʊər/

cower

se recroqueviller de peur
Meaning
to crouch down in fear
Example
The child cowered behind the sofa during the thunderstorm.
L'enfant se coucha derrière le canapé pendant l'orage.
C1 noun /kəmˈplɪsəti/

complicity

complicité
Meaning
the state of being involved with others in an illegal activity or wrongdoing
Example
The court revealed his complicity in the fraud scheme.
Le tribunal a révélé sa complicité dans le plan de fraude.
C1 noun /ˈkɑːrkəs/

carcass

cadavre d'un animal
Meaning
the dead body of an animal, especially after being slaughtered
Example
Vultures fed on the carcass left in the field.
Les vautours se sont nourris du cadavre laissé dans le champ.
C1 noun ˈkəmˌpaʊndɪŋ

compounding

intérêts composés
Meaning
The process whereby interest is added to an amount of money and future interest is calculated on the total.
Example
Compounding interest increases the value of investments over time.
Les intérêts composés augmentent la valeur des investissements au fil du temps.
C1 verb /kənˈdəʊn/

condone

condonner
Meaning
To accept or allow behavior that is morally wrong or offensive.
Example
The manager refused to condone harassment in the workplace.
Le responsable a refusé de condoner le harcèlement sur le lieu de travail.
C1 noun kənˈsɔː.ti.əm

consortium

consortium
Meaning
An association of several companies or organizations formed to undertake an enterprise beyond the resources of any one member.
Example
The consortium worked collaboratively to build the cable.
Le consortium a travaillé de manière collaborative pour construire le câble.
C1 noun /ʃæˈtoʊ/

chateau

château français
Meaning
a large French country house or castle
Example
They stayed in a beautiful chateau in France.
Ils sont restés dans un magnifique château en France.
C1 noun /ˌkɒndʒʊˈɡeɪʃən/

conjugation

conjugaison
Meaning
the variation of the form of a verb to indicate tense, person, and number
Example
French verbs have complex conjugations.
Les verbes français ont des conjugaisons complexes.
C1 noun /ˈklæmər/

clamor

tumulte
Meaning
a loud and confused noise, especially of people shouting insistently
Example
The clamor of the protesting crowd filled the square.
Le tumulte de la foule en colère a rempli la place.
C1 verb /klɪntʃ/

clinch

assurer
Meaning
To secure or settle something decisively; to grasp tightly.
Example
The team clinched the championship with a last-minute goal.
L'équipe a remporté le championnat avec un but de dernière minute.
C1 noun kəˈmɛns.mənt

commencement

commencement
Meaning
The beginning of something; a ceremony at which degrees or diplomas are conferred on graduating students.
Example
The commencement ceremony marked the start of a new journey.
La cérémonie de commencement a marqué le début d'un nouveau voyage.
C1 noun /kəˈlɪɡrəfi/

calligraphy

l'art de l'écriture décorative et élégante
Meaning
The art of beautiful and decorative handwriting.
Example
She took a course to improve her calligraphy skills.
Elle a suivi un cours pour améliorer ses compétences en calligraphie.
C1 noun /ˈkɒndjuɪt/ or /ˈkɑːnduɪt/

conduit

conduit / moyen
Meaning
a channel or pipe for conveying water, electricity, or information
Example
The cable was placed inside a protective conduit.
Le câble a été placé dans un conduit protecteur.
C1 adjective /kəmˈpleɪsənt/

complacent

complaisant
Meaning
showing self-satisfaction and a lack of concern about potential dangers or problems
Example
The team grew complacent after a few victories and stopped practicing hard.
L'équipe est devenue complaisante après quelques victoires et a arrêté de s'entraîner dur.
C1 noun /kənˈvʌl.ʃən/

convulsion

convulsion
Meaning
a sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of muscles; a seizure
Example
The medicine helped prevent convulsions in children.
Le médicament a aidé à prévenir les convulsions chez les enfants.
C1 noun /ˈkæpɪˌlɛri/

capillary

capillaire
Meaning
a very thin blood vessel that connects arteries and veins
Example
Oxygen passes from the blood into tissues through capillaries.
L'oxygène passe du sang dans les tissus par les capillaires.
C1 adjective/verb /ˈkɒn.sə.mət/

consummate

compléter ou perfectionner quelque chose avec une grande habileté
Meaning
To complete or perfect something with great skill
Example
He is a consummate artist with years of experience.
C'est un artiste consommé avec des années d'expérience.
C1 verb /tʃɑːr/

char

brûler
Meaning
To burn or scorch something so that it becomes blackened.
Example
The cook accidentally charred the steak.
Le cuisinier a accidentellement brûlé le steak.
C1 adjective /ˈkrɛdɪtəbl/

creditable

digne d'éloges
Meaning
Deserving praise or acknowledgment, though not necessarily outstanding.
Example
She made a creditable effort in completing the project on time.
Elle a fait un effort digne d'éloges en terminant le projet à temps.
C1 verb /ˌkɒndɪˈsɛnd/

condescend

regarder d'en haut avec gentillesse
Meaning
to behave as if one is superior while being gracious to others
Example
He would not condescend to answer such a trivial question.
Il ne se rabaisserait pas à répondre à une question aussi triviale.
C1 noun /kəˈnʌn.drəm/

conundrum

problème complexe ou énigme
Meaning
A complex problem or puzzle without an easy solution
Example
The ethical conundrum puzzled the researchers.
Le dilemme éthique a perturbé les chercheurs.
C1 noun /kəˈmoʊʃən/

commotion

agitation
Meaning
A state of noisy confusion or disturbance.
Example
The sudden commotion in the market drew everyone's attention.
L'agitation soudaine au marché a attiré l'attention de tout le monde.
C1 noun /ˈkroʊniˌɪzəm/

cronyism

népotisme
Meaning
The practice of favoring friends or associates, especially in political appointments or business deals.
Example
The company was accused of cronyism in hiring practices.
L'entreprise a été accusée de népotisme dans ses pratiques de recrutement.
C1 adjective /ˈkɒɡ.nɪ.zənt/

cognizant

conscient
Meaning
Having knowledge or being aware of something.
Example
He was cognizant of the risks before starting the project.
Il était conscient des risques avant de commencer le projet.
C1 adjective /ˈtʃɛkərd/

chequered

à rayures
Meaning
Having a pattern of squares, or marked by varied and contrasting experiences or periods.
Example
He had a chequered career with both great successes and failures.
Il a eu une carrière à rayures avec de grands succès et des échecs.
C1 noun /ˈkʌˈs.tə.di/

Custody

garde; détention; tutelle
Meaning
the protective care or guardianship of someone or something; imprisonment or detention
Example
After the divorce, they shared custody of their children equally.
Après le divorce, ils ont partagé la garde de leurs enfants également.
C1 adjective /kəmˈpensətɔːri/

compensatory

compensatoire
Meaning
serving to make up for a loss, damage, or injury
Example
The court awarded him compensatory damages.
Le tribunal lui a accordé des dommages-intérêts compensatoires.
C1 noun /ˈkʌvənənt/

covenant

contrat
Meaning
a formal agreement or promise, often legally binding
Example
The landlord and tenant signed a covenant to maintain the property.
Le propriétaire et le locataire ont signé un contrat pour maintenir la propriété.
C1 noun /səˈvɪləti/

civility

civisme
Meaning
Polite and courteous behavior.
Example
He treated his opponent with civility despite their differences.
Il a traité son adversaire avec civilité malgré leurs différences.
C1 adjective /kənˈsɜːrtɪd/

concerted

concerté
Meaning
done with great effort, planned and performed together by multiple people
Example
The workers made a concerted effort to improve conditions.
Les travailleurs ont fait un effort concerté pour améliorer les conditions.
C1 noun /ˈkæmi.oʊ/

cameo

caméo
Meaning
a small but significant role in a play, film, or show, often performed by a well-known person
Example
The actor made a surprise cameo in the movie.
L'acteur a fait un caméo surprise dans le film.
C1 adjective /ˌkɒnsɪˈkwɛnʃəl/

consequential

déterminant
Meaning
Having important or significant consequences; resulting from something.
Example
The meeting was consequential for the future of the project.
La réunion a été déterminante pour l'avenir du projet.
C1 verb /ˈkʌvət/

covet

convoiter
Meaning
to desire something belonging to someone else
Example
He coveted his neighbor's new car.
Il convoitait la nouvelle voiture de son voisin.
C1 noun /ˈkɒntrəbænd/

contraband

marchandises illégales
Meaning
goods that are illegal to import, export, or possess
Example
The police seized a shipment of contraband cigarettes.
La police a saisi une cargaison de cigarettes de contrebande.
C1 noun/verb /ˈkætəpʌlt/

catapult

catapulte
Meaning
A device for launching objects at high speed; to hurl or launch something suddenly.
Example
The invention catapulted him to international fame.
L'invention l'a catapulté à la célébrité internationale.
C1 noun /kɔːrs flaʊər/

Course flour

farine grossière
Meaning
coarsely ground flour with larger particles, typically used for baking bread
Example
She used course flour to make homemade bread with a rustic texture.
Elle a utilisé de la farine grossière pour faire du pain maison avec une texture rustique.
C1 adjective /ˈkɒnvɛks/

convex

convexe, arrondi vers l'extérieur
Meaning
curved or rounded outward
Example
The lens has a convex shape to focus light.
La lentille a une forme convexe pour focaliser la lumière.
C1 noun /ˈsɪ.nɪk/

Cynic

cynique; personne sceptique
Meaning
a person who believes that people are motivated purely by self-interest; someone who is skeptical about human nature
Example
The old cynic believed that politicians only cared about getting votes.
Le vieux cynique croyait que les politiciens ne se souciaient que d'obtenir des voix.
C1 noun/verb /kroʊˈʃeɪ/

crochet

crochet
Meaning
Needlework made by interlocking loops of thread with a hooked needle; the act of making such items.
Example
She learned how to crochet a scarf for winter.
Elle a appris à faire un pull en laine pour l'hiver.
C1 verb /kəˈrəʊd/

corrode

corroder
Meaning
to gradually destroy or wear away metal or other materials through chemical action
Example
The iron pipes corroded over time due to exposure to water.
Les tuyaux en fer se sont corrodés au fil du temps à cause de l'exposition à l'eau.
C1 noun /ˈkɜːr.i liːvz/

Curry Leaves

feuilles de curry
Meaning
aromatic leaves from the curry tree used in South Asian cooking
Example
Fresh curry leaves add authentic flavor to Indian dishes.
Les feuilles de curry fraîches ajoutent une saveur authentique aux plats indiens.
C1 verb /kənˈspaɪər/

conspire

conspirer
Meaning
to secretly plan with others to do something harmful or illegal
Example
They conspired to overthrow the government.
Ils ont conspiré pour renverser le gouvernement.
C1 noun /ˈkliː.vər/

Cleaver

grand couteau
Meaning
a heavy knife with a broad blade used for chopping meat or vegetables
Example
The chef used a cleaver to chop the chicken bones.
Le chef a utilisé un grand couteau pour couper les os de poulet.
C1 verb /ˈkælɪˌbreɪt/

calibrate

calibrer
Meaning
To adjust or mark something so it can be used accurately; to standardize.
Example
The technician calibrated the machine before starting the experiment.
Le technicien a calibré la machine avant de commencer l'expérience.
C1 noun /kəˈloʊkwiəˌlɪzəm/

colloquialism

colloquialisme
Meaning
a word or phrase used in informal speech or writing
Example
The novel is full of regional colloquialisms.
Le roman est plein de colloquialismes régionaux.