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C1 adjective /ˈkɔː.zəl/

causal

causal
Meaning
relating to or acting as a cause
Example
There is a causal link between smoking and cancer.
Il existe un lien causal entre le tabagisme et le cancer.
C1 noun /ˈtʃæs.tɪ.ti/

Chastity

chasteté; virginité; modération;
Meaning
the practice of refraining from extramarital or premarital sexual relations; sexual purity
Example
Many religious traditions value chastity as a virtue of moral purity.
De nombreuses traditions religieuses valorisent la chasteté comme une vertu de pureté morale.
C1 noun /ˈkɒndɪmənts/

condiments

condiments ou sauces
Meaning
Seasonings or sauces used to add flavor to food.
Example
Ketchup and mustard are popular condiments for burgers.
Le ketchup et la moutarde sont des condiments populaires pour les hamburgers.
C1 noun/verb /ˈsaɪ.fər/

cipher

chiffre
Meaning
A secret or disguised way of writing; a code; to put a message into secret writing.
Example
Military messages are protected using a cipher.
Les messages militaires sont protégés par un chiffre.
C1 noun /ˈkroʊ.bɑːr/

Crowbar

pied-de-biche
Meaning
a heavy iron bar with a curved end used as a lever for prying things apart
Example
He used a crowbar to remove the old nails.
Il a utilisé un pied-de-biche pour retirer les vieux clous.
C1 noun /ˈkɒntrəbænd/

contraband

marchandises illégales
Meaning
goods that are illegal to import, export, or possess
Example
The police seized a shipment of contraband cigarettes.
La police a saisi une cargaison de cigarettes de contrebande.
C1 noun /ˈkæləs/

callus

zone épaissie de la peau
Meaning
A thickened and hardened part of the skin or soft tissue, especially in an area subjected to friction.
Example
A callus formed on his palm from using tools every day.
Un callus s'est formé sur sa paume à force d'utiliser des outils tous les jours.
C1 verb /kənˈdʒɛst/

congest

congestionner
Meaning
To block or overcrowd a space, making movement or flow difficult.
Example
Heavy traffic can congest the city streets during rush hour.
Le trafic dense peut congestionner les rues de la ville pendant les heures de pointe.
C1 adjective /ˌʃoʊ.vəˈnɪs.tɪk/

chauvinistic

chauviniste
Meaning
Displaying or characterized by excessive or prejudiced loyalty or support, especially towards one's own gender or group.
Example
His chauvinistic attitude alienated many of his female colleagues.
Son attitude chauviniste a aliéné beaucoup de ses collègues féminines.
C1 adjective /ˈkjʊərəbl/

curable

curable
Meaning
Able to be cured or healed.
Example
The doctor assured her that the disease was curable.
Le médecin lui a assuré que la maladie était curable.
C1 adjective/noun /ˈkɜːrsɪv/

cursive

écriture cursive
Meaning
Written with characters joined together in a flowing manner.
Example
The teacher asked students to write the essay in cursive handwriting.
Le professeur a demandé aux élèves d'écrire l'essai en écriture cursive.
C1 noun ˈkɑːr.bən ˌsiː.kwəˈstreɪ.ʃən

carbon sequestration

séquestration du carbone
Meaning
The process of capture and long-term storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide to mitigate or defer global warming.
Example
Forests play a key role in carbon sequestration.
Les forêts jouent un rôle clé dans la séquestration du carbone.
C1 adjective /ˌser.ɪˈmoʊ.ni.əl/

Ceremonial

cérémonial
Meaning
relating to or used in ceremonies; formal and ritualistic
Example
The ceremonial dress was worn during the royal wedding.
La robe cérémoniale a été portée pendant le mariage royal.
C1 noun /kɑːɡ/

cog

dent de roue ou d'engrenage
Meaning
A tooth on the rim of a wheel or gear; metaphorically, a minor but necessary part of a larger system.
Example
He felt like just a small cog in a big machine.
Il se sentait comme un petit rouage dans une grande machine.
C1 noun /ˈkaʊn.tər kleɪm/

counter-claim

contre-demande
Meaning
a claim made to rebut a previous claim, often in legal contexts
Example
The defendant filed a counter-claim against the plaintiff.
Le défendeur a déposé une contre-demande contre le demandeur.
C1 adjective /ˈkrɪm.zən/

Crimson

rouge intense
Meaning
a deep purplish-red color
Example
The crimson sunset painted the sky with beautiful shades.
Le coucher du soleil rouge intense a peint le ciel de belles nuances.
C1 noun /ˈʃæsi/

chassis

châssis du véhicule
Meaning
the base frame of a vehicle or other wheeled machine
Example
The mechanic examined the car's chassis for damage.
Le mécanicien a examiné le châssis de la voiture pour détecter des dommages.
C1 noun /kənˈsɜːvəˌtɪzəm/

conservatism

conservatisme
Meaning
A political or social philosophy promoting traditional institutions and resistance to change.
Example
Conservatism values tradition and gradual development.
Le conservatisme valorise la tradition et le développement progressif.
C1 noun /kənˈteɪdʒən/

contagion

contagion
Meaning
The communication of disease from one person to another by close contact; also the spread of harmful ideas or behaviors.
Example
Fear spread like a contagion through the crowd.
La peur s'est propagée comme une contagion à travers la foule.
C1 noun /kənˈvʌl.ʃən/

convulsion

convulsion
Meaning
a sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of muscles; a seizure
Example
The medicine helped prevent convulsions in children.
Le médicament a aidé à prévenir les convulsions chez les enfants.
C1 noun /ˈkʌvənənt/

covenant

contrat
Meaning
a formal agreement or promise, often legally binding
Example
The landlord and tenant signed a covenant to maintain the property.
Le propriétaire et le locataire ont signé un contrat pour maintenir la propriété.
C1 noun kɒɡˈnɪʃ.ən

cognition

cognition
Meaning
The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
Example
Cognition plays a key role in learning.
La cognition joue un rôle clé dans l'apprentissage.
C1 noun ˌkɒn.əˈteɪ.ʃən

connotation

signification implicite ou suggérée
Meaning
The implied or suggested meaning of a word beyond its literal definition
Example
The word 'home' has a warm connotation of comfort and family.
Le mot 'maison' a une connotation chaleureuse de confort et de famille
C1 adjective /ˈtʃɛkərd/

chequered

à rayures
Meaning
Having a pattern of squares, or marked by varied and contrasting experiences or periods.
Example
He had a chequered career with both great successes and failures.
Il a eu une carrière à rayures avec de grands succès et des échecs.
C1 noun /kliːk/

clique

clique
Meaning
a small, exclusive group of people
Example
The students formed a clique that excluded others.
Les étudiants ont formé une clique qui excluait les autres.
C1 noun /kənˈsep.ʃən/

Conception

conception; idée; fertilisation
Meaning
the forming of an idea or plan; the fertilization of an ovum by a sperm; the action of conceiving
Example
The conception of this innovative project took several months of brainstorming.
La conception de ce projet innovant a pris plusieurs mois de brainstorming.
C1 noun /ˌklɔːstrəˈfəʊbiə/

claustrophobia

claustrophobie
Meaning
an extreme or irrational fear of being in confined spaces
Example
He avoids elevators because of his claustrophobia.
Il évite les ascenseurs à cause de sa claustrophobie.
C1 adjective /ˈtʃɛk.ərd/

checkered

à carreaux
Meaning
Having a pattern of alternating squares of different colors; also describing a past full of ups and downs or varied experiences.
Example
He had a checkered career with many highs and lows.
Il a eu une carrière à carreaux avec de nombreux hauts et bas.
C1 noun /kəˈlɪɡrəfi/

calligraphy

l'art de l'écriture décorative et élégante
Meaning
The art of beautiful and decorative handwriting.
Example
She took a course to improve her calligraphy skills.
Elle a suivi un cours pour améliorer ses compétences en calligraphie.
C1 adjective /ˈkoʊpiəs/

copious

copieux
Meaning
abundant in supply or quantity
Example
She took copious notes during the lecture.
Elle a pris des notes copieuses pendant la conférence.
C1 adjective /kənˈtɪn.ju.əl/

Continual

continu; ininterrompu;
Meaning
happening repeatedly over a long period of time; constant and uninterrupted
Example
The continual noise from the construction site was very annoying.
Le bruit continu du chantier de construction était très ennuyeux.
C1 verb /ˈklæmbər/

clamber

grimper avec effort
Meaning
to climb with effort or difficulty, often using both hands and feet
Example
The children clambered over the rocks to reach the cave.
Les enfants ont grimpé sur les rochers pour atteindre la grotte.
C1 noun /kənˈtɪnjuəm/

continuum

continuum
Meaning
A continuous sequence in which adjacent elements are not perceptibly different from each other, but the extremes are quite distinct.
Example
Life and death are often seen as part of the same continuum.
La vie et la mort sont souvent considérées comme faisant partie du même continuum.
C1 noun kəmˈpleɪ.sən.si

complacency

complaisance
Meaning
Excessive self-satisfaction with one's achievements that can hinder progress.
Example
His complacency led to a decline in his performance.
Sa complaisance a conduit à une baisse de ses performances.
C1 adjective /kɜːrt/

curt

bref
Meaning
Rudely brief in speech or manner.
Example
His curt reply made everyone uncomfortable.
Sa réponse brève rendit tout le monde mal à l'aise.
C1 verb /ˈkrʌmpəl/

crumple

froisser
Meaning
to crush something into folds or wrinkles
Example
He crumpled the paper and threw it in the bin.
Il a froissé le papier et l'a jeté dans la poubelle.
C1 adjective /klæd/

clad

habillé / couvert
Meaning
dressed or covered in a particular way
Example
The knight was clad in shining armor.
Le chevalier était habillé d'une armure brillante.
C1 noun /kəmˈpəʊ.ʒər/

composure

état de calme et de maîtrise de soi
Meaning
The state or feeling of being calm and in control of oneself.
Example
She maintained her composure during the interview.
Elle a gardé son calme pendant l'entretien.
C1 noun /ˈkrɛvɪs/

crevice

fissure
Meaning
a narrow crack or opening, especially in a rock or wall
Example
The lizard hid in a crevice between the stones.
Le lézard s'est caché dans une fissure entre les pierres.
C1 adjective /ˌkɒzməˈpɒlɪtən/

cosmopolitan

cosmopolite
Meaning
familiar with and at ease in many different countries and cultures
Example
He has a cosmopolitan outlook due to his extensive travels.
Il a une perspective cosmopolite grâce à ses nombreux voyages.
C1 verb /ˈkrɪsən/

christen

baptiser
Meaning
to give a name to someone at baptism or to name something officially
Example
They christened the ship after the queen.
Ils ont baptisé le navire après la reine.
C1 noun /ˈsɛntrɪˌfjuːdʒ/

centrifuge

centrifugeuse
Meaning
A machine that spins substances at high speed to separate different components.
Example
The lab technician used a centrifuge to separate the blood cells from the plasma.
Le technicien de laboratoire a utilisé une centrifugeuse pour séparer les cellules sanguines du plasma.
C1 noun /koʊˈhɪr.əns/

coherence

cohérence
Meaning
The quality of being logical and consistent; forming a unified whole.
Example
The essay lacked coherence, making it hard to follow.
L'essai manquait de cohérence, ce qui le rendait difficile à suivre.
C1 adjective /ˌkætəˈɡɒrɪkəl/

categorical

catégorique
Meaning
Absolute and without exception; expressed clearly and directly.
Example
She gave a categorical denial of the allegations.
Elle a donné un déni catégorique des accusations.
C1 verb /kɜːrˈteɪl/

curtail

réduire
Meaning
to reduce or limit something, especially something considered undesirable
Example
The company had to curtail its spending due to budget cuts.
L'entreprise a dû réduire ses dépenses en raison des réductions budgétaires.
C1 noun /ˈkætərækt/

cataract

cataracte / chute d'eau
Meaning
A medical condition causing clouding of the eye's lens; also a large waterfall.
Example
The old man suffered from cataracts in both eyes.
L'homme âgé souffrait de cataractes aux deux yeux.
C1 adjective /ˈkjuːmjələtɪv/

cumulative

cumulatif
Meaning
Increasing gradually by addition; growing in quantity, force, or effect.
Example
The cumulative effect of stress can harm your health.
L'effet cumulatif du stress peut nuire à votre santé.
C1 verb /ˌkɒndɪˈsɛnd/

condescend

regarder d'en haut avec gentillesse
Meaning
to behave as if one is superior while being gracious to others
Example
He would not condescend to answer such a trivial question.
Il ne se rabaisserait pas à répondre à une question aussi triviale.
C1 verb /ˈkɒnsɔːrt/

consort

partenaire, conjoint royal
Meaning
To associate with someone, typically with disapproval; also, a spouse of a reigning monarch.
Example
He was criticized for consorting with criminals.
Il a été critiqué pour avoir fréquenté des criminels.
C1 noun /kənˈdəʊləns/

condolence

condoléances
Meaning
An expression of sympathy, especially on the occasion of death.
Example
She offered her sincere condolence to the grieving family.
Elle a offert ses plus sincères condoléances à la famille endeuillée.
C1 noun /ˌkæm.əˈrɑː.dɚ.i/

camaraderie

camaraderie, amitié, solidarité
Meaning
Mutual trust and friendship among people who spend a lot of time together.
Example
The camaraderie among teammates was inspiring.
La camaraderie entre les coéquipiers était inspirante.
C1 adverb kəmˈpæktli

compactly

compactement
Meaning
In a closely packed or dense manner.
Example
Protons and neutrons are compactly arranged.
Les protons et les neutrons sont disposés de manière compacte.
C1 verb /ˈkʌn.dʒər/

conjure

conjurer
Meaning
to summon something as if by magic; to imagine vividly
Example
The magician conjured a rabbit out of the hat.
Le magicien a conjuré un lapin du chapeau.
C1 noun /kəˈluːʒən/

collusion

collusion
Meaning
A secret agreement or cooperation, especially for an illegal or dishonest purpose.
Example
There was evidence of collusion between the officials and the contractors.
Il y avait des preuves de collusion entre les fonctionnaires et les entrepreneurs.
C1 adjective /kənˈstreɪnd/

constrained

contraint, forcé
Meaning
appearing forced, unnatural, or restricted
Example
He gave a constrained smile during the awkward meeting.
Il a donné un sourire forcé pendant la réunion maladroite.
C1 adjective /ˈkræfti/

crafty

rusé, astucieux, sournois
Meaning
skilled at achieving goals through cunning or deceit; sly
Example
The crafty fox evaded the hunters again.
Le renard rusé a de nouveau échappé aux chasseurs.
C1 noun /ˈsɪtrɪk ˈæsɪd/

Citric Acid

acide citrique
Meaning
a natural acid found in citrus fruits, used as a food preservative and flavoring agent
Example
Add a pinch of citric acid to preserve the color of the fruit jam.
Ajoutez une pincée d'acide citrique pour préserver la couleur de la confiture de fruits.
C1 verb /kriːk/

creak

faire un bruit aigu et grincant
Meaning
to make a high-pitched, squeaking noise when moved
Example
The old door creaked as she opened it.
La vieille porte a craqué quand elle l'a ouverte.
C1 adjective /kəmˈplaɪənt/

compliant

conforme
Meaning
Willing to agree with or follow rules, requests, or demands.
Example
She was compliant with all the safety requirements.
Elle était conforme à toutes les exigences de sécurité.
C1 noun /ˌkɒnstəˈneɪʃən/

consternation

consternation
Meaning
A feeling of anxiety, dismay, or confusion, often caused by something unexpected.
Example
The sudden announcement caused widespread consternation among the employees.
L'annonce soudaine a provoqué une consternation généralisée parmi les employés
C1 verb /ˈkɒr.ə.leɪt/

correlate

établir une relation
Meaning
To have a mutual relationship or connection; to establish a relationship between two or more things.
Example
Researchers found that diet and mental health correlate strongly.
Les chercheurs ont trouvé que l'alimentation et la santé mentale sont fortement liées.
C1 noun /ˈkæzəm/

chasm

fissure / grande différence
Meaning
a deep fissure in the earth's surface or a wide difference between people or ideas
Example
There was a great chasm between the two political parties.
Il y avait une grande fissure entre les deux partis politiques.
C1 noun /kɒzˈmɒlədʒi/

cosmology

cosmologie
Meaning
the science of the origin and development of the universe
Example
She studied cosmology to understand the origins of the universe.
Elle a étudié la cosmologie pour comprendre les origines de l'univers.
C1 noun /ˈkɒnstənsi/

constancy

constance
Meaning
the quality of being faithful and dependable
Example
Her constancy in friendship is admirable.
Sa constance en amitié est admirable.
C1 noun /ˈkærɪkətjʊə/

caricature

caricature
Meaning
A picture or description that exaggerates certain features for comic or satirical effect.
Example
The magazine published a caricature of the politician.
Le magazine a publié une caricature du politicien.
C1 noun /kənˈspɪrə.tər/

conspirator

conspirateur
Meaning
a person who secretly plans with others to do something unlawful or harmful
Example
The conspirator was arrested before the plan could be carried out.
Le conspirateur a été arrêté avant que le plan ne puisse être mis à exécution.
C1 noun ˈkætəlɪst

catalyst

catalyseur
Meaning
A person or thing that precipitates an event or change.
Example
His speech acted as a catalyst for change in the community.
Son discours a agi comme un catalyseur pour le changement dans la communauté.
C1 noun /kənˈtɪn.dʒən.si/

contingency

plan de contingence
Meaning
A provision for an unforeseen event or circumstance, especially in financial planning.
Example
The company has a contingency plan for economic downturns.
L'entreprise dispose d'un plan de contingence pour les récessions économiques.
C1 noun ˌkʌl.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən

culmination

aboutissement. Le point culminant ou le plus élevé de quelque chose, généralement atteint après beaucoup de temps.
Meaning
The highest or climactic point of something, especially as attained after a long time.
Example
The project reached its culmination after years of effort.
Le projet a atteint son aboutissement après des années d'efforts.
C1 noun /ˈkeɪ.sɪŋ/

Casing

revêtement; coque
Meaning
a cover or shell that protects or encloses something
Example
The mechanic removed the engine casing to examine the internal parts.
Le mécanicien a retiré la coque du moteur pour examiner les pièces internes.
C1 adjective /ˈkælkjʊleɪtɪŋ/

calculating

calculateur
Meaning
acting in a scheming and ruthlessly determined way
Example
He had a cold and calculating approach to business.
Il avait une approche froide et calculatrice des affaires.
C1 noun kəˈmɛns.mənt

commencement

commencement
Meaning
The beginning of something; a ceremony at which degrees or diplomas are conferred on graduating students.
Example
The commencement ceremony marked the start of a new journey.
La cérémonie de commencement a marqué le début d'un nouveau voyage.
C1 noun ˌkɒn.ʃiˈen.ʃəs.nəs

conscientiousness

conscience
Meaning
The quality of wishing to do one's work or duty well and thoroughly; diligence.
Example
Her conscientiousness in work led to a well-organized project.
Sa conscience au travail a conduit à un projet bien organisé.
C1 noun /səˈvɪləti/

civility

civisme
Meaning
Polite and courteous behavior.
Example
He treated his opponent with civility despite their differences.
Il a traité son adversaire avec civilité malgré leurs différences.
C1 noun /ˌkɒnfɪˈdɑːnt/

confidante

amie de confiance
Meaning
A woman with whom one shares a secret or private matter, trusting her not to repeat it.
Example
The queen’s maid became her most trusted confidante.
La servante de la reine est devenue sa confidente la plus fidèle.
C1 noun /ʃəˈmiːz/

Chemise

chemise
Meaning
a woman's loose-fitting undergarment or dress hanging straight from the shoulders
Example
The vintage chemise was made of delicate lace and silk.
La chemise vintage était faite de dentelle délicate et de soie.
C1 noun /ˈkʌˈs.tə.di/

Custody

garde; détention; tutelle
Meaning
the protective care or guardianship of someone or something; imprisonment or detention
Example
After the divorce, they shared custody of their children equally.
Après le divorce, ils ont partagé la garde de leurs enfants également.
C1 adjective kənˈten.ʃəs

contentious

controversé
Meaning
Causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial.
Example
The contentious issue divided global leaders.
La question controversée a divisé les dirigeants mondiaux.
C1 adjective /ˈkɒɡ.nɪ.zənt/

cognizant

conscient
Meaning
Having knowledge or being aware of something.
Example
He was cognizant of the risks before starting the project.
Il était conscient des risques avant de commencer le projet.
C1 noun /ˈkliː.vər/

Cleaver

grand couteau
Meaning
a heavy knife with a broad blade used for chopping meat or vegetables
Example
The chef used a cleaver to chop the chicken bones.
Le chef a utilisé un grand couteau pour couper les os de poulet.
C1 noun /ˈkɑːrtrɪdʒ/

cartridge

cartouche
Meaning
A container holding a substance or device, such as ink for printers or bullets for firearms.
Example
The printer stopped working because the ink cartridge was empty.
L'imprimante a cessé de fonctionner car la cartouche d'encre était vide.
C1 phrase ˌkæt.əˈɡɒr.ɪ.kəl.i rɪˈfjuː.tɪd

categorically refuted

totalement réfuté
Meaning
Completely and absolutely denied or disproved.
Example
The claims were categorically refuted by officials.
Les revendications ont été catégoriquement réfutées par les responsables.
C1 noun /krʌks/

crux

le noyau
Meaning
the most important or decisive point of an issue
Example
The crux of the problem lies in poor communication.
Le noyau du problème réside dans une mauvaise communication.
C1 verb /kənˈviːn/

convene

se réunir, convoquer une réunion ou un rassemblement
Meaning
to come together or assemble, especially for a meeting or formal gathering
Example
The board will convene tomorrow to discuss the new policy.
Le conseil se réunira demain pour discuter de la nouvelle politique.
C1 noun /krɪpt/

crypt

crypte
Meaning
an underground chamber, especially one beneath a church, used as a burial place
Example
The tourists explored the ancient crypt beneath the cathedral.
Les touristes ont exploré la crypte ancienne sous la cathédrale.
C1 noun /ʃəˈreɪd/

charade

farce, jeu de mimes
Meaning
an absurd pretense or act intended to deceive; also a word-guessing game
Example
The trial was nothing more than a political charade.
Le procès n'était rien d'autre qu'une farce politique.
C1 adjective /kəˈrəʊsɪv/

corrosive

corrosif, nuisible
Meaning
tending to cause corrosion; harmful or destructive to materials or people
Example
The chemical is highly corrosive and should be handled with care.
Le produit chimique est hautement corrosif et doit être manipulé avec soin.
C1 noun /ˈkæptər/

captor

captif
Meaning
a person or group who has captured someone or something
Example
The hostage managed to escape from his captors.
L'otage a réussi à s'échapper de ses ravisseurs.
C1 noun /ˈkruːsɪbəl/

crucible

épreuve sévère, creuset
Meaning
a severe test or trial; a container used for heating substances to very high temperatures
Example
The team emerged stronger from the crucible of competition.
L'équipe est sortie plus forte de l'épreuve de la compétition.
C1 verb /kənˈfleɪt/

conflate

fusionner / combiner
Meaning
To combine two or more things, often confusingly, into one.
Example
The article tends to conflate facts with opinions.
L'article a tendance à fusionner les faits avec les opinions.
C1 adverb /ˈkɔːrdiəli/

Cordially

cordialement
Meaning
in a warm and friendly manner; sincerely
Example
You are cordially invited to our wedding ceremony.
Vous êtes cordialement invités à notre cérémonie de mariage.
C1 verb /klæsp/

clasp

attraper / fermoir
Meaning
to grasp or hold tightly; also a device for fastening
Example
She clasped her hands together in prayer.
Elle a entrelacé ses mains ensemble en prière.
C1 verb /kəˈluːd/

collude

comploter
Meaning
To secretly cooperate or conspire with others, often for a deceitful purpose.
Example
The two companies colluded to fix prices in the market.
Les deux entreprises ont comploté pour fixer les prix sur le marché.
C1 noun /ˈkɑːmənˌwɛlθ/

commonwealth

Commonwealth
Meaning
an independent community or state, especially one founded for the common good; also an association of nations
Example
Australia is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.
L’Australie est membre du Commonwealth des Nations.
C1 noun /ˈkændɪdnəs/

candidness

franchise
Meaning
The quality of being open, honest, and straightforward
Example
Her candidness during the meeting impressed everyone.
Sa franchise pendant la réunion a impressionné tout le monde.
C1 verb ˌkəʊ.əˈles

coalesce

fusionner
Meaning
Come together and form one mass or whole; unite to form one organization or group.
Example
The different theories coalesced into one unified idea.
Les différentes théories se sont fusionnées en une idée unifiée.
C1 verb /kənˈstruː/

construe

interpréter
Meaning
to interpret or understand the meaning of something in a particular way
Example
His words could be construed as a threat.
Ses mots pouvaient être interprétés comme une menace.
C1 noun /krəˈʃɛndoʊ/

crescendo

augmentation progressive du volume
Meaning
a gradual increase in loudness or intensity, especially in music
Example
The orchestra built to a powerful crescendo before the finale.
L'orchestre a construit un puissant crescendo avant la fin.
C1 noun /ˈkoʊhɔːrt/

cohort

cohorte
Meaning
A group of people with a shared characteristic, usually of the same age or with a common experience.
Example
The study tracked a cohort of students over ten years.
L'étude a suivi une cohorte d'étudiants pendant dix ans.
C1 verb /ˌkaʊntərˈbæləns/

counterbalance

contrebalancer
Meaning
to offset or balance the effect of something
Example
Exercise can counterbalance the negative effects of stress.
L'exercice peut contrebalancer les effets négatifs du stress.
C1 noun /krʌtʃ/

crutch

béquille, soutien
Meaning
a support used by someone injured to walk; also something relied upon for support or help
Example
He had to use crutches after breaking his leg.
Il a dû utiliser des béquilles après s'être cassé la jambe.
C1 adjective /kræs/

crass

grossier, sans sensibilité ou raffinement
Meaning
lacking sensitivity, refinement, or intelligence
Example
His crass remarks offended everyone at the meeting.
Ses remarques grossières ont offensé tout le monde lors de la réunion.
C1 adjective /klaɪˈmæktɪk/

climactic

climactique
Meaning
Relating to the most exciting or important moment of something.
Example
The film ended with a climactic battle scene.
Le film s'est terminé par une scène de bataille climactique.
C1 adjective /kənˈɡrɛʃənl/

congressional

congressional
Meaning
relating to a congress, especially the US Congress
Example
The bill received strong congressional support.
Le projet de loi a reçu un fort soutien du Congrès.
C1 verb /kəˈpɪtjʊˌleɪt/

capitulate

capituler
Meaning
to surrender or give in after resisting
Example
The army had no choice but to capitulate to the enemy.
L'armée n'a eu d'autre choix que de capituler devant l'ennemi.
C1 adjective /ˌkɒmprɪˈhɛnsəbl/

comprehensible

compréhensible
Meaning
able to be understood; intelligible
Example
The teacher explained the topic in a comprehensible way.
Le professeur a expliqué le sujet de manière compréhensible.
C1 adjective /kəmˈpensətɔːri/

compensatory

compensatoire
Meaning
serving to make up for a loss, damage, or injury
Example
The court awarded him compensatory damages.
Le tribunal lui a accordé des dommages-intérêts compensatoires.
C1 adjective /ˈkɒn.ɪ.fər.əs/

coniferous

relatif aux arbres portant des cônes
Meaning
Relating to cone-bearing trees that usually have needle-like leaves and remain green year-round.
Example
Pine trees are coniferous and grow in colder climates.
Les pins sont des conifères et poussent dans des climats plus froids.
C1 noun /kəˈmoʊʃən/

commotion

agitation
Meaning
A state of noisy confusion or disturbance.
Example
The sudden commotion in the market drew everyone's attention.
L'agitation soudaine au marché a attiré l'attention de tout le monde.
C1 adjective /kəmˈpleɪsənt/

complacent

complaisant
Meaning
showing self-satisfaction and a lack of concern about potential dangers or problems
Example
The team grew complacent after a few victories and stopped practicing hard.
L'équipe est devenue complaisante après quelques victoires et a arrêté de s'entraîner dur.
C1 verb /koʊks/

coax

persuader
Meaning
to persuade someone gently or gradually to do something
Example
She managed to coax the cat out of the tree with some food.
Elle a réussi à convaincre le chat de descendre de l'arbre avec un peu de nourriture.
C1 adverb /ˌkɒnfɪˈdenʃəli/

Confidentially

confidentiellement
Meaning
in a confidential manner; secretly; privately
Example
The information was shared confidentially between the two managers.
L'information a été partagée confidentiellement entre les deux gestionnaires.
C1 adjective /kəˈnɒnɪkəl/

canonical

canonique / accepté
Meaning
Conforming to a general rule or accepted standard; officially recognized.
Example
Shakespeare’s works are considered canonical in English literature.
Les œuvres de Shakespeare sont considérées comme canoniques dans la littérature anglaise.
C1 verb /ˌkaʊntərˈækt/

counteract

contrer
Meaning
to act against something in order to reduce its effect
Example
The medicine helps counteract the side effects of the treatment.
Le médicament aide à contrer les effets secondaires du traitement.
C1 noun /ˈkɜːrlər/

curler

fer à friser
Meaning
A small roller used for curling hair.
Example
She used a curler to style her hair for the party.
Elle a utilisé un fer à friser pour coiffer ses cheveux pour la fête.
C1 noun /ˈkʌn.stə.bəl/

constable

agent de police
Meaning
a police officer of the lowest rank
Example
The constable directed traffic at the busy intersection.
L'agent de police a dirigé la circulation à l'intersection animée.
C1 adjective /ˈtʃɪə.ləs/

Cheerless

triste; morne; sans joie
Meaning
lacking happiness or comfort; gloomy; depressing; without cheer
Example
The old house looked cheerless and abandoned in the winter rain.
La vieille maison paraissait triste et abandonnée sous la pluie hivernale.
C1 noun /ˈkoʊhɔːrts/

cohorts

cohortes
Meaning
Groups of people who share a common feature or experience.
Example
Researchers compared the health outcomes of different cohorts.
Les chercheurs ont comparé les résultats de santé de différents groupes.
C1 noun /kənˈfɔːrmɪst/

conformist

conformiste
Meaning
A person who uncritically conforms to established practices or standards.
Example
She was labeled a conformist for always following the crowd.
Elle a été étiquetée comme conformiste pour avoir toujours suivi la foule.
C1 adjective ˈklaɪ.mət rɪˈzɪl.i.ənt

climate-resilient

résistant au climat
Meaning
Able to cope with the adverse effects of climate change; sustainable and adaptable.
Example
Climate-resilient crops can survive extreme weather conditions.
Les cultures résistantes au climat peuvent survivre à des conditions météorologiques extrêmes.
C1 adjective/verb /ˈkɒn.sə.mət/

consummate

compléter ou perfectionner quelque chose avec une grande habileté
Meaning
To complete or perfect something with great skill
Example
He is a consummate artist with years of experience.
C'est un artiste consommé avec des années d'expérience.