catalyze
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C1 verb /ˈkætəˌlaɪz/

catalyze

catalyser
Meaning
To cause or accelerate a reaction or change.
Example
The new law catalyzed reforms across the sector.
La nouvelle loi a catalysé des réformes dans tout le secteur.
C1 noun /kəˈlɪɡrəfi/

calligraphy

l'art de l'écriture décorative et élégante
Meaning
The art of beautiful and decorative handwriting.
Example
She took a course to improve her calligraphy skills.
Elle a suivi un cours pour améliorer ses compétences en calligraphie.
C1 noun, verb /klɒt/

clot

caillot
Meaning
a thick mass of coagulated liquid, especially blood; to form such a mass.
Example
The doctor removed a blood clot from the patient.
Le médecin a retiré un caillot de sang du patient.
C1 noun /ˈkeɪ.sɪŋ/

Casing

revêtement; coque
Meaning
a cover or shell that protects or encloses something
Example
The mechanic removed the engine casing to examine the internal parts.
Le mécanicien a retiré la coque du moteur pour examiner les pièces internes.
C1 noun /kɑst/

Caste

caste; système de castes
Meaning
a social class system; a hereditary class of Hindu society
Example
The ancient caste system divided society into different social groups.
Le système ancien des castes a divisé la société en différents groupes sociaux.
C1 noun /ˈkaʊn.tər kleɪm/

counter-claim

contre-demande
Meaning
a claim made to rebut a previous claim, often in legal contexts
Example
The defendant filed a counter-claim against the plaintiff.
Le défendeur a déposé une contre-demande contre le demandeur.
C1 noun ˌkɒn.ʃiˈen.ʃəs.nəs

conscientiousness

conscience
Meaning
The quality of wishing to do one's work or duty well and thoroughly; diligence.
Example
Her conscientiousness in work led to a well-organized project.
Sa conscience au travail a conduit à un projet bien organisé.
C1 noun /ˈsɪtəˌdɛl/

citadel

citadelle
Meaning
A fortress protecting or dominating a city.
Example
The ancient citadel stood guard over the town for centuries.
L'ancienne citadelle a protégé la ville pendant des siècles.
C1 adjective /ˈtʃɪə.ləs/

Cheerless

triste; morne; sans joie
Meaning
lacking happiness or comfort; gloomy; depressing; without cheer
Example
The old house looked cheerless and abandoned in the winter rain.
La vieille maison paraissait triste et abandonnée sous la pluie hivernale.
C1 noun ˈkəmˌpaʊndɪŋ

compounding

intérêts composés
Meaning
The process whereby interest is added to an amount of money and future interest is calculated on the total.
Example
Compounding interest increases the value of investments over time.
Les intérêts composés augmentent la valeur des investissements au fil du temps.
C1 adjective /kəˈnɒnɪkəl/

canonical

canonique / accepté
Meaning
Conforming to a general rule or accepted standard; officially recognized.
Example
Shakespeare’s works are considered canonical in English literature.
Les œuvres de Shakespeare sont considérées comme canoniques dans la littérature anglaise.
C1 adjective /ˌkætəˈklɪzmɪk/

cataclysmic

cataclysmique
Meaning
Relating to or denoting a violent natural event or upheaval.
Example
The war had cataclysmic effects on the nation's economy.
La guerre a eu des effets cataclysmiques sur l'économie du pays.
C1 noun /ˈkɒb.lər/

Cobbler

cordonnier
Meaning
a person who repairs shoes and other leather goods
Example
The cobbler fixed my broken shoes perfectly.
Le cordonnier a réparé mes chaussures cassées parfaitement.
C1 noun /kliːˈʃeɪ/

cliche

cliché
Meaning
An overused expression or idea that has lost its originality or impact.
Example
The speech was filled with old clichés that failed to inspire the audience.
Le discours était rempli de vieux clichés qui n'ont pas réussi à inspirer l'audience.
C1 noun /krɪˈden.ʃəl/

credential

certificat, titre
Meaning
a qualification, achievement, or aspect of a person's background used to indicate suitability for something
Example
She presented her credentials before starting the new job.
Elle a présenté ses certificats avant de commencer son nouveau travail.
C1 adjective /kəˈmɛmərətɪv/

commemorative

commémoratif
Meaning
Serving as a reminder or in honor of a person or event.
Example
They issued a commemorative coin for the independence anniversary.
Ils ont émis une pièce commémorative pour l'anniversaire de l'indépendance.
C1 noun ˌsɛn.trə.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

centralization

centralisation
Meaning
The concentration of control and decision-making power in a central authority.
Example
Excessive centralization can slow down decision-making.
Une centralisation excessive peut ralentir la prise de décision.
C1 noun /ˌkɒnvəˈlɛsns/

convalescence

convalescence
Meaning
the period of time spent recovering from an illness or medical treatment
Example
His convalescence lasted for almost two months after the accident.
Sa convalescence a duré presque deux mois après l'accident.
C1 adjective /ˈkɒz.mɪk/

cosmic

cosmique, vaste
Meaning
relating to the universe or cosmos; vast
Example
Astronomers study cosmic phenomena to understand the universe.
Les astronomes étudient les phénomènes cosmiques pour comprendre l'univers.
C1 adjective ˌkɑːr.sɪ.nəˈdʒen.ɪk

carcinogenic

cancérogène
Meaning
Having the potential to cause cancer in living tissue.
Example
Processed meat contains carcinogenic compounds.
La viande transformée contient des composés cancérogènes.
C1 noun /kənˈtɛnʃən/

contention

contestation, désaccord
Meaning
heated disagreement or argument; a point asserted in debate
Example
The main contention between the two parties was over tax reform.
La principale contestation entre les deux parties concernait la réforme fiscale.
C1 noun /kənˈfɔːrmɪst/

conformist

conformiste
Meaning
A person who uncritically conforms to established practices or standards.
Example
She was labeled a conformist for always following the crowd.
Elle a été étiquetée comme conformiste pour avoir toujours suivi la foule.
C1 noun kənˈsjuː.mə.rɪ.zəm

consumerism

consumérisme
Meaning
The tendency to increase consumption of goods and the importance given to consuming products.
Example
Modern consumerism leads to increased demand for luxury goods.
Le consumérisme moderne entraîne une demande accrue de biens de luxe.
C1 noun ˌkæp.ɪ.təl.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

capitalization

capitalisation
Meaning
The total market value of a company's shares or the provision of capital for a company or activity.
Example
The company's capitalization reached $1 billion in market value.
La capitalisation de l'entreprise a atteint 1 milliard de dollars en valeur marchande.
C1 verb ˌsɝː.kəmˈvent

circumvent

éviter habilement ou contourner des obstacles ou des règles
Meaning
To cleverly avoid or find a way around obstacles or rules.
Example
He tried to circumvent the security system.
Il a essayé de contourner le système de sécurité.
C1 adjective /koʊˈɪnsɪdənt/

coincident

coïncident
Meaning
Occurring at the same time; occupying the same position in space or time.
Example
The festival was coincident with the national holiday.
Le festival était coïncident avec le jour férié national.
C1 noun /ˈsɪn.ɪˌsɪz.əm/

cynicism

cynisme
Meaning
An inclination to believe that people are motivated purely by self-interest; skepticism.
Example
His cynicism made it hard for him to trust anyone.
Son cynisme lui rendait difficile de faire confiance à quiconque.
C1 adjective /ˈkræfti/

crafty

rusé, astucieux, sournois
Meaning
skilled at achieving goals through cunning or deceit; sly
Example
The crafty fox evaded the hunters again.
Le renard rusé a de nouveau échappé aux chasseurs.
C1 adjective /kəmˈpʌlsɪv/

compulsive

compulsif
Meaning
Resulting from or acting on an irresistible urge, especially one that is against one's conscious wishes.
Example
He is a compulsive gambler who cannot stop placing bets.
C'est un joueur compulsif qui ne peut pas arrêter de parier.
C1 noun, verb /kriːs/

crease

pli, ride
Meaning
a line or fold produced on paper, cloth, or other material; to make a fold or wrinkle
Example
She ironed the shirt carefully to remove every crease.
Elle a repassé la chemise soigneusement pour enlever chaque pli.
C1 adjective /kɜːrt/

curt

bref
Meaning
Rudely brief in speech or manner.
Example
His curt reply made everyone uncomfortable.
Sa réponse brève rendit tout le monde mal à l'aise.
C1 noun /ˈkɒnfɪdænt/

confidant

confident
Meaning
A person with whom one shares a secret or private matter, trusting them not to repeat it.
Example
She found a true confidant in her childhood friend.
Elle a trouvé un vrai confident dans son ami d'enfance.
C1 noun /krɪpt/

crypt

crypte
Meaning
an underground chamber, especially one beneath a church, used as a burial place
Example
The tourists explored the ancient crypt beneath the cathedral.
Les touristes ont exploré la crypte ancienne sous la cathédrale.
C1 adjective /kənˈtɛmptʃuəs/

contemptuous

méprisant, dédaigneux
Meaning
showing or expressing contempt; scornful
Example
She gave him a contemptuous glance.
Elle lui lança un regard méprisant.
C1 noun /krəˈnɒlədʒi/

chronology

chronologie
Meaning
The arrangement of events or dates in the order of their occurrence.
Example
The chronology of the dynasty was carefully studied by historians.
La chronologie de la dynastie a été soigneusement étudiée par les historiens.
C1 noun /ˈkæv.əl.ri/

Cavalry

cavalerie
Meaning
soldiers who fight on horseback; the part of an army formerly composed of troops on horseback
Example
The cavalry charged across the field with great speed.
La cavalerie a chargé à travers le champ avec grande vitesse.
C1 noun /kənˈtɪn.ju.əns/

continuance

continuité
Meaning
the state of continuing or being prolonged; persistence
Example
The continuance of the project depended on securing additional funding.
La continuité du projet dépendait de l'obtention de financements supplémentaires.
C1 verb /ˈklæmbər/

clamber

grimper avec effort
Meaning
to climb with effort or difficulty, often using both hands and feet
Example
The children clambered over the rocks to reach the cave.
Les enfants ont grimpé sur les rochers pour atteindre la grotte.
C1 adjective /ˌser.ɪˈmoʊ.ni.əl/

Ceremonial

cérémonial
Meaning
relating to or used in ceremonies; formal and ritualistic
Example
The ceremonial dress was worn during the royal wedding.
La robe cérémoniale a été portée pendant le mariage royal.
C1 noun kənˈsɔː.ti.əm

consortium

consortium
Meaning
An association of several companies or organizations formed to undertake an enterprise beyond the resources of any one member.
Example
The consortium worked collaboratively to build the cable.
Le consortium a travaillé de manière collaborative pour construire le câble.
C1 noun ˈkætəlɪst

catalyst

catalyseur
Meaning
A person or thing that precipitates an event or change.
Example
His speech acted as a catalyst for change in the community.
Son discours a agi comme un catalyseur pour le changement dans la communauté.
C1 noun /kənˈdəʊləns/

condolence

condoléances
Meaning
An expression of sympathy, especially on the occasion of death.
Example
She offered her sincere condolence to the grieving family.
Elle a offert ses plus sincères condoléances à la famille endeuillée.
C1 adjective ˈklaɪ.mət rɪˈzɪl.i.ənt

climate-resilient

résistant au climat
Meaning
Able to cope with the adverse effects of climate change; sustainable and adaptable.
Example
Climate-resilient crops can survive extreme weather conditions.
Les cultures résistantes au climat peuvent survivre à des conditions météorologiques extrêmes.
C1 verb /klɪntʃ/

clinch

assurer
Meaning
To secure or settle something decisively; to grasp tightly.
Example
The team clinched the championship with a last-minute goal.
L'équipe a remporté le championnat avec un but de dernière minute.
C1 noun /ˈkɜːrfjuː/

curfew

couvre-feu
Meaning
a rule requiring people to stay indoors after a certain time, usually at night
Example
The city imposed a curfew during the unrest.
La ville a imposé un couvre-feu pendant les troubles.
C1 adverb /ˈkɔːrdiəli/

Cordially

cordialement
Meaning
in a warm and friendly manner; sincerely
Example
You are cordially invited to our wedding ceremony.
Vous êtes cordialement invités à notre cérémonie de mariage.
C1 adjective /ˈkoʊpiəs/

copious

copieux
Meaning
abundant in supply or quantity
Example
She took copious notes during the lecture.
Elle a pris des notes copieuses pendant la conférence.
C1 adjective,noun /kənˈtɪn.dʒənt/

contingent

dépendant / contingent
Meaning
dependent on something else; a group of people representing an organization
Example
Attendance is contingent on prior registration. / A contingent of students attended the conference.
La présence dépend de l'inscription préalable. / Un contingent d'étudiants a assisté à la conférence.
C1 verb /kənˈfaʊnd/

confound

déconcerter
Meaning
to confuse or surprise someone, often by acting against their expectations
Example
The magician's trick seemed to confound the entire audience.
Le tour du magicien semblait déconcerter tout le public.
C1 noun kəˈlɛktɪvɪzəm

collectivism

collectivisme
Meaning
The practice or principle of giving a group priority over each individual in it.
Example
Collectivism emphasizes the importance of group over individual interests.
Le collectivisme souligne l'importance du groupe par rapport aux intérêts individuels.
C1 adjective /ˈkɔːrəl/

choral

relatif au chœur
Meaning
Relating to, written for, or performed by a choir or chorus.
Example
The church hosted a choral performance on Sunday.
L'église a organisé une performance chorale dimanche.
C1 noun /kənˈsep.ʃən/

Conception

conception; idée; fertilisation
Meaning
the forming of an idea or plan; the fertilization of an ovum by a sperm; the action of conceiving
Example
The conception of this innovative project took several months of brainstorming.
La conception de ce projet innovant a pris plusieurs mois de brainstorming.
C1 noun /ˌkɒnfləˈɡreɪʃən/

conflagration

grand incendie destructeur
Meaning
A large, destructive fire that destroys a great deal of land or property.
Example
The forest was devastated by a massive conflagration that lasted for days.
La forêt a été dévastée par un énorme incendie qui a duré plusieurs jours.
C1 noun /ˈkɜːrlər/

curler

fer à friser
Meaning
A small roller used for curling hair.
Example
She used a curler to style her hair for the party.
Elle a utilisé un fer à friser pour coiffer ses cheveux pour la fête.
C1 noun /sɛˈseɪʃən/

cessation

cessation
Meaning
The fact or process of ending or being brought to an end.
Example
There was a temporary cessation of hostilities.
Il y a eu une cessation temporaire des hostilités.
C1 verb /kənˈsɛptʃuəlaɪz/

conceptualize

conceptualiser
Meaning
to form an idea or concept of something in your mind
Example
The artist conceptualized a new design for the exhibition.
L'artiste a conceptualisé un nouveau design pour l'exposition.
C1 noun /ˈkɒnstənsi/

constancy

constance
Meaning
the quality of being faithful and dependable
Example
Her constancy in friendship is admirable.
Sa constance en amitié est admirable.
C1 adjective /ˌkætəˈɡɒrɪkəl/

categorical

catégorique
Meaning
Absolute and without exception; expressed clearly and directly.
Example
She gave a categorical denial of the allegations.
Elle a donné un déni catégorique des accusations.
C1 adjective /kəˈθɑːr.tɪk/

cathartic

cathartique
Meaning
Providing psychological relief through the open expression of strong emotions.
Example
Writing about emotions can be a cathartic experience.
Écrire sur les émotions peut être une expérience cathartique.
C1 noun /kjʊˈreɪtər/

curator

conservateur
Meaning
a person who is responsible for the care and management of a museum, gallery, or collection
Example
The curator organized a new exhibition of ancient artifacts.
Le conservateur a organisé une nouvelle exposition d'artefacts anciens.
C1 noun ˈklaɪmət ˌrɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən

climate regulation

régulation du climat
Meaning
The moderation of climate conditions through natural or artificial processes.
Example
Forests help in climate regulation by stabilizing local temperatures.
Les forêts aident à la régulation du climat en stabilisant les températures locales.
C1 verb /kliːv/

cleave

fendre, couper
Meaning
to split or divide; to cut through forcefully
Example
He used an axe to cleave the wood.
Il a utilisé une hache pour fendre le bois.
C1 noun /ˈkæpɪˌlɛri/

capillary

capillaire
Meaning
a very thin blood vessel that connects arteries and veins
Example
Oxygen passes from the blood into tissues through capillaries.
L'oxygène passe du sang dans les tissus par les capillaires.
C1 verb /ˈkɒr.ə.leɪt/

correlate

établir une relation
Meaning
To have a mutual relationship or connection; to establish a relationship between two or more things.
Example
Researchers found that diet and mental health correlate strongly.
Les chercheurs ont trouvé que l'alimentation et la santé mentale sont fortement liées.
C1 noun /ˈkʌntrɪmən/

countryman

compatriote
Meaning
a person from one's own country or rural area
Example
He was proud to meet a fellow countryman at the international conference.
Il était fier de rencontrer un compatriote à la conférence internationale.
C1 adjective /kəmˈpensətɔːri/

compensatory

compensatoire
Meaning
serving to make up for a loss, damage, or injury
Example
The court awarded him compensatory damages.
Le tribunal lui a accordé des dommages-intérêts compensatoires.
C1 adjective /kəmˈplaɪənt/

compliant

conforme
Meaning
Willing to agree with or follow rules, requests, or demands.
Example
She was compliant with all the safety requirements.
Elle était conforme à toutes les exigences de sécurité.
C1 adjective /kəˈrəʊsɪv/

corrosive

corrosif, nuisible
Meaning
tending to cause corrosion; harmful or destructive to materials or people
Example
The chemical is highly corrosive and should be handled with care.
Le produit chimique est hautement corrosif et doit être manipulé avec soin.
C1 verb /kriːk/

creak

faire un bruit aigu et grincant
Meaning
to make a high-pitched, squeaking noise when moved
Example
The old door creaked as she opened it.
La vieille porte a craqué quand elle l'a ouverte.
C1 noun /kəmˈpʌl.ʃən/

Compulsion

compulsion; contrainte;
Meaning
the action or state of forcing or being forced to do something; an irresistible urge to behave in a certain way
Example
He felt a strong compulsion to check his phone every few minutes.
Il ressentait une forte compulsion de vérifier son téléphone toutes les quelques minutes.
C1 noun /ˈkɒnsjʊlət/

consulate

consulat
Meaning
the building or office where a consul works
Example
He went to the consulate to renew his visa.
Il est allé au consulat pour renouveler son visa.
C1 verb /kənˈviːn/

convene

se réunir, convoquer une réunion ou un rassemblement
Meaning
to come together or assemble, especially for a meeting or formal gathering
Example
The board will convene tomorrow to discuss the new policy.
Le conseil se réunira demain pour discuter de la nouvelle politique.
C1 adjective /ˈkɔːrdiəl/

Cordial

chaleureux; sincère; cordial
Meaning
warmly friendly; sincere; heartfelt
Example
She gave us a cordial welcome at the front door.
Elle nous a donné un accueil chaleureux à la porte d'entrée.
C1 adjective/noun /ˈkɜːrsɪv/

cursive

écriture cursive
Meaning
Written with characters joined together in a flowing manner.
Example
The teacher asked students to write the essay in cursive handwriting.
Le professeur a demandé aux élèves d'écrire l'essai en écriture cursive.
C1 noun /kəˈnʌn.drəm/

conundrum

problème complexe ou énigme
Meaning
A complex problem or puzzle without an easy solution
Example
The ethical conundrum puzzled the researchers.
Le dilemme éthique a perturbé les chercheurs.
C1 verb /kənˈsaɪn/

consign

consigner
Meaning
to deliver something to a person or place, often for selling or safekeeping
Example
He consigned the package to the shipping company.
Il a consigné le paquet à la société de transport.
C1 adjective sɪˈlɛstʃəl

celestial

céleste
Meaning
Positioned in or relating to the sky, or outer space as observed in astronomy.
Example
The celestial bodies in the sky were clearly visible last night.
Les corps célestes dans le ciel étaient clairement visibles la nuit dernière.
C1 noun /kəˈlæm.ɪ.ti/

Calamity

calamité; désastre
Meaning
an event causing great and often sudden damage or distress; a disaster
Example
The earthquake was a terrible calamity that affected thousands of families.
Le tremblement de terre était une terrible calamité qui a affecté des milliers de familles.
C1 noun /kənˈtentmənt/

contentment

satisfaction
Meaning
a state of happiness and satisfaction with what one has
Example
She felt a deep sense of contentment after helping others.
Elle a ressenti une profonde satisfaction après avoir aidé les autres.
C1 noun /ˈklæmər/

clamor

tumulte
Meaning
a loud and confused noise, especially of people shouting insistently
Example
The clamor of the protesting crowd filled the square.
Le tumulte de la foule en colère a rempli la place.
C1 adjective /klaɪˈmæktɪk/

climactic

climactique
Meaning
Relating to the most exciting or important moment of something.
Example
The film ended with a climactic battle scene.
Le film s'est terminé par une scène de bataille climactique.
C1 noun /ˈʃɪvəlri/

chivalry

chevalerie
Meaning
The medieval knightly system with its moral, social, and religious code; courteous behavior, especially toward women.
Example
The knight lived by the code of chivalry.
Le chevalier vivait selon le code de la chevalerie.
C1 noun /ˈkɒndjuɪt/ or /ˈkɑːnduɪt/

conduit

conduit / moyen
Meaning
a channel or pipe for conveying water, electricity, or information
Example
The cable was placed inside a protective conduit.
Le câble a été placé dans un conduit protecteur.
C1 noun /krʌtʃ/

crutch

béquille, soutien
Meaning
a support used by someone injured to walk; also something relied upon for support or help
Example
He had to use crutches after breaking his leg.
Il a dû utiliser des béquilles après s'être cassé la jambe.
C1 noun /ˈkɒnɪfər/

conifer

Conifère
Meaning
a type of tree that bears cones and evergreen needle-like leaves, such as pine or fir
Example
The forest is dominated by conifers like pine and spruce.
La forêt est dominée par des conifères comme le pin et l'épicéa.
C1 noun /ˈkɒn.vɔɪ/

convoy

convoi
Meaning
a group of vehicles or ships traveling together, often for protection
Example
The military convoy moved through the desert at dawn.
Le convoi militaire a traversé le désert à l'aube.
C1 noun ˈkeɪ.dəns

cadence

rythme et fluctuation de la voix
Meaning
The rhythm and flow of speech with rise and fall in tone.
Example
His speech had a natural cadence that captivated the audience.
Son discours avait une cadence naturelle qui captivait le public.
C1 verb /ˈkɒnfɪskeɪt/

confiscate

confisquer
Meaning
to take something away officially, often as a punishment
Example
The teacher confiscated the student's phone during class.
Le professeur a confisqué le téléphone de l'élève pendant le cours.
C1 adjective kənˈkɝː.ənt

concurrent

concurrent, simultané, qui se produit en même temps
Meaning
Existing, happening, or done at the same time.
Example
The conference had concurrent sessions on various topics.
La conférence avait des sessions concurrentes sur divers sujets.
C1 noun /ˈkɔːkəs/

caucus

réunion politique
Meaning
A meeting of members of a political party to select candidates or decide policy.
Example
The party held a caucus to nominate their candidate for president.
Le parti a tenu une réunion pour nommer son candidat à la présidence.
C1 verb /kəˈmɛmɔˌreɪt/

commemorate

commémorer
Meaning
To honor and remember someone or something through a ceremony or action.
Example
The statue was built to commemorate the fallen heroes.
La statue a été construite pour commémorer les héros tombés.
C1 noun /ˈkaʊn.tə.nəns/

countenance

visage, expression; soutien
Meaning
a person's face or expression; support or approval
Example
Her cheerful countenance brightened the room.
Son visage joyeux a éclairé la pièce.
C1 noun /kliːk/

clique

clique
Meaning
a small, exclusive group of people
Example
The students formed a clique that excluded others.
Les étudiants ont formé une clique qui excluait les autres.
C1 adjective /kɔɪ/

coy

timide, réservé
Meaning
reluctant to give details or reveal feelings; shy or reserved
Example
She gave a coy smile when asked about her plans.
Elle a donné un sourire timide lorsqu'on lui a demandé ses projets.
C1 noun /ˈkoʊtʃ.mən/

Coachman

cocher
Meaning
a person who drives a horse-drawn carriage or coach
Example
The coachman skillfully guided the horses through the busy streets.
Le cocher a habilement guidé les chevaux à travers les rues bondées.
C1 adjective kəˈlɒs.əl

Colossal

colossal
Meaning
Extremely large, gigantic, enormous in size or extent.
Example
The colossal pyramids of Egypt are a marvel of architecture.
Les pyramides colossales d'Égypte sont un miracle de l'architecture.
C1 noun /ˈkɒndɪmənt/

condiment

condiment
Meaning
a substance such as salt, mustard, or ketchup that is used to add flavor to food
Example
Ketchup is a popular condiment in many countries.
Le ketchup est un condiment populaire dans de nombreux pays.
C1 adjective ˈkʌm.bə.səm

cumbersome

lourd, encombrant, difficile à manipuler
Meaning
Heavy, unwieldy, difficult to handle or carry.
Example
The cumbersome luggage slowed him down.
Les bagages encombrants l'ont ralenti.
C1 noun sɪˈmɛntɪd ɡreɪv

cemented grave

tombe cimentée
Meaning
A grave that is constructed with cement for permanence.
Example
The cemented grave of the martyrs was seen near the river.
La tombe cimentée des martyrs a été vue près de la rivière.
C1 noun /ˈkændɪdnəs/

candidness

franchise
Meaning
The quality of being open, honest, and straightforward
Example
Her candidness during the meeting impressed everyone.
Sa franchise pendant la réunion a impressionné tout le monde.
C1 noun /ˈkrɛvɪs/

crevice

fissure
Meaning
a narrow crack or opening, especially in a rock or wall
Example
The lizard hid in a crevice between the stones.
Le lézard s'est caché dans une fissure entre les pierres.
C1 noun /ˌkɒn.stəˈleɪ.ʃən/

constellation

constellation
Meaning
a group of stars forming a recognizable pattern in the night sky
Example
Orion is one of the most famous constellations.
Orion est l'une des constellations les plus célèbres.
C1 verb /ˈsɪvɪlaɪz/

civilize

civiliser
Meaning
to bring a society or group to a more developed, organized, or socially acceptable state; to educate and refine behavior
Example
Education can help civilize communities by promoting shared values and respect.
L’éducation peut aider à civiliser les communautés en favorisant des valeurs partagées et le respect.
C1 noun kɒɡˈnɪʃ.ən

cognition

cognition
Meaning
The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
Example
Cognition plays a key role in learning.
La cognition joue un rôle clé dans l'apprentissage.
C1 adjective /kræs/

crass

grossier, sans sensibilité ou raffinement
Meaning
lacking sensitivity, refinement, or intelligence
Example
His crass remarks offended everyone at the meeting.
Ses remarques grossières ont offensé tout le monde lors de la réunion.
C1 verb /ˌkaʊntərˈbæləns/

counterbalance

contrebalancer
Meaning
to offset or balance the effect of something
Example
Exercise can counterbalance the negative effects of stress.
L'exercice peut contrebalancer les effets négatifs du stress.
C1 noun kəˈmɑːnd ɪˈkɒn.ə.mi

command economy

économie commandée
Meaning
An economic system where economic activities are controlled by the government.
Example
In a command economy, the government controls production and prices.
Dans une économie commandée, le gouvernement contrôle la production et les prix.
C1 noun /kənˈstɪtʃuənsi/

constituency

circonscription
Meaning
A geographical area whose residents elect a representative to a legislative body.
Example
She campaigned tirelessly across her constituency.
Elle a fait campagne sans relâche dans sa circonscription.
C1 adjective /kənˈsɜːrtɪd/

concerted

concerté
Meaning
done with great effort, planned and performed together by multiple people
Example
The workers made a concerted effort to improve conditions.
Les travailleurs ont fait un effort concerté pour améliorer les conditions.
C1 noun kənˈfɔː.mə.ti

conformity

conformité, obéissance, conformité
Meaning
Compliance with standards, rules, or laws. Behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions.
Example
Strict conformity to the rules ensures order in society.
La conformité stricte aux règles garantit l'ordre dans la société.
C1 noun /kənˈtɛndər/

contender

concurren, prétendant
Meaning
a person or team competing for a title or prize
Example
She is a strong contender for the mayoral position.
Elle est une forte prétendante pour le poste de maire.
C1 noun /ˈklaɪəntɛl/

clientele

clientèle
Meaning
The clients or customers of a professional person or business.
Example
The salon's clientele includes many high-profile individuals.
La clientèle du salon comprend de nombreuses personnes de haut niveau.
C1 noun kəˈrəʊ.ʒən

corrosion

corrosion
Meaning
The gradual destruction of materials by chemical or electrochemical reaction, especially of metals by oxidation.
Example
Corrosion in pipes leads to leakage.
La corrosion dans les tuyaux conduit à des fuites.
C1 verb /kənˈstruː/

construe

interpréter
Meaning
to interpret or understand the meaning of something in a particular way
Example
His words could be construed as a threat.
Ses mots pouvaient être interprétés comme une menace.
C1 noun /kənˈvʌl.ʃən/

convulsion

convulsion
Meaning
a sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of muscles; a seizure
Example
The medicine helped prevent convulsions in children.
Le médicament a aidé à prévenir les convulsions chez les enfants.
C1 verb /ˌkɒntrəˈviːn/

contravene

contrevenir
Meaning
to go against or act in opposition to a law, rule, or agreement
Example
He contravened the safety regulations and was fined.
Il a contrevenu aux règles de sécurité et a été amende.
C1 noun /ˈkɒləmnɪst/

columnist

chroniqueur
Meaning
a journalist who regularly writes articles or opinions for a newspaper or magazine
Example
The columnist wrote an article about climate change.
Le chroniqueur a écrit un article sur le changement climatique.
C1 noun ˌkʌl.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən

culmination

aboutissement. Le point culminant ou le plus élevé de quelque chose, généralement atteint après beaucoup de temps.
Meaning
The highest or climactic point of something, especially as attained after a long time.
Example
The project reached its culmination after years of effort.
Le projet a atteint son aboutissement après des années d'efforts.
C1 noun /kəmˈplɪsəti/

complicity

complicité
Meaning
the state of being involved with others in an illegal activity or wrongdoing
Example
The court revealed his complicity in the fraud scheme.
Le tribunal a révélé sa complicité dans le plan de fraude.
C1 noun /ˈkæmi.oʊ/

cameo

caméo
Meaning
a small but significant role in a play, film, or show, often performed by a well-known person
Example
The actor made a surprise cameo in the movie.
L'acteur a fait un caméo surprise dans le film.
C1 verb /kənˈtraɪv/

contrive

concevoir
Meaning
to plan or devise cleverly or skillfully
Example
She contrived a clever plan to surprise her friends.
Elle a conçu un plan ingénieux pour surprendre ses amis.