cartilage
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C1 noun /ˈkɑːrtɪlɪdʒ/

cartilage

cartilage
Meaning
A firm, flexible connective tissue found in various parts of the body such as joints, ear, and nose.
Example
The doctor explained that the injury damaged the cartilage in his knee.
Le médecin a expliqué que la blessure avait endommagé le cartilage de son genou.
C1 verb /ˌkɒndɪˈsɛnd/

condescend

regarder d'en haut avec gentillesse
Meaning
to behave as if one is superior while being gracious to others
Example
He would not condescend to answer such a trivial question.
Il ne se rabaisserait pas à répondre à une question aussi triviale.
C1 noun ˌkɒm.pjʊˈteɪ.ʃən

computation

calcul
Meaning
The action of mathematical calculation.
Example
Complex computation is required for AI models.
Un calcul complexe est nécessaire pour les modèles d'IA.
C1 adjective /kəˈnɒnɪkəl/

canonical

canonique / accepté
Meaning
Conforming to a general rule or accepted standard; officially recognized.
Example
Shakespeare’s works are considered canonical in English literature.
Les œuvres de Shakespeare sont considérées comme canoniques dans la littérature anglaise.
C1 adjective /ˈkjuːmjələtɪv/

cumulative

cumulatif
Meaning
Increasing gradually by addition; growing in quantity, force, or effect.
Example
The cumulative effect of stress can harm your health.
L'effet cumulatif du stress peut nuire à votre santé.
C1 adjective /kənˈstreɪnd/

constrained

contraint, forcé
Meaning
appearing forced, unnatural, or restricted
Example
He gave a constrained smile during the awkward meeting.
Il a donné un sourire forcé pendant la réunion maladroite.
C1 noun koʊˈhisɪv ˈjunɪts

cohesive units

unités cohésives
Meaning
Groups or organizations that work together as unified wholes, with members closely bound together.
Example
Early humans formed cohesive units for survival.
Les premiers humains ont formé des unités cohésives pour survivre.
C1 verb /ˈkætəˌlaɪz/

catalyze

catalyser
Meaning
To cause or accelerate a reaction or change.
Example
The new law catalyzed reforms across the sector.
La nouvelle loi a catalysé des réformes dans tout le secteur.
C1 noun/verb /kruːˈseɪd/

crusade

croisade, campagne vigoureuse
Meaning
a vigorous campaign for a social, political, or religious cause; to fight passionately for a cause
Example
She has been crusading for women's rights all her life.
elle a lutté pour les droits des femmes toute sa vie.
C1 adjective kənˈten.ʃəs

contentious

controversé
Meaning
Causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial.
Example
The contentious issue divided global leaders.
La question controversée a divisé les dirigeants mondiaux.
C1 adjective /ˈkɒɡ.nɪ.zənt/

cognizant

conscient
Meaning
Having knowledge or being aware of something.
Example
He was cognizant of the risks before starting the project.
Il était conscient des risques avant de commencer le projet.
C1 adjective /kəˈlæpsəbl̩/

collapsible

pliable
Meaning
able to be folded down or reduced in size
Example
She bought a collapsible chair for camping.
Elle a acheté une chaise pliable pour le camping.
C1 adjective /ˌkɒnsɪˈkwɛnʃəl/

consequential

déterminant
Meaning
Having important or significant consequences; resulting from something.
Example
The meeting was consequential for the future of the project.
La réunion a été déterminante pour l'avenir du projet.
C1 noun kənˈɡlɒm.ər.ət

conglomerate

conglomérat
Meaning
A large corporation formed by the merging of separate and diverse firms.
Example
The company grew into a multinational conglomerate.
L'entreprise est devenue un conglomérat multinational.
C1 verb /ˈkʌn.dʒər/

conjure

conjurer
Meaning
to summon something as if by magic; to imagine vividly
Example
The magician conjured a rabbit out of the hat.
Le magicien a conjuré un lapin du chapeau.
C1 noun /ˌklɔːstrəˈfəʊbiə/

claustrophobia

claustrophobie
Meaning
an extreme or irrational fear of being in confined spaces
Example
He avoids elevators because of his claustrophobia.
Il évite les ascenseurs à cause de sa claustrophobie.
C1 noun /ˌkɒk.əˈtuː/

Cockatoo

cacato
Meaning
a large parrot with a prominent crest that can be raised or lowered
Example
The white cockatoo raised its beautiful crest.
Le cacato blanc a levé sa belle crête.
C1 verb /kənˈkɒkt/

concoct

créer ou inventer
Meaning
to make something, especially food or a story, by mixing or inventing
Example
He concocted a story to explain his absence.
Il a inventé une histoire pour expliquer son absence.
C1 adjective /kɑːrˈnɪv.ər.əs/

Carnivorous

carnivore
Meaning
feeding on other animals; meat-eating
Example
Lions are carnivorous animals that hunt other animals for food.
Les lions sont des animaux carnivores qui chassent d'autres animaux pour se nourrir.
C1 adjective ˌkaʊntəprəˈdʌktɪv

counterproductive

contre-productif
Meaning
Having the opposite of the desired effect; tending to hinder rather than help.
Example
Counterproductive activities often stem from dissatisfaction.
Les activités contre-productives proviennent souvent du mécontentement.
C1 noun /ˈkɜːr.i liːvz/

Curry Leaves

feuilles de curry
Meaning
aromatic leaves from the curry tree used in South Asian cooking
Example
Fresh curry leaves add authentic flavor to Indian dishes.
Les feuilles de curry fraîches ajoutent une saveur authentique aux plats indiens.
C1 adjective ˈkɒn.və.luː.tɪd

convoluted

compliqué
Meaning
Extremely complex and difficult to follow; twisted or intricate.
Example
His argument was so convoluted that no one understood it.
Son argument était tellement compliqué que personne ne l'a compris.
C1 noun kənˈvɜː.dʒəns

convergence

convergence
Meaning
The process of coming together from different directions to meet at a common point; unification or integration.
Example
The convergence of technologies is revolutionizing industries.
La convergence des technologies révolutionne les industries.
C1 noun /kənˈdəʊləns/

condolence

condoléances
Meaning
An expression of sympathy, especially on the occasion of death.
Example
She offered her sincere condolence to the grieving family.
Elle a offert ses plus sincères condoléances à la famille endeuillée.
C1 noun /kənˈtɪnjuəm/

continuum

continuum
Meaning
A continuous sequence in which adjacent elements are not perceptibly different from each other, but the extremes are quite distinct.
Example
Life and death are often seen as part of the same continuum.
La vie et la mort sont souvent considérées comme faisant partie du même continuum.
C1 noun /ˈkɒrənər/

coroner

médecin légiste
Meaning
an official who investigates sudden, violent, or suspicious deaths
Example
The coroner determined the cause of death was natural.
Le médecin légiste a déterminé que la cause de la mort était naturelle.
C1 adjective /kəmˈpensətɔːri/

compensatory

compensatoire
Meaning
serving to make up for a loss, damage, or injury
Example
The court awarded him compensatory damages.
Le tribunal lui a accordé des dommages-intérêts compensatoires.
C1 verb /ˈkænvəs/

canvass

solliciter des votes
Meaning
to solicit votes or opinions; to examine thoroughly; to discuss in detail
Example
They will canvass the neighborhood for votes.
Ils vont faire du porte-à-porte dans le quartier pour récolter des voix.
C1 adjective /kəˈθɑːr.tɪk/

cathartic

cathartique
Meaning
Providing psychological relief through the open expression of strong emotions.
Example
Writing about emotions can be a cathartic experience.
Écrire sur les émotions peut être une expérience cathartique.
C1 noun /kɑːɡ/

cog

dent de roue ou d'engrenage
Meaning
A tooth on the rim of a wheel or gear; metaphorically, a minor but necessary part of a larger system.
Example
He felt like just a small cog in a big machine.
Il se sentait comme un petit rouage dans une grande machine.
C1 verb /kəˈleɪt/

collate

collater
Meaning
to collect, arrange, and combine in order
Example
The secretary collated the reports before the meeting.
La secrétaire a collationné les rapports avant la réunion.
C1 adjective /ˈkɜːrsəri/

cursory

superficiel
Meaning
Hasty and therefore not thorough or detailed.
Example
He gave the report only a cursory glance before the meeting.
Il a jeté un coup d'œil superficiel au rapport avant la réunion.
C1 noun /ˈkoʊtʃ.mən/

Coachman

cocher
Meaning
a person who drives a horse-drawn carriage or coach
Example
The coachman skillfully guided the horses through the busy streets.
Le cocher a habilement guidé les chevaux à travers les rues bondées.
C1 noun /ˈsɪtəˌdɛl/

citadel

citadelle
Meaning
A fortress protecting or dominating a city.
Example
The ancient citadel stood guard over the town for centuries.
L'ancienne citadelle a protégé la ville pendant des siècles.
C1 noun /ˈsɛtərə/

cetera

etc.
Meaning
Latin for 'the rest' or 'others'; commonly used in the phrase 'et cetera' meaning 'and so on'.
Example
We need to buy pens, paper, notebooks, et cetera.
Nous devons acheter des stylos, du papier, des carnets, etc.
C1 noun /ˈkɒz.moʊs/

Cosmos

fleur cosmos
Meaning
a colorful annual flower with daisy-like blooms and feathery foliage
Example
The cosmos flowers swayed gently in the summer breeze across the meadow.
Les fleurs de cosmos se balançaient doucement dans la brise d'été à travers le pré.
C1 noun /ˈkjuːmɪn/

Cumin

cumin
Meaning
A spice made from the dried seeds of a plant in the parsley family, with a warm earthy flavor
Example
Cumin is an essential spice in Indian and Middle Eastern cooking.
Le cumin est une épice essentielle dans la cuisine indienne et du Moyen-Orient.
C1 noun /krʌks/

crux

le noyau
Meaning
the most important or decisive point of an issue
Example
The crux of the problem lies in poor communication.
Le noyau du problème réside dans une mauvaise communication.
C1 noun /ˈkʌntrɪmən/

countryman

compatriote
Meaning
a person from one's own country or rural area
Example
He was proud to meet a fellow countryman at the international conference.
Il était fier de rencontrer un compatriote à la conférence internationale.
C1 noun /kənˈvʌl.ʃən/

convulsion

convulsion
Meaning
a sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of muscles; a seizure
Example
The medicine helped prevent convulsions in children.
Le médicament a aidé à prévenir les convulsions chez les enfants.
C1 noun/adjective /klɛft/

cleft

fissure
Meaning
a split or crack; a space or opening made by cleavage
Example
The goat disappeared into a cleft in the rocks.
La chèvre a disparu dans une fissure dans les rochers.
C1 noun kəˈrəʊ.ʒən

corrosion

corrosion
Meaning
The gradual destruction of materials by chemical or electrochemical reaction, especially of metals by oxidation.
Example
Corrosion in pipes leads to leakage.
La corrosion dans les tuyaux conduit à des fuites.
C1 verb /kəmˈpjuːt/

compute

calculer
Meaning
To calculate or determine by using a computer or mathematical methods.
Example
The software can compute the total cost in seconds.
Le logiciel peut calculer le coût total en quelques secondes.
C1 verb /ˈkɒr.ə.leɪt/

correlate

établir une relation
Meaning
To have a mutual relationship or connection; to establish a relationship between two or more things.
Example
Researchers found that diet and mental health correlate strongly.
Les chercheurs ont trouvé que l'alimentation et la santé mentale sont fortement liées.
C1 noun /ˈkɒnfɪdænt/

confidant

confident
Meaning
A person with whom one shares a secret or private matter, trusting them not to repeat it.
Example
She found a true confidant in her childhood friend.
Elle a trouvé un vrai confident dans son ami d'enfance.
C1 noun /kəˈnʌn.drəm/

conundrum

problème complexe ou énigme
Meaning
A complex problem or puzzle without an easy solution
Example
The ethical conundrum puzzled the researchers.
Le dilemme éthique a perturbé les chercheurs.
C1 noun /krɪˈden.ʃəl/

credential

certificat, titre
Meaning
a qualification, achievement, or aspect of a person's background used to indicate suitability for something
Example
She presented her credentials before starting the new job.
Elle a présenté ses certificats avant de commencer son nouveau travail.
C1 noun /ˌkɒŋɡrɪˈɡeɪʃən/

congregation

congrégation
Meaning
a group of people assembled for religious worship or a common purpose
Example
The congregation gathered to hear the sermon.
La congrégation s'est réunie pour écouter le sermon.
C1 noun /kənˈsiːt/

conceit

vanité
Meaning
excessive pride in oneself; vanity
Example
His conceit made him unpopular among his colleagues.
Sa vanité l'a rendu impopulaire parmi ses collègues.
C1 noun ˈkəmˌpaʊndɪŋ

compounding

intérêts composés
Meaning
The process whereby interest is added to an amount of money and future interest is calculated on the total.
Example
Compounding interest increases the value of investments over time.
Les intérêts composés augmentent la valeur des investissements au fil du temps.
C1 adjective /ˈkɔːrdiəl/

Cordial

chaleureux; sincère; cordial
Meaning
warmly friendly; sincere; heartfelt
Example
She gave us a cordial welcome at the front door.
Elle nous a donné un accueil chaleureux à la porte d'entrée.
C1 noun kənˈfɔː.mə.ti

conformity

conformité, obéissance, conformité
Meaning
Compliance with standards, rules, or laws. Behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions.
Example
Strict conformity to the rules ensures order in society.
La conformité stricte aux règles garantit l'ordre dans la société.
C1 noun /kənˈtɛndər/

contender

concurren, prétendant
Meaning
a person or team competing for a title or prize
Example
She is a strong contender for the mayoral position.
Elle est une forte prétendante pour le poste de maire.
C1 noun sɜːrˈkeɪdiən ˈrɪðəm

circadian rhythm

rythme circadien
Meaning
The body's natural sleep-wake cycle that occurs within 24 hours
Example
Exposure to natural light regulates the circadian rhythm.
L'exposition à la lumière naturelle régule le rythme circadien.
C1 noun /ˈkɒb.lər/

Cobbler

cordonnier
Meaning
a person who repairs shoes and other leather goods
Example
The cobbler fixed my broken shoes perfectly.
Le cordonnier a réparé mes chaussures cassées parfaitement.
C1 noun /kɒzˈmɒlədʒi/

cosmology

cosmologie
Meaning
the science of the origin and development of the universe
Example
She studied cosmology to understand the origins of the universe.
Elle a étudié la cosmologie pour comprendre les origines de l'univers.
C1 noun /kəˈθɑːrsɪs/

catharsis

catharsis
Meaning
The process of releasing strong emotions, providing relief.
Example
Writing in her diary was a form of catharsis for her.
Écrire dans son journal était une forme de catharsis pour elle.
C1 noun /ˌkɑːr.diˈɒl.ə.dʒɪst/

cardiologist

cardiologue
Meaning
A doctor specializing in diagnosing and treating heart diseases.
Example
She made an appointment with a cardiologist for her chest pain.
Elle a pris rendez-vous avec un cardiologue à cause de la douleur dans sa poitrine.
C1 noun kəˈmjunəl ˈhɑrməni

communal harmony

harmonie communautaire
Meaning
Peaceful coexistence and cooperation among different groups in a community.
Example
Maintaining communal harmony requires mutual respect and understanding.
Maintenir l'harmonie communautaire nécessite le respect et la compréhension mutuels.
C1 adjective /kəmˈplaɪənt/

compliant

conforme
Meaning
Willing to agree with or follow rules, requests, or demands.
Example
She was compliant with all the safety requirements.
Elle était conforme à toutes les exigences de sécurité.
C1 noun /kæsˈkeɪd/

Cascade

cascade; une succession d'étapes ou d'opérations
Meaning
a waterfall; a succession of stages or operations
Example
The mountain cascade created a beautiful natural swimming pool below.
La cascade de la montagne a créé une belle piscine naturelle en dessous.
C1 noun /ˈkæzəm/

chasm

fissure / grande différence
Meaning
a deep fissure in the earth's surface or a wide difference between people or ideas
Example
There was a great chasm between the two political parties.
Il y avait une grande fissure entre les deux partis politiques.
C1 adjective /ˈkɒz.mɪk/

cosmic

cosmique, vaste
Meaning
relating to the universe or cosmos; vast
Example
Astronomers study cosmic phenomena to understand the universe.
Les astronomes étudient les phénomènes cosmiques pour comprendre l'univers.
C1 noun /ˈkævərn/

cavern

caverne
Meaning
a large cave or chamber in a cave
Example
The explorers entered a dark cavern beneath the mountain.
Les explorateurs sont entrés dans une caverne sombre sous la montagne.
C1 noun /kənˈsɜːvəˌtɪzəm/

conservatism

conservatisme
Meaning
A political or social philosophy promoting traditional institutions and resistance to change.
Example
Conservatism values tradition and gradual development.
Le conservatisme valorise la tradition et le développement progressif.
C1 noun /ˌkɒnfləˈɡreɪʃən/

conflagaration

faute d'orthographe (de 'conflagration')
Meaning
This is a common misspelling of 'conflagration', which means a large, destructive fire.
Example
The term 'conflagaration' is often incorrectly used instead of 'conflagration'.
Le terme 'conflagaration' est souvent utilisé à tort à la place de 'conflagration'.
C1 verb /kənˈtɛkstʃuəlaɪz/

contextualize

contextualiser
Meaning
to place something in a context or interpret it in relation to its surroundings
Example
The teacher contextualized the historical event to make it more relevant for students.
Le professeur a contextualisé l'événement historique pour le rendre plus pertinent pour les étudiants.
C1 noun /ˈkælkjʊləs/

calculus

calcul
Meaning
A branch of mathematics concerned with rates of change and accumulation; also a hard mineral deposit in the body such as on teeth.
Example
Calculus is essential for advanced studies in physics and engineering.
Le calcul est essentiel pour les études avancées en physique et en ingénierie.
C1 adjective /koʊˈɪnsɪdənt/

coincident

coïncident
Meaning
Occurring at the same time; occupying the same position in space or time.
Example
The festival was coincident with the national holiday.
Le festival était coïncident avec le jour férié national.
C1 noun ˈklaɪmət ˌrɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən

climate regulation

régulation du climat
Meaning
The moderation of climate conditions through natural or artificial processes.
Example
Forests help in climate regulation by stabilizing local temperatures.
Les forêts aident à la régulation du climat en stabilisant les températures locales.
C1 adjective /ˈkɔːrəl/

choral

relatif au chœur
Meaning
Relating to, written for, or performed by a choir or chorus.
Example
The church hosted a choral performance on Sunday.
L'église a organisé une performance chorale dimanche.
C1 noun /kənˈkʌrəns/

concurrence

concurrence
Meaning
Agreement or union in action, opinion, or occurrence; simultaneous happening of events.
Example
The project was completed with the concurrence of all departments.
Le projet a été complété avec la concurrence de tous les départements.
C1 verb ˌsɝː.kəmˈvent

circumvent

éviter habilement ou contourner des obstacles ou des règles
Meaning
To cleverly avoid or find a way around obstacles or rules.
Example
He tried to circumvent the security system.
Il a essayé de contourner le système de sécurité.
C1 noun/verb /ˈsaɪ.fər/

cipher

chiffre
Meaning
A secret or disguised way of writing; a code; to put a message into secret writing.
Example
Military messages are protected using a cipher.
Les messages militaires sont protégés par un chiffre.
C1 verb /kəˈpɪtjʊˌleɪt/

capitulate

capituler
Meaning
to surrender or give in after resisting
Example
The army had no choice but to capitulate to the enemy.
L'armée n'a eu d'autre choix que de capituler devant l'ennemi.
C1 adverb kəmˈpæktli

compactly

compactement
Meaning
In a closely packed or dense manner.
Example
Protons and neutrons are compactly arranged.
Les protons et les neutrons sont disposés de manière compacte.
C1 adjective /kənˈtɪɡ.ju.əs/

contiguous

contigu
Meaning
sharing a common border; touching
Example
The two continguous houses shared a wall.
Les deux maisons contiguës ont partagé un mur.
C1 adjective /klæd/

clad

habillé / couvert
Meaning
dressed or covered in a particular way
Example
The knight was clad in shining armor.
Le chevalier était habillé d'une armure brillante.
C1 verb /kliːv/

cleave

fendre, couper
Meaning
to split or divide; to cut through forcefully
Example
He used an axe to cleave the wood.
Il a utilisé une hache pour fendre le bois.
C1 adjective /ˌkætəˈklɪzmɪk/

cataclysmic

cataclysmique
Meaning
Relating to or denoting a violent natural event or upheaval.
Example
The war had cataclysmic effects on the nation's economy.
La guerre a eu des effets cataclysmiques sur l'économie du pays.
C1 verb /krɪndʒ/

cringe

se recroqueviller
Meaning
To shrink back in fear, embarrassment, or discomfort.
Example
She cringed when she remembered her mistake.
Elle s'est recroquevillée lorsqu'elle se souvint de son erreur.
C1 noun /ˈkleɪmənt/

claimant

demandeur
Meaning
a person who makes a claim, especially in a legal or financial context
Example
The claimant filed for compensation after the accident.
Le demandeur a déposé une demande de compensation après l'accident.
C1 adjective /ˈkrɪm.zən/

Crimson

rouge intense
Meaning
a deep purplish-red color
Example
The crimson sunset painted the sky with beautiful shades.
Le coucher du soleil rouge intense a peint le ciel de belles nuances.
C1 noun /krɛst/

crest

crête
Meaning
the top of a hill, wave, or mountain; a symbol of identity
Example
The hikers reached the crest of the mountain at sunrise.
Les randonneurs ont atteint le sommet de la montagne au lever du soleil.
C1 adjective /kræs/

crass

grossier, sans sensibilité ou raffinement
Meaning
lacking sensitivity, refinement, or intelligence
Example
His crass remarks offended everyone at the meeting.
Ses remarques grossières ont offensé tout le monde lors de la réunion.
C1 adjective /ˈkælkjʊleɪtɪŋ/

calculating

calculateur
Meaning
acting in a scheming and ruthlessly determined way
Example
He had a cold and calculating approach to business.
Il avait une approche froide et calculatrice des affaires.
C1 verb /kənˈdəʊn/

condone

condonner
Meaning
To accept or allow behavior that is morally wrong or offensive.
Example
The manager refused to condone harassment in the workplace.
Le responsable a refusé de condoner le harcèlement sur le lieu de travail.
C1 noun /kənˈteɪdʒən/

contagion

contagion
Meaning
The communication of disease from one person to another by close contact; also the spread of harmful ideas or behaviors.
Example
Fear spread like a contagion through the crowd.
La peur s'est propagée comme une contagion à travers la foule.
C1 adjective /ˈkɒnvɛks/

convex

convexe, arrondi vers l'extérieur
Meaning
curved or rounded outward
Example
The lens has a convex shape to focus light.
La lentille a une forme convexe pour focaliser la lumière.
C1 noun ˌkæl.ɪˈbreɪ.ʃən

calibration

calibration
Meaning
The action or process of adjusting or determining the accuracy of measuring instruments.
Example
The accuracy of a scale depends on regular calibration.
La précision d'une balance dépend d'une calibration régulière.
C1 adjective/noun /ˈkɜːrsɪv/

cursive

écriture cursive
Meaning
Written with characters joined together in a flowing manner.
Example
The teacher asked students to write the essay in cursive handwriting.
Le professeur a demandé aux élèves d'écrire l'essai en écriture cursive.
C1 noun /kənˈtentmənt/

contentment

satisfaction
Meaning
a state of happiness and satisfaction with what one has
Example
She felt a deep sense of contentment after helping others.
Elle a ressenti une profonde satisfaction après avoir aidé les autres.
C1 noun /ˈkɒndjuɪt/ or /ˈkɑːnduɪt/

conduit

conduit / moyen
Meaning
a channel or pipe for conveying water, electricity, or information
Example
The cable was placed inside a protective conduit.
Le câble a été placé dans un conduit protecteur.
C1 noun /ˈkɒndɪmənt/

condiment

condiment
Meaning
a substance such as salt, mustard, or ketchup that is used to add flavor to food
Example
Ketchup is a popular condiment in many countries.
Le ketchup est un condiment populaire dans de nombreux pays.
C1 verb /koʊks/

coax

persuader
Meaning
to persuade someone gently or gradually to do something
Example
She managed to coax the cat out of the tree with some food.
Elle a réussi à convaincre le chat de descendre de l'arbre avec un peu de nourriture.
C1 noun /ˌkɒnfɪˈdɑːnt/

confidante

amie de confiance
Meaning
A woman with whom one shares a secret or private matter, trusting her not to repeat it.
Example
The queen’s maid became her most trusted confidante.
La servante de la reine est devenue sa confidente la plus fidèle.
C1 phrase ˌkæt.əˈɡɒr.ɪ.kəl.i rɪˈfjuː.tɪd

categorically refuted

totalement réfuté
Meaning
Completely and absolutely denied or disproved.
Example
The claims were categorically refuted by officials.
Les revendications ont été catégoriquement réfutées par les responsables.
C1 verb /kənˈsɛptʃuəlaɪz/

conceptualize

conceptualiser
Meaning
to form an idea or concept of something in your mind
Example
The artist conceptualized a new design for the exhibition.
L'artiste a conceptualisé un nouveau design pour l'exposition.
C1 adjective /ˈkɔːʃənˌɛri/

cautionary

préventif
Meaning
serving as a warning; intended to prevent problems or mistakes by giving advice or examples
Example
The report offers a cautionary message about unchecked spending.
Le rapport offre un message préventif sur les dépenses incontrôlées.
C1 noun /ˈkɒn.vɔɪ/

convoy

convoi
Meaning
a group of vehicles or ships traveling together, often for protection
Example
The military convoy moved through the desert at dawn.
Le convoi militaire a traversé le désert à l'aube.
C1 noun kɒɡˈnɪʃ.ən

cognition

cognition
Meaning
The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
Example
Cognition plays a key role in learning.
La cognition joue un rôle clé dans l'apprentissage.
C1 verb /kənˈtraɪv/

contrive

concevoir
Meaning
to plan or devise cleverly or skillfully
Example
She contrived a clever plan to surprise her friends.
Elle a conçu un plan ingénieux pour surprendre ses amis.
C1 verb /kənˈstrɪkt/

constrict

constrict
Meaning
to make narrower or tighter; to shrink or compress
Example
The snake constricted its prey before swallowing.
Le serpent a contracté sa proie avant de l'avaler.
C1 verb /kənˈfaʊnd/

confound

déconcerter
Meaning
to confuse or surprise someone, often by acting against their expectations
Example
The magician's trick seemed to confound the entire audience.
Le tour du magicien semblait déconcerter tout le public.
C1 noun /kliːk/

clique

clique
Meaning
a small, exclusive group of people
Example
The students formed a clique that excluded others.
Les étudiants ont formé une clique qui excluait les autres.
C1 adverb /ˈkɔːrdiəli/

Cordially

cordialement
Meaning
in a warm and friendly manner; sincerely
Example
You are cordially invited to our wedding ceremony.
Vous êtes cordialement invités à notre cérémonie de mariage.
C1 noun /ˈkælɪbər/

caliber

calibre
Meaning
The quality of someone's ability or character; the internal diameter of a gun barrel.
Example
The university attracts students of high caliber.
L'université attire des étudiants de haut calibre.
C1 noun /klaʊt/

clout

influence
Meaning
influence or power, especially in politics or business
Example
The businessman has a lot of political clout.
L'homme d'affaires a beaucoup d'influence politique.
C1 adjective /kənˈvɜːrdʒənt/

convergent

convergent
Meaning
tending to move toward a common point or result
Example
The two rivers have a convergent path before entering the lake.
Les deux rivières ont un chemin convergent avant d'entrer dans le lac.
C1 noun /ˌkɒn.təmˈpleɪ.ʃən/

contemplation

réflexion profonde
Meaning
The action of looking thoughtfully at something for a long time; deep reflective thought.
Example
She sat in contemplation before making her decision.
Elle s'assit en profonde réflexion avant de prendre sa décision.
C1 noun /ˈkærɪkətjʊə/

caricature

caricature
Meaning
A picture or description that exaggerates certain features for comic or satirical effect.
Example
The magazine published a caricature of the politician.
Le magazine a publié une caricature du politicien.
C1 adjective, noun /ˈsɛlɪbət/

celibate

célibataire
Meaning
abstaining from marriage and sexual relations; a person who does so
Example
He chose to remain celibate for religious reasons.
Il a choisi de rester célibataire pour des raisons religieuses.
C1 adjective ˈser.ɪ.brəl

cerebral

cérébral
Meaning
Of the cerebrum of the brain.
Example
Cerebral functions regulate thoughts.
Les fonctions cérébrales régulent les pensées.
C1 noun /ˈkæmi.oʊ/

cameo

caméo
Meaning
a small but significant role in a play, film, or show, often performed by a well-known person
Example
The actor made a surprise cameo in the movie.
L'acteur a fait un caméo surprise dans le film.
C1 noun /kʌˈstoʊ.di.ən/

Custodian

concierge; gardien; gestionnaire
Meaning
a person who has responsibility for or looks after something; a caretaker or guardian
Example
The school custodian ensures that all buildings are clean and secure.
Le concierge de l'école veille à ce que tous les bâtiments soient propres et sécurisés.
C1 noun /kənˈtɛnʃən/

contention

contestation, désaccord
Meaning
heated disagreement or argument; a point asserted in debate
Example
The main contention between the two parties was over tax reform.
La principale contestation entre les deux parties concernait la réforme fiscale.
C1 noun /ˈkroʊ.bɑːr/

Crowbar

pied-de-biche
Meaning
a heavy iron bar with a curved end used as a lever for prying things apart
Example
He used a crowbar to remove the old nails.
Il a utilisé un pied-de-biche pour retirer les vieux clous.
C1 noun /ˈkɒləmnɪst/

columnist

chroniqueur
Meaning
a journalist who regularly writes articles or opinions for a newspaper or magazine
Example
The columnist wrote an article about climate change.
Le chroniqueur a écrit un article sur le changement climatique.
C1 verb /siːd/

cede

ceder
Meaning
to give up power, territory, or rights to another
Example
The country ceded territory after losing the war.
Le pays a cédé du territoire après avoir perdu la guerre.
C1 noun /kənˈfɛdərəsi/

confederacy

confédération
Meaning
a group of states, people, or organizations united for a common purpose
Example
The southern states formed a confederacy during the civil war.
Les états du sud ont formé une confédération pendant la guerre civile.
C1 noun /koʊˈɜː.ʃən/

coercion

coercition
Meaning
The practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or threats.
Example
Cybercriminals use coercion to extract information.
Les cybercriminels utilisent la coercition pour obtenir des informations.