canny
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C1 adjective /ˈkæni/

canny

astucieux
Meaning
Having good judgment, especially in business or practical matters; shrewd.
Example
She made a canny investment in real estate.
Elle a fait un investissement astucieux dans l'immobilier.
C1 verb/noun /ˈkrɒn.ɪ.kəl/

chronicle

enregistrer des événements dans l'ordre où ils se sont produits
Meaning
To record events in the order in which they happened; a written record of historical events.
Example
She decided to chronicle her journey through a blog.
Elle a décidé de chroniquer son voyage à travers un blog.
C1 noun /ˈkruːsɪbəl/

crucible

épreuve sévère, creuset
Meaning
a severe test or trial; a container used for heating substances to very high temperatures
Example
The team emerged stronger from the crucible of competition.
L'équipe est sortie plus forte de l'épreuve de la compétition.
C1 adjective /kənˈteɪ.dʒəs/

Contagious

contagieux; infectieux
Meaning
likely to spread to and affect others; infectious
Example
Her laughter is contagious and makes everyone smile.
Son rire est contagieux et fait sourire tout le monde.
C1 noun ˌkæl.ɪˈbreɪ.ʃən

calibration

calibration
Meaning
The action or process of adjusting or determining the accuracy of measuring instruments.
Example
The accuracy of a scale depends on regular calibration.
La précision d'une balance dépend d'une calibration régulière.
C1 noun /ˈkæləs/

callus

zone épaissie de la peau
Meaning
A thickened and hardened part of the skin or soft tissue, especially in an area subjected to friction.
Example
A callus formed on his palm from using tools every day.
Un callus s'est formé sur sa paume à force d'utiliser des outils tous les jours.
C1 adjective /ˈkɑːr.di.æk/

cardiac

cardiaque
Meaning
Relating to the heart.
Example
The patient was admitted with a cardiac condition.
Le patient a été admis avec une condition cardiaque.
C1 noun /ˈkɒndɪmənts/

condiments

condiments ou sauces
Meaning
Seasonings or sauces used to add flavor to food.
Example
Ketchup and mustard are popular condiments for burgers.
Le ketchup et la moutarde sont des condiments populaires pour les hamburgers.
C1 noun /ˈkæn.ə.pi/

canopy

la couche supérieure d'une forêt formée par les cimes des arbres; couverture supérieure
Meaning
The upper layer of a forest formed by the crowns of trees; overhead cover.
Example
The rainforest canopy provides shelter to many birds and insects.
La canopée de la forêt tropicale offre un abri à de nombreux oiseaux et insectes.
C1 verb /tʃɑːr/

char

brûler
Meaning
To burn or scorch something so that it becomes blackened.
Example
The cook accidentally charred the steak.
Le cuisinier a accidentellement brûlé le steak.
C1 verb /kənˈfleɪt/

conflate

fusionner / combiner
Meaning
To combine two or more things, often confusingly, into one.
Example
The article tends to conflate facts with opinions.
L'article a tendance à fusionner les faits avec les opinions.
C1 noun /kənˈfɔːrmɪst/

conformist

conformiste
Meaning
A person who uncritically conforms to established practices or standards.
Example
She was labeled a conformist for always following the crowd.
Elle a été étiquetée comme conformiste pour avoir toujours suivi la foule.
C1 noun /ˈkæpɪˌlɛri/

capillary

capillaire
Meaning
a very thin blood vessel that connects arteries and veins
Example
Oxygen passes from the blood into tissues through capillaries.
L'oxygène passe du sang dans les tissus par les capillaires.
C1 noun /kəˈmændər ɪn tʃiːf/

Commander-in-chief

commandant en chef
Meaning
the supreme leader of a nation's armed forces
Example
The president serves as the commander-in-chief of the military.
Le président agit en tant que commandant en chef des forces armées.
C1 noun /tʃɪt/

Chit

billet, note
Meaning
a short note, typically a brief informal letter; a voucher for a sum owed
Example
She left a chit on the table asking him to call her back.
Elle a laissé un chit sur la table lui demandant de la rappeler.
C1 verb /kəˈluːd/

collude

comploter
Meaning
To secretly cooperate or conspire with others, often for a deceitful purpose.
Example
The two companies colluded to fix prices in the market.
Les deux entreprises ont comploté pour fixer les prix sur le marché.
C1 noun /ˈsɪtrɪk ˈæsɪd/

Citric Acid

acide citrique
Meaning
a natural acid found in citrus fruits, used as a food preservative and flavoring agent
Example
Add a pinch of citric acid to preserve the color of the fruit jam.
Ajoutez une pincée d'acide citrique pour préserver la couleur de la confiture de fruits.
C1 adjective ˈser.ɪ.brəl

cerebral

cérébral
Meaning
Of the cerebrum of the brain.
Example
Cerebral functions regulate thoughts.
Les fonctions cérébrales régulent les pensées.
C1 adjective /ˈkɔː.zəl/

causal

causal
Meaning
relating to or acting as a cause
Example
There is a causal link between smoking and cancer.
Il existe un lien causal entre le tabagisme et le cancer.
C1 verb /ˈkɒnsɔːrt/

consort

partenaire, conjoint royal
Meaning
To associate with someone, typically with disapproval; also, a spouse of a reigning monarch.
Example
He was criticized for consorting with criminals.
Il a été critiqué pour avoir fréquenté des criminels.
C1 noun /ˈtʃæs.tɪ.ti/

Chastity

chasteté; virginité; modération;
Meaning
the practice of refraining from extramarital or premarital sexual relations; sexual purity
Example
Many religious traditions value chastity as a virtue of moral purity.
De nombreuses traditions religieuses valorisent la chasteté comme une vertu de pureté morale.
C1 verb /ˌkaʊntərˈækt/

counteract

contrer
Meaning
to act against something in order to reduce its effect
Example
The medicine helps counteract the side effects of the treatment.
Le médicament aide à contrer les effets secondaires du traitement.
C1 noun /ˈsɪ.nɪk/

Cynic

cynique; personne sceptique
Meaning
a person who believes that people are motivated purely by self-interest; someone who is skeptical about human nature
Example
The old cynic believed that politicians only cared about getting votes.
Le vieux cynique croyait que les politiciens ne se souciaient que d'obtenir des voix.
C1 adjective, noun /ˈkɑːr.dɪ.nəl/

cardinal

cardinal / principal
Meaning
As an adjective: of prime importance; as a noun: a high-ranking Catholic clergyman or a type of bird.
Example
Honesty is a cardinal virtue in life.
L'honnêteté est une vertu cardinal dans la vie.
C1 noun /kəˈpɪl.ər.iz/

capillaries

capillaires
Meaning
Any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules.
Example
Broken capillaries cause dark circles.
Les capillaires cassés causent des cernes.
C1 noun /kənˈtɪnjuəm/

continuum

continuum
Meaning
A continuous sequence in which adjacent elements are not perceptibly different from each other, but the extremes are quite distinct.
Example
Life and death are often seen as part of the same continuum.
La vie et la mort sont souvent considérées comme faisant partie du même continuum.
C1 noun, verb /kriːs/

crease

pli, ride
Meaning
a line or fold produced on paper, cloth, or other material; to make a fold or wrinkle
Example
She ironed the shirt carefully to remove every crease.
Elle a repassé la chemise soigneusement pour enlever chaque pli.
C1 noun /ˈkæptər/

captor

captif
Meaning
a person or group who has captured someone or something
Example
The hostage managed to escape from his captors.
L'otage a réussi à s'échapper de ses ravisseurs.
C1 adjective /ˈtʃɛkərd/

chequered

à rayures
Meaning
Having a pattern of squares, or marked by varied and contrasting experiences or periods.
Example
He had a chequered career with both great successes and failures.
Il a eu une carrière à rayures avec de grands succès et des échecs.
C1 verb /kənˈtraɪv/

contrive

concevoir
Meaning
to plan or devise cleverly or skillfully
Example
She contrived a clever plan to surprise her friends.
Elle a conçu un plan ingénieux pour surprendre ses amis.
C1 adjective /ˈkrɪm.zən/

Crimson

rouge intense
Meaning
a deep purplish-red color
Example
The crimson sunset painted the sky with beautiful shades.
Le coucher du soleil rouge intense a peint le ciel de belles nuances.
C1 adjective, noun /ˈsɛlɪbət/

celibate

célibataire
Meaning
abstaining from marriage and sexual relations; a person who does so
Example
He chose to remain celibate for religious reasons.
Il a choisi de rester célibataire pour des raisons religieuses.
C1 adjective/verb /ˈkɒn.sə.mət/

consummate

compléter ou perfectionner quelque chose avec une grande habileté
Meaning
To complete or perfect something with great skill
Example
He is a consummate artist with years of experience.
C'est un artiste consommé avec des années d'expérience.
C1 noun /ˈkɒndjuɪt/ or /ˈkɑːnduɪt/

conduit

conduit / moyen
Meaning
a channel or pipe for conveying water, electricity, or information
Example
The cable was placed inside a protective conduit.
Le câble a été placé dans un conduit protecteur.
C1 verb /tʃaɪd/

chide

gronder
Meaning
to scold or rebuke; to express disapproval
Example
The teacher chided the student for being late.
Le professeur gronda l'élève pour son retard.
C1 noun /ˈkoʊtʃ.mən/

Coachman

cocher
Meaning
a person who drives a horse-drawn carriage or coach
Example
The coachman skillfully guided the horses through the busy streets.
Le cocher a habilement guidé les chevaux à travers les rues bondées.
C1 noun /ˌklɔːstrəˈfəʊbiə/

claustrophobia

claustrophobie
Meaning
an extreme or irrational fear of being in confined spaces
Example
He avoids elevators because of his claustrophobia.
Il évite les ascenseurs à cause de sa claustrophobie.
C1 adjective /kɔɪ/

coy

timide, réservé
Meaning
reluctant to give details or reveal feelings; shy or reserved
Example
She gave a coy smile when asked about her plans.
Elle a donné un sourire timide lorsqu'on lui a demandé ses projets.
C1 noun /ʃəˈmiːz/

Chemise

chemise
Meaning
a woman's loose-fitting undergarment or dress hanging straight from the shoulders
Example
The vintage chemise was made of delicate lace and silk.
La chemise vintage était faite de dentelle délicate et de soie.
C1 noun /kənˈstɪtʃuənsi/

constituency

circonscription
Meaning
A geographical area whose residents elect a representative to a legislative body.
Example
She campaigned tirelessly across her constituency.
Elle a fait campagne sans relâche dans sa circonscription.
C1 noun /ˈkaʊntərˌpɔɪnt/

counterpoint

contrepoint
Meaning
an argument, idea, or theme contrasting with another; also a musical term for independent melody
Example
Her calm attitude was a counterpoint to his anger.
Son attitude calme était un contrepoint à sa colère.
C1 noun /kənˈtɪn.ju.əns/

continuance

continuité
Meaning
the state of continuing or being prolonged; persistence
Example
The continuance of the project depended on securing additional funding.
La continuité du projet dépendait de l'obtention de financements supplémentaires.
C1 adjective,noun /kənˈtɪn.dʒənt/

contingent

dépendant / contingent
Meaning
dependent on something else; a group of people representing an organization
Example
Attendance is contingent on prior registration. / A contingent of students attended the conference.
La présence dépend de l'inscription préalable. / Un contingent d'étudiants a assisté à la conférence.
C1 noun ˈkætəlɪst

catalyst

catalyseur
Meaning
A person or thing that precipitates an event or change.
Example
His speech acted as a catalyst for change in the community.
Son discours a agi comme un catalyseur pour le changement dans la communauté.
C1 verb /ˈkʌvət/

covet

convoiter
Meaning
to desire something belonging to someone else
Example
He coveted his neighbor's new car.
Il convoitait la nouvelle voiture de son voisin.
C1 noun /ˈkoʊhɔːrt/

cohort

cohorte
Meaning
A group of people with a shared characteristic, usually of the same age or with a common experience.
Example
The study tracked a cohort of students over ten years.
L'étude a suivi une cohorte d'étudiants pendant dix ans.
C1 noun, verb /klɒt/

clot

caillot
Meaning
a thick mass of coagulated liquid, especially blood; to form such a mass.
Example
The doctor removed a blood clot from the patient.
Le médecin a retiré un caillot de sang du patient.
C1 noun ˈkəmˌpaʊndɪŋ

compounding

intérêts composés
Meaning
The process whereby interest is added to an amount of money and future interest is calculated on the total.
Example
Compounding interest increases the value of investments over time.
Les intérêts composés augmentent la valeur des investissements au fil du temps.
C1 adjective /ˌʃoʊ.vəˈnɪs.tɪk/

chauvinistic

chauviniste
Meaning
Displaying or characterized by excessive or prejudiced loyalty or support, especially towards one's own gender or group.
Example
His chauvinistic attitude alienated many of his female colleagues.
Son attitude chauviniste a aliéné beaucoup de ses collègues féminines.
C1 verb /kənˈviːn/

convene

se réunir, convoquer une réunion ou un rassemblement
Meaning
to come together or assemble, especially for a meeting or formal gathering
Example
The board will convene tomorrow to discuss the new policy.
Le conseil se réunira demain pour discuter de la nouvelle politique.
C1 noun /kənˈsɜːvəˌtɔːri/

conservatory

serre / école de musique et d'art
Meaning
A greenhouse for growing plants or a school for music and the arts.
Example
They grew exotic plants in the conservatory.
Ils ont cultivé des plantes exotiques dans la serre.
C1 verb /kliːv/

cleave

fendre, couper
Meaning
to split or divide; to cut through forcefully
Example
He used an axe to cleave the wood.
Il a utilisé une hache pour fendre le bois.
C1 noun /ˈkætərækt/

cataract

cataracte / chute d'eau
Meaning
A medical condition causing clouding of the eye's lens; also a large waterfall.
Example
The old man suffered from cataracts in both eyes.
L'homme âgé souffrait de cataractes aux deux yeux.
C1 adjective /kɜːrt/

curt

bref
Meaning
Rudely brief in speech or manner.
Example
His curt reply made everyone uncomfortable.
Sa réponse brève rendit tout le monde mal à l'aise.
C1 noun /ˈʃæsi/

chassis

châssis du véhicule
Meaning
the base frame of a vehicle or other wheeled machine
Example
The mechanic examined the car's chassis for damage.
Le mécanicien a examiné le châssis de la voiture pour détecter des dommages.
C1 noun /ˈkrɒkəri/

crockery

vaisselle
Meaning
Dishes, plates, cups, and other items made of earthenware or china.
Example
The hotel provided clean crockery for the guests.
L'hôtel a fourni de la vaisselle propre pour les invités.
C1 verb /kənˈfaʊnd/

confound

déconcerter
Meaning
to confuse or surprise someone, often by acting against their expectations
Example
The magician's trick seemed to confound the entire audience.
Le tour du magicien semblait déconcerter tout le public.
C1 adjective /kəˈrəʊsɪv/

corrosive

corrosif, nuisible
Meaning
tending to cause corrosion; harmful or destructive to materials or people
Example
The chemical is highly corrosive and should be handled with care.
Le produit chimique est hautement corrosif et doit être manipulé avec soin.
C1 adjective /ˈkɒnvɛks/

convex

convexe, arrondi vers l'extérieur
Meaning
curved or rounded outward
Example
The lens has a convex shape to focus light.
La lentille a une forme convexe pour focaliser la lumière.
C1 verb /kənˈdʒɛst/

congest

congestionner
Meaning
To block or overcrowd a space, making movement or flow difficult.
Example
Heavy traffic can congest the city streets during rush hour.
Le trafic dense peut congestionner les rues de la ville pendant les heures de pointe.
C1 verb /kəmˈpjuːt/

compute

calculer
Meaning
To calculate or determine by using a computer or mathematical methods.
Example
The software can compute the total cost in seconds.
Le logiciel peut calculer le coût total en quelques secondes.
C1 noun kəˈmɑːnd ɪˈkɒn.ə.mi

command economy

économie commandée
Meaning
An economic system where economic activities are controlled by the government.
Example
In a command economy, the government controls production and prices.
Dans une économie commandée, le gouvernement contrôle la production et les prix.
C1 noun /ˈsɪstərn/

cistern

réservoir
Meaning
A tank or container for storing water, usually for household use.
Example
The old house still had a cistern to collect rainwater.
La vieille maison avait encore un réservoir pour recueillir l'eau de pluie.
C1 verb /kɜːrˈteɪl/

curtail

réduire
Meaning
to reduce or limit something, especially something considered undesirable
Example
The company had to curtail its spending due to budget cuts.
L'entreprise a dû réduire ses dépenses en raison des réductions budgétaires.
C1 adjective /ˈsiːs.ləs/

Ceaseless

incessant; continu
Meaning
continuing without pause or interruption; endless
Example
The ceaseless rain lasted for three days.
La pluie incessante a duré trois jours.
C1 adjective /kənˈsɜːrtɪd/

concerted

concerté
Meaning
done with great effort, planned and performed together by multiple people
Example
The workers made a concerted effort to improve conditions.
Les travailleurs ont fait un effort concerté pour améliorer les conditions.
C1 verb /ˈkəʊ.dɪ.faɪ/

codify

codifier
Meaning
to arrange laws, rules, or ideas into a clear and systematic code
Example
The committee worked to codify the existing laws.
Le comité a travaillé pour codifier les lois existantes.
C1 verb /kənˈstruː/

construe

interpréter
Meaning
to interpret or understand the meaning of something in a particular way
Example
His words could be construed as a threat.
Ses mots pouvaient être interprétés comme une menace.
C1 noun /ˈkæv.əl.ri/

Cavalry

cavalerie
Meaning
soldiers who fight on horseback; the part of an army formerly composed of troops on horseback
Example
The cavalry charged across the field with great speed.
La cavalerie a chargé à travers le champ avec grande vitesse.
C1 adjective ˈkʌm.bə.səm

cumbersome

lourd, encombrant, difficile à manipuler
Meaning
Heavy, unwieldy, difficult to handle or carry.
Example
The cumbersome luggage slowed him down.
Les bagages encombrants l'ont ralenti.
C1 noun /kɑːrˈtɒɡrəfi/

cartography

cartographie
Meaning
The science or practice of drawing maps.
Example
She studied cartography at university to learn how to design maps.
Elle a étudié la cartographie à l'université pour apprendre à concevoir des cartes.
C1 verb /kəmˈprɛs/

compress

compresser
Meaning
to press or squeeze something so that it becomes smaller
Example
The file was compressed to save storage space.
Le fichier a été compressé pour économiser de l'espace de stockage.
C1 noun /ˈkæn.dɚ/

candor

franchise
Meaning
The quality of being open, honest, and straightforward in speech or expression.
Example
She spoke with candor about the challenges she faced.
Elle a parlé avec franchise des défis auxquels elle a fait face.
C1 noun /ˈkɒlərə/

cholera

choléra
Meaning
An infectious disease of the small intestine causing severe vomiting and diarrhea.
Example
The village suffered an outbreak of cholera after the flood.
Le village a connu une épidémie de choléra après l'inondation.
C1 verb /ˈkrʌmpəl/

crumple

froisser
Meaning
to crush something into folds or wrinkles
Example
He crumpled the paper and threw it in the bin.
Il a froissé le papier et l'a jeté dans la poubelle.
C1 noun /ˈtʃaɪ.nə.weər/

China-ware

vaisselle en porcelaine
Meaning
dishes, plates, cups, and other tableware made of porcelain or fine ceramic
Example
The expensive china-ware was displayed in the cabinet.
La vaisselle en porcelaine coûteuse a été exposée dans l'armoire.
C1 noun /kənˈkʌrəns/

concurrence

concurrence
Meaning
Agreement or union in action, opinion, or occurrence; simultaneous happening of events.
Example
The project was completed with the concurrence of all departments.
Le projet a été complété avec la concurrence de tous les départements.
C1 noun /ˈtʃæplɪn/

chaplain

aumônier
Meaning
A member of the clergy attached to a private chapel, institution, hospital, or military unit.
Example
The army chaplain offered prayers before the battle.
L'aumônier de l'armée a offert des prières avant la bataille.
C1 adjective /ˈkjuːmjələtɪv/

cumulative

cumulatif
Meaning
Increasing gradually by addition; growing in quantity, force, or effect.
Example
The cumulative effect of stress can harm your health.
L'effet cumulatif du stress peut nuire à votre santé.
C1 noun /ˌkæm.əˈrɑː.dɚ.i/

camaraderie

camaraderie, amitié, solidarité
Meaning
Mutual trust and friendship among people who spend a lot of time together.
Example
The camaraderie among teammates was inspiring.
La camaraderie entre les coéquipiers était inspirante.
C1 noun /ˈkælɪbər/

caliber

calibre
Meaning
The quality of someone's ability or character; the internal diameter of a gun barrel.
Example
The university attracts students of high caliber.
L'université attire des étudiants de haut calibre.
C1 verb /koʊˈhæbɪt/

cohabit

cohabiter
Meaning
To live together, often as partners without being married.
Example
They decided to cohabit before getting married.
Ils ont décidé de cohabiter avant de se marier.
C1 noun /ˈkrɛvɪs/

crevice

fissure
Meaning
a narrow crack or opening, especially in a rock or wall
Example
The lizard hid in a crevice between the stones.
Le lézard s'est caché dans une fissure entre les pierres.
C1 noun /krʌˈsteɪʃən/

crustacean

animal aquatique à coquille dure
Meaning
an aquatic animal with a hard shell, such as crabs, lobsters, and shrimps
Example
Crabs and lobsters are well-known crustaceans.
Les crabes et les homards sont des crustacés bien connus.
C1 adjective /kəˈnɒnɪkəl/

canonical

canonique / accepté
Meaning
Conforming to a general rule or accepted standard; officially recognized.
Example
Shakespeare’s works are considered canonical in English literature.
Les œuvres de Shakespeare sont considérées comme canoniques dans la littérature anglaise.
C1 noun /krʌst/

crust

croûte
Meaning
the hard outer surface of something, especially bread or the Earth's outer layer
Example
He cut off the crust of the bread before eating.
Il a coupé la croûte du pain avant de manger.
C1 adjective /kəˈlæpsəbl̩/

collapsible

pliable
Meaning
able to be folded down or reduced in size
Example
She bought a collapsible chair for camping.
Elle a acheté une chaise pliable pour le camping.
C1 verb, noun /klɑːɡ/

clog

boucher / sabot en bois
Meaning
to block or become blocked; a type of heavy wooden shoe
Example
The sink was clogged with food waste.
L'évier était bouché avec des déchets alimentaires.
C1 noun /ˌkɑːr.diˈɒl.ə.dʒɪst/

cardiologist

cardiologue
Meaning
A doctor specializing in diagnosing and treating heart diseases.
Example
She made an appointment with a cardiologist for her chest pain.
Elle a pris rendez-vous avec un cardiologue à cause de la douleur dans sa poitrine.
C1 verb /ˈkrɪsən/

christen

baptiser
Meaning
to give a name to someone at baptism or to name something officially
Example
They christened the ship after the queen.
Ils ont baptisé le navire après la reine.
C1 adjective, verb, noun /ˈkaʊntərfɪt/

counterfeit

contrefait
Meaning
made to look like something genuine in order to deceive
Example
The police seized a batch of counterfeit currency.
La police a saisi un lot de billets contrefaits.
C1 noun /ˈkɒləmnɪst/

columnist

chroniqueur
Meaning
a journalist who regularly writes articles or opinions for a newspaper or magazine
Example
The columnist wrote an article about climate change.
Le chroniqueur a écrit un article sur le changement climatique.
C1 verb /ˈkaʊər/

cower

se recroqueviller de peur
Meaning
to crouch down in fear
Example
The child cowered behind the sofa during the thunderstorm.
L'enfant se coucha derrière le canapé pendant l'orage.
C1 verb /ˈkʌl.mɪ.neɪt/

culminate

culminer
Meaning
To reach the final or climactic stage of a process or activity.
Example
Years of hard work culminated in his success.
Des années de travail acharné ont culminé en son succès.
C1 noun kəˈlæt.ər.əl

collateral

garantie, bien offert comme sécurité pour un prêt
Meaning
Something pledged as security for repayment of a loan, to be forfeited in the event of a default.
Example
The bank requires collateral for loan approval.
La banque exige une garantie pour l'approbation du prêt.
C1 noun /ˈkroʊniˌɪzəm/

cronyism

népotisme
Meaning
The practice of favoring friends or associates, especially in political appointments or business deals.
Example
The company was accused of cronyism in hiring practices.
L'entreprise a été accusée de népotisme dans ses pratiques de recrutement.
C1 adjective kəʊˈhiː.sɪv

cohesive

cohésif
Meaning
Characterized by or causing cohesion; forming a united whole.
Example
The team displayed a cohesive strategy.
L'équipe a montré une stratégie cohésive.
C1 adjective /klænˈdɛstaɪn/

clandestine

clandestin
Meaning
kept secret or done secretly, especially for illicit purposes
Example
They held a clandestine meeting late at night.
Ils ont tenu une réunion clandestine tard dans la nuit.
C1 noun /ˈkɒl.ə.bəʊn/

Collar-bone

clavicule
Meaning
either of the pair of bones joining the breastbone to the shoulder blades; clavicle
Example
He broke his collar-bone in the accident.
Il a cassé sa clavicule dans l'accident.
C1 noun /ˈkɒn.vɔɪ/

convoy

convoi
Meaning
a group of vehicles or ships traveling together, often for protection
Example
The military convoy moved through the desert at dawn.
Le convoi militaire a traversé le désert à l'aube.
C1 adjective /kənˈsɪliətɔːri/

conciliatory

conciliatoire
Meaning
intended to make someone less angry or more agreeable; soothing
Example
She spoke in a conciliatory tone to ease the tension.
Elle a parlé d'un ton conciliant pour apaiser la tension.
C1 noun /koʊˈɜː.ʃən/

coercion

coercition
Meaning
The practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or threats.
Example
Cybercriminals use coercion to extract information.
Les cybercriminels utilisent la coercition pour obtenir des informations.
C1 noun sɜːrˈkeɪdiən ˈrɪðəm

circadian rhythm

rythme circadien
Meaning
The body's natural sleep-wake cycle that occurs within 24 hours
Example
Exposure to natural light regulates the circadian rhythm.
L'exposition à la lumière naturelle régule le rythme circadien.
C1 verb /kʌl/

cull

sélectionner / éliminer
Meaning
to select or remove from a larger group, often to reduce numbers
Example
The farmers decided to cull the sick animals from the herd.
Les fermiers ont décidé d'éliminer les animaux malades du troupeau.
C1 noun /ˈkærɪkətjʊə/

caricature

caricature
Meaning
A picture or description that exaggerates certain features for comic or satirical effect.
Example
The magazine published a caricature of the politician.
Le magazine a publié une caricature du politicien.
C1 noun /kæʃ/

cache

cache
Meaning
A hidden storage of items or a high-speed memory in computing.
Example
The hikers found a cache of supplies hidden under the rocks.
Les randonneurs ont trouvé un cache de fournitures caché sous les roches.
C1 adjective /kəmˈpʌlsɪv/

compulsive

compulsif
Meaning
Resulting from or acting on an irresistible urge, especially one that is against one's conscious wishes.
Example
He is a compulsive gambler who cannot stop placing bets.
C'est un joueur compulsif qui ne peut pas arrêter de parier.
C1 noun /ˈkroʊ.bɑːr/

Crowbar

pied-de-biche
Meaning
a heavy iron bar with a curved end used as a lever for prying things apart
Example
He used a crowbar to remove the old nails.
Il a utilisé un pied-de-biche pour retirer les vieux clous.
C1 verb /ˌkaʊntərˈbæləns/

counterbalance

contrebalancer
Meaning
to offset or balance the effect of something
Example
Exercise can counterbalance the negative effects of stress.
L'exercice peut contrebalancer les effets négatifs du stress.
C1 adjective /ˈkæl.əs/

Callous

insensible; cruel; impitoyable
Meaning
showing or having an insensitive and cruel disregard for others; emotionally hardened
Example
He showed a callous disregard for others' feelings.
Il a montré un mépris insensible pour les sentiments des autres.
C1 noun /ˌkɒnstəˈneɪʃən/

consternation

consternation
Meaning
A feeling of anxiety, dismay, or confusion, often caused by something unexpected.
Example
The sudden announcement caused widespread consternation among the employees.
L'annonce soudaine a provoqué une consternation généralisée parmi les employés
C1 noun /ˈkaʊn.tə.nəns/

countenance

visage, expression; soutien
Meaning
a person's face or expression; support or approval
Example
Her cheerful countenance brightened the room.
Son visage joyeux a éclairé la pièce.
C1 verb /tʃæsˈtaɪz/

chastise

critiquer sévèrement / punir sévèrement
Meaning
to criticize or punish severely
Example
The teacher chastised the student for being late.
Le professeur a sévèrement réprimandé l'étudiant pour son retard.
C1 verb /siːd/

cede

ceder
Meaning
to give up power, territory, or rights to another
Example
The country ceded territory after losing the war.
Le pays a cédé du territoire après avoir perdu la guerre.
C1 noun /kæpˈtɪv.ɪ.ti/

Captivity

captivité
Meaning
the condition of being imprisoned or confined
Example
After years of captivity, the prisoner was finally released.
Après des années de captivité, le prisonnier a enfin été libéré.
C1 adjective /kənˈsɛntrɪk/

concentric

concentrique
Meaning
having a common center, as in circles or spheres
Example
The artist drew concentric circles on the canvas.
L'artiste a dessiné des cercles concentriques sur la toile.
C1 noun /krɪpt/

crypt

crypte
Meaning
an underground chamber, especially one beneath a church, used as a burial place
Example
The tourists explored the ancient crypt beneath the cathedral.
Les touristes ont exploré la crypte ancienne sous la cathédrale.
C1 noun /kənˈsep.ʃən/

Conception

conception; idée; fertilisation
Meaning
the forming of an idea or plan; the fertilization of an ovum by a sperm; the action of conceiving
Example
The conception of this innovative project took several months of brainstorming.
La conception de ce projet innovant a pris plusieurs mois de brainstorming.
C1 noun ˈkɔː.pəs

corpus

une grande collection de données linguistiques utilisées pour l'analyse du langage
Meaning
A large collection of linguistic data used for language analysis and research.
Example
Linguists use a corpus to analyze language patterns.
Les linguistes utilisent un corpus pour analyser les modèles linguistiques.
C1 noun /krəˈnɒlədʒi/

chronology

chronologie
Meaning
The arrangement of events or dates in the order of their occurrence.
Example
The chronology of the dynasty was carefully studied by historians.
La chronologie de la dynastie a été soigneusement étudiée par les historiens.
C1 verb /ˈkɒnskrɪpt/

conscript

forcé quelqu'un à rejoindre l'armée
Meaning
to force someone into military service
Example
The government conscripted young men during the war.
Le gouvernement a conscrit des jeunes hommes pendant la guerre.