surmount
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C1 verb /sərˈmaʊnt/

surmount

superar
Meaning
to overcome a difficulty or obstacle
Example
He surmounted all the challenges to achieve his dream.
Él superó todos los desafíos para lograr su sueño.
C1 noun /səˈlɛmnɪti/

solemnity

solemnidad
Meaning
the state or quality of being serious and dignified
Example
The ceremony was conducted with great solemnity.
La ceremonia se realizó con gran solemnidad.
C1 noun /ˈsæf.aɪər/

Saphire

zafiro
Meaning
a precious stone that is typically blue in color
Example
The royal crown was adorned with a large sapphire.
La corona real estaba adornada con un gran zafiro.
C1 verb /ˈstaɪmi/

stymie

obstruir
Meaning
to prevent or hinder the progress of something
Example
The new regulations could stymie small businesses.
Las nuevas regulaciones podrían obstaculizar a las pequeñas empresas.
C1 noun /sərˈveɪər/

surveyor

topógrafo
Meaning
A person who measures and maps land, buildings, or other features.
Example
The surveyor measured the land for construction.
El topógrafo midió la tierra para la construcción.
C1 noun ˈsɛlfləsnɪs

selflessness

desinterés
Meaning
The quality of being concerned more with the needs of others than with one's own.
Example
Selflessness is a key value for community building.
El desinterés es un valor clave para la construcción de la comunidad.
C1 noun /ˈstɪmjʊlənt/

stimulant

estimulante
Meaning
A substance that raises levels of physiological or nervous activity in the body.
Example
Coffee is a common stimulant that helps people stay awake.
El café es un estimulante común que ayuda a las personas a mantenerse despiertas
C1 adjective ˈsɪŋ.krə.nəs

synchronous

sincrónico
Meaning
Existing or occurring at the same time.
Example
Synchronous learning involves live online classes.
El aprendizaje sincrónico implica clases en línea en vivo.
C1 adverb /ˈsɜːrtʃɪŋli/

searchingly

buscadoramente
Meaning
In a way that seems to look for hidden meanings or truth.
Example
She looked at him searchingly, hoping for an honest answer.
Ella lo miró buscando, esperando una respuesta honesta.
C1 noun ˈsæŋktɪti

sanctity

santidad
Meaning
The state or quality of being holy, sacred, or saintly; ultimate importance.
Example
The sanctity of life should never be compromised.
La santidad de la vida nunca debe ser comprometida.
C1 verb /ˈsɛvər/

sever

cortar, romper relaciones
Meaning
to cut off or separate, especially by cutting; to end a connection or relationship
Example
He had to sever ties with the company after the dispute.
Tuvo que cortar los lazos con la empresa después de la disputa.
C1 verb /ˈstɪntɪŋ/

stinting

dar con tacañería
Meaning
to supply sparingly or with restrictions
Example
He never stinting his efforts to help the poor.
Él nunca escatima esfuerzos para ayudar a los pobres.
C1 noun /skwɔːl/

squall

ráfaga
Meaning
a sudden violent gust of wind, often accompanied by rain, snow, or sleet
Example
A sudden squall caught the sailors off guard.
Una ráfaga repentina sorprendió a los marineros.
C1 adjective /ˌsekənd ˈreɪt/

second-rate

de segunda categoría
Meaning
Of mediocre or inferior quality.
Example
The movie was entertaining but clearly second-rate compared to the original.
La película fue entretenida, pero claramente de segunda categoría en comparación con la original.
C1 noun/verb /ˈskɜːrmɪʃ/

skirmish

escaramuza
Meaning
a small or brief fight between groups of soldiers; to engage in such a fight
Example
The soldiers got into a skirmish near the border.
Los soldados se metieron en una escaramuza cerca de la frontera.
C1 adjective /smʌɡ/

smug

presumido
Meaning
having or showing an excessive pride in oneself or one's achievements
Example
He wore a smug smile after winning the debate.
Llevaba una sonrisa presuntuosa después de ganar el debate.
C1 adjective /stiːpt/

steeped

empapado
Meaning
Completely surrounded by or filled with a particular quality, influence, or experience.
Example
The town is steeped in history and tradition.
La ciudad está empapada en historia y tradición.
C1 adjective /ˈseɪ.vər.i/

savory

sabroso (salado o picante)
Meaning
Having a pleasant salty or spicy taste; morally acceptable.
Example
The restaurant serves a variety of savory dishes.
El restaurante sirve una variedad de platos sabrosos.
C1 adjective /ˈʃɑːdi/

shoddy

de mala calidad
Meaning
badly made or done; of poor quality
Example
The contractor did a shoddy job on the repairs.
El contratista hizo un trabajo de mala calidad en las reparaciones.
C1 adjective /ˈskrɔːni/

scrawny

flaco
Meaning
very thin and bony, often looking unhealthy
Example
The scrawny boy could barely lift the heavy bag.
El chico flaco apenas podía levantar la bolsa pesada.
C1 noun ˈsɪnədʒi

synergy

sinergia, cooperación
Meaning
The interaction or cooperation of two or more organizations, substances, or other agents to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects.
Example
The synergy between the two companies led to a successful partnership.
La sinergia entre las dos empresas condujo a una exitosa asociación.
C1 verb /səbˈstænʃieɪt/

substantiate

substanciar
Meaning
To provide evidence to support or prove the truth of something.
Example
The lawyer worked to substantiate the claims with solid evidence.
El abogado trabajó para substanciar las reclamaciones con pruebas sólidas.
C1 verb /skrɔːl/

scrawl

escribir rápidamente y de manera desordenada
Meaning
to write or draw something quickly and carelessly, making it hard to read
Example
He scrawled his signature at the bottom of the page.
Él scrawle su firma en la parte inferior de la página.
C1 noun ˈsʌfrɪdʒ

suffrage

sufragio
Meaning
The right to vote in political elections; the principle of political representation.
Example
Universal suffrage was a key demand.
El sufragio universal fue una demanda clave.
C1 noun /ˌsɛlf ɪnˈdʌldʒəns/

self-indulgence

autoindulgencia
Meaning
The act of allowing oneself to enjoy pleasures or desires excessively.
Example
His weekend of self-indulgence included eating sweets and watching movies nonstop.
Su fin de semana de autoindulgencia incluyó comer dulces y ver películas sin parar.
C1 verb /skwiːl/

squeal

chillar
Meaning
to make a high-pitched cry; to inform on someone
Example
The children squealed with delight when they saw the surprise.
Los niños chillaron de alegría cuando vieron la sorpresa.
C1 adjective /ˈseɪ.li.ənt/

salient

importante, prominente o llamativo
Meaning
Most important, prominent, or noticeable
Example
The report highlighted the salient points of the discussion.
El informe destacó los puntos más importantes de la discusión.
C1 noun səˌfɪs.tɪˈkeɪ.ʃən

sophistication

nivel alto de complejidad o refinamiento
Meaning
High level of complexity or refinement.
Example
The sophistication of modern AI technology is remarkable.
La sofisticación de la tecnología moderna de IA es notable.
C1 noun /ˈspɔɪlˌspɔːrt/

spoilsport

aguafiestas
Meaning
A person who ruins other people's enjoyment or fun.
Example
Don't be a spoilsport and let us enjoy the party.
No seas un aguafiestas y déjanos disfrutar de la fiesta.
C1 noun /ˈsɒlstɪs/

solstice

solsticio
Meaning
the two times in the year when the sun is at its greatest distance from the equator (summer and winter solstice)
Example
People celebrate the summer solstice with festivals and rituals.
La gente celebra el solsticio de verano con festivales y rituales.
C1 verb /səbˈsaɪd/

subside

disminuir
Meaning
to become less intense, violent, or severe; to sink or fall to a lower level
Example
After the storm, the floodwaters began to subside.
Después de la tormenta, las aguas de la inundación comenzaron a disminuir.
C1 noun /skraɪb/

scribe

escriba
Meaning
a person who writes documents, especially in ancient times; a professional copyist
Example
In ancient Egypt, scribes recorded important events.
En el antiguo Egipto, los escribas registraron eventos importantes.
C1 noun /ˌsɪmbɪˈəʊsɪs/

symbiosis

relación simbiótica
Meaning
A mutually beneficial relationship between different people or groups.
Example
The symbiosis between the two companies led to mutual growth.
La simbiosis entre las dos empresas llevó a un crecimiento mutuo.
C1 noun /ˈsɛdətɪv/

sedative

sedante
Meaning
A substance that calms the nerves or induces sleep.
Example
The doctor prescribed a sedative to help the patient sleep.
El doctor recetó un sedante para ayudar al paciente a dormir.
C1 noun /sɪr/

seer

vidente
Meaning
A person who is supposed to be able to see what will happen in the future; a prophet.
Example
The seer predicted a great change in the kingdom.
El vidente predijo un gran cambio en el reino.
C1 noun /ˈstætʃər/

stature

estatura, prestigio
Meaning
A person's natural height or their reputation and importance.
Example
Her intellectual stature made her a respected figure in academia.
Su estatura intelectual la convirtió en una figura respetada en el mundo académico.
C1 noun /ˈsæl.mən fɪʃ / ˈroʊ.huː/

Salmon fish / Rohu

pescado Rohu
Meaning
a freshwater fish popular in South Asian cuisine; also refers to salmon which is a different species
Example
Rohu fish is commonly prepared with spices in Bengali households.
El pescado Rohu se prepara comúnmente con especias en los hogares bengalíes.
C1 adjective /sɪmˈfɒnɪk/

symphonic

sinfónico
Meaning
relating to or having the character of a symphony or symphony orchestra
Example
The concert featured a symphonic masterpiece.
El concierto presentó una obra maestra sinfónica.
C1 verb /snʌb/

snub

despreciar
Meaning
to insult or ignore someone by treating them rudely
Example
He felt hurt when his invitation was snubbed.
Él se sintió herido cuando su invitación fue despreciada.
C1 adjective /səˈtɪrɪk/

satiric

satírico
Meaning
Relating to or using satire.
Example
The novel takes a satiric view of urban life.
La novela tiene una visión satírica de la vida urbana.
C1 adjective /ˈstrɪndʒənt/

stringent

estricto
Meaning
strict, precise, and exacting
Example
The government imposed stringent measures during the crisis.
El gobierno impuso medidas estrictas durante la crisis.
C1 adjective /ˈsek.j ə.l ər/

Secular

laico
Meaning
not connected with religious or spiritual matters; worldly
Example
The country maintains a secular government that separates religion from politics.
El país mantiene un gobierno secular que separa la religión de la política.
C1 noun /ˈsteɪ.ʃən.ər/

Stationer

papelería
Meaning
a person who sells paper, pens, pencils, and other office supplies
Example
The stationer recommended the best pens for writing exams.
El estacionista recomendó los mejores bolígrafos para los exámenes.
C1 noun ˌsɪs.təˈmæt.ɪk ˈstræt.ə.dʒi

systematic strategy

estrategia sistemática
Meaning
A methodical and organized plan or approach to achieve specific objectives.
Example
A systematic strategy was employed to achieve objectives.
Se empleó una estrategia sistemática para alcanzar los objetivos.
C1 noun, adjective /ˈsɒlvənt/

solvent

disolvente, capaz de pagar deudas
Meaning
a liquid that dissolves other substances; also means able to pay debts
Example
Acetone is a common solvent used in laboratories.
El acetona es un disolvente común usado en laboratorios.
C1 verb/noun /ˈsɒldər/

solder

soldar
Meaning
To join metal parts together by melting and putting a filler metal into the joint
Example
He soldered the broken wires back together.
Él soldó los cables rotos de nuevo.
C1 noun /ˈspaɪər/

spire

aguja
Meaning
a tall, pointed structure on top of a building, especially a church
Example
The church spire could be seen from miles away.
La aguja de la iglesia se podía ver desde kilómetros de distancia.
C1 verb /ˈskʌr.i/

scurry

correr rápidamente
Meaning
To move quickly with short, hurried steps.
Example
The mice scurried across the kitchen floor when the lights turned on.
Los ratones corrieron rápidamente por el suelo de la cocina cuando las luces se encendieron.
C1 adjective /skænt/

Scant

escaso
Meaning
barely sufficient; inadequate; small in amount
Example
There was scant evidence to support his claim.
Había pocas pruebas para respaldar su afirmación.
C1 verb /sleɪ/

slay

matar
Meaning
to kill violently; informally, to impress greatly
Example
The hero vowed to slay the dragon.
El héroe juró matar al dragón.
C1 verb /snɪər/

sneer

sonreír de forma burlona
Meaning
to smile or speak in a mocking or contemptuous way
Example
She sneered at his attempt to sing.
Ella se burló de su intento de cantar.
C1 verb /swɜːrv/

swerve

cambiar de dirección bruscamente
Meaning
to change direction suddenly, especially to avoid hitting something
Example
The car swerved to avoid the dog.
El coche cambió de dirección bruscamente para evitar al perro.
C1 verb /ˈstoʊnwɔːl/

stonewall

bloquear
Meaning
To delay or block progress by refusing to cooperate or answer
Example
The witness tried to stonewall during the investigation.
El testigo intentó hacer stonewall durante la investigación.
C1 adjective /seɪdʒ/

Sage

sabio; prudente; con buen juicio
Meaning
wise; showing wisdom from experience; prudent; having good judgment
Example
The sage advice from the elder helped solve the problem.
El sabio consejo del anciano ayudó a resolver el problema.
C1 adjective /ˈspeɪʃəl/

spatial

espacial
Meaning
relating to space or the position, area, and size of things
Example
The scientist studied the spatial arrangement of stars.
El científico estudió la disposición espacial de las estrellas.
C1 noun /ˌsæl.jʊˈteɪ.ʃən/

Salutation

saludo; expresión de buenos deseos
Meaning
a greeting; an expression of goodwill
Example
The letter began with a formal salutation.
La carta comenzó con un saludo formal.
C1 noun /ˈsaɪ.ən/

scion

descendiente
Meaning
a descendant of a wealthy, aristocratic, or influential family
Example
He is the scion of a wealthy industrialist family.
Él es el descendiente de una familia industrialista rica.
C1 verb /səbˈsɪst/

subsist

subsistir
Meaning
To maintain or support oneself, especially at a minimal level.
Example
Many villagers still subsist on fishing and farming.
Muchos aldeanos todavía subsisten de la pesca y la agricultura.
C1 verb /ˈskævɪndʒ/

scavenge

buscar entre la basura
Meaning
to search through waste or discarded material to find useful items
Example
The children scavenged for food in the garbage dump.
Los niños scavengaron para encontrar comida en el basurero.
C1 adjective /ˈsʌltri/

sultry

caluroso y húmedo, atractivo
Meaning
Uncomfortably hot and humid; also describes someone attractive in a passionate or sensual way.
Example
The sultry weather made it hard to focus on work.
El clima caluroso y húmedo dificultaba concentrarse en el trabajo.
C1 verb sɪˈkwɛstər

sequester

aislar, esconder
Meaning
To isolate or hide away.
Example
The carbon captured by trees can be sequestered for years.
El carbono capturado por los árboles puede ser aislado durante años.
C1 adjective /ˌsuːɪˈsaɪdəl/

Suicidal

suicida
Meaning
relating to or having thoughts of killing oneself; extremely dangerous or harmful
Example
The reckless driving was suicidal behavior.
La conducción imprudente fue un comportamiento suicida.
C1 adjective /ˈswoʊlən/

swollen

hinchado
Meaning
Enlarged or puffed up, usually due to injury, inflammation, or fluid accumulation
Example
Her ankle was swollen after she twisted it during the hike.
Su tobillo estaba hinchado después de torcerlo durante la caminata.
C1 verb /sɪndʒ/

singe

quemar ligeramente
Meaning
To burn something superficially or lightly, especially at the edges.
Example
The fire singed his eyebrows.
El fuego le quemó las cejas.
C1 noun /ˈslændər/

Slander

calumnias
Meaning
the action of making false spoken statements damaging to someone's reputation
Example
The politician sued the newspaper for slander.
El político demandó al periódico por calumnias.
C1 noun /sloʊθ/

Sloth

pereza; reluctancia a trabajar o hacer un esfuerzo
Meaning
laziness; reluctance to work or make an effort
Example
His sloth prevented him from achieving his goals.
Su pereza le impidió alcanzar sus metas.
C1 noun /səˈsteɪnəbl ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃər/

sustainable agriculture

agricultura sostenible
Meaning
Farming practices that meet current food needs while preserving environmental resources and maintaining the ability to produce food for future generations through ecologically sound methods.
Example
Sustainable agriculture practices protect the environment while ensuring food security.
Las prácticas de agricultura sostenible protegen el medio ambiente mientras garantizan la seguridad alimentaria.
C1 noun /ˈsɜːrəɡət/

surrogate

sustituto
Meaning
A substitute, especially a person deputizing for another in a specific role or office.
Example
The surrogate mother gave birth to the child after carrying it for nine months.
La madre sustituta dio a luz al niño tras llevarlo durante nueve meses.
C1 verb /ˈsælvɪdʒ/

salvage

salvar
Meaning
To save something from loss, damage, or destruction.
Example
They managed to salvage some goods from the fire.
Lograron salvar algunos bienes del incendio.
C1 adjective /ˈstoʊɪk/

stoic

estoico, imperturbable
Meaning
Showing little or no emotion, even in difficult situations.
Example
She remained stoic during the crisis, never showing fear or panic.
Ella permaneció estoica durante la crisis, sin mostrar miedo ni pánico.
C1 noun /streɪt/

strait

estrecho
Meaning
A narrow passage of water connecting two seas or two large areas of water.
Example
The Strait of Gibraltar connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.
El estrecho de Gibraltar conecta el océano Atlántico y el mar Mediterráneo.
C1 verb /ˈʃʌdər/

shudder

temblar
Meaning
to tremble or shake suddenly, often due to fear, cold, or strong emotion
Example
She shuddered at the thought of walking alone in the dark forest.
Ella se estremeció al pensar en caminar sola en el oscuro bosque.
C1 noun /ˈstreɪnər/

Strainer

colador
Meaning
a device having holes punched in it or made of crossed wires for separating solid matter from a liquid
Example
Use a strainer to drain the pasta water.
Usa un colador para drenar el agua de la pasta.
C1 noun /ˈsæŋk.ʃən/

Sanction

sanción
Meaning
official permission or approval; a penalty for disobeying a rule
Example
The government imposed economic sanctions on the country.
El gobierno impuso sanciones económicas al país.
C1 noun /spɛk/

speck

mancha
Meaning
A very small spot, mark, or particle.
Example
There was a tiny speck of dust on the glass table.
Había una pequeña mancha de polvo en la mesa de cristal.
C1 noun /ˈskɛptɪk/

skeptic

escéptico
Meaning
A person who doubts or questions accepted beliefs or claims.
Example
The scientist was a skeptic of theories without solid evidence.
El científico era escéptico de las teorías sin evidencia sólida.
C1 adjective /ˈskrʌfi/

Scruffy

desaliñado o desordenado en apariencia; sucio y desgastado
Meaning
untidy or unkempt in appearance; shabby and worn
Example
The scruffy old dog wandered through the streets looking for food.
El perro desaliñado caminó por las calles buscando comida.
C1 noun /ˈsteɪl.meɪt/

stalemate

empate
Meaning
A situation in which no progress can be made or no party can win.
Example
Negotiations ended in a stalemate.
Las negociaciones terminaron en un empate.
C1 noun stɔːrm ɪnˌtensɪfɪˈkeɪʃən

storm intensification

intensificación de la tormenta
Meaning
The process by which storms become stronger and more severe in intensity.
Example
Storm intensification is linked to climate change.
La intensificación de la tormenta está vinculada al cambio climático.
C1 noun /ˈsɒl.ɪs/

Solace

consuelo
Meaning
comfort or consolation in a time of distress or sadness
Example
She found solace in music after her loss.
Encontró consuelo en la música después de su pérdida.
C1 adjective /ˈstɛr.aɪl/

sterile

estéril
Meaning
Free from bacteria or other living microorganisms; incapable of producing offspring.
Example
The surgeon worked in a sterile environment to avoid infection.
El cirujano trabajó en un ambiente estéril para evitar infecciones.
C1 noun /ˌsɛnsəˈbɪləti/

Sensibility

sensibilidad
Meaning
the ability to appreciate and respond to complex emotional or aesthetic influences; sensitivity
Example
Her artistic sensibility made her appreciate fine details in paintings.
Su sensibilidad artística la hizo apreciar los detalles finos en las pinturas.
C1 verb /skɒf/

scoff

burlarse
Meaning
to speak about something in a mocking or dismissive way
Example
He scoffed at the idea of moving abroad.
Él se burló de la idea de mudarse al extranjero.
C1 adjective /ˈsʌpl/

supple

flexible
Meaning
Easily bending or moving without breaking; flexible and adaptable.
Example
The gymnast’s body was remarkably supple.
El cuerpo de la gimnasta era notablemente flexible.
C1 adjective /ˈsiː.di/

Seedy

lleno de semillas; sucio y despreciable; en mal estado
Meaning
squalid and disreputable; shabby and run-down; full of seeds
Example
They avoided walking through the seedy part of town at night.
Ellos evitaban caminar por la parte sucia y despreciable de la ciudad por la noche.
C1 noun /sɪˈdʌk.ʃən/

Seduction

seducción; tentación
Meaning
the action of seducing someone; temptation to do something wrong
Example
He fell victim to the seduction of easy money.
Cayó víctima de la seducción del dinero fácil.
C1 noun/verb /spuːf/

spoof

imitación humorística
Meaning
A humorous imitation of something, or to trick or parody someone or something.
Example
The comedian spoofed the politician’s speech to entertain the audience.
El comediante parodió el discurso del político para entretener al público.
C1 noun /ʃoʊl/

shoal

cardumen
Meaning
a large group of fish swimming together; a shallow place in water
Example
We saw a shoal of fish near the coast.
Vimos un cardumen de peces cerca de la costa.
C1 verb /skwɪnt/

squint

entrecerrar los ojos
Meaning
to look with partly closed eyes
Example
She squinted at the bright sunlight.
Ella entrecerró los ojos por la luz brillante del sol.
C1 verb /slɪŋk/

slink

deslizarse en silencio
Meaning
to move quietly and secretly, often to avoid being noticed
Example
The cat slunk into the room without making a sound.
El gato entró en la habitación sin hacer ruido.
C1 adjective /sɛkˈtɛəriən/

sectarian

sectario
Meaning
relating to or characterized by the differences between sects, often leading to conflict
Example
The region has been troubled by sectarian violence for decades.
La región ha estado atormentada por la violencia sectaria durante décadas.
C1 noun, verb /ˈskʌf.əl/

scuffle

pelea/disputa
Meaning
a short, confused fight or struggle; to engage in such a fight
Example
Two players scuffled on the field after the foul.
Dos jugadores se pelearon en el campo después de la falta.
C1 verb /struː/

strew

esparcir
Meaning
to scatter or spread things untidily over a surface or area
Example
Clothes were strewn across the floor.
La ropa estaba esparcida por el suelo.
C1 noun/verb /stæmˈpiːd/

stampede

estampida
Meaning
A sudden, uncontrolled rush of people or animals; to cause a mass movement.
Example
The loud noise caused a stampede of the crowd.
El fuerte ruido causó una estampida de la multitud.
C1 verb /ˌsuːpərɪmˈpoʊz/

superimpose

superponer
Meaning
to place one thing on top of another so that both can be seen
Example
The editor superimposed text over the image.
El editor superpuso texto sobre la imagen.
C1 noun /ˈstætʃuːt/

statute

ley
Meaning
A written law passed by a legislative body.
Example
The new statute protects workers' rights.
La nueva ley protege los derechos de los trabajadores.
C1 adjective ˌsɪmbɪˈɒtɪk

symbiotic

simbiótico
Meaning
Involving interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association.
Example
The relationship between the bee and the flower is symbiotic.
La relación entre la abeja y la flor es simbiótica.
C1 noun /ˈsɪlk.wɜːrm/

Silk-worm

gusano de seda
Meaning
the caterpillar of a moth that produces silk fibers used to make silk fabric
Example
Silkworms feed on mulberry leaves to produce silk.
Los gusanos de seda se alimentan de hojas de morera para producir seda.
C1 adjective /ˈspaɪni/

spiny

espinoso
Meaning
covered with or full of spines; having sharp points
Example
The spiny cactus stood tall in the desert.
El cactus espinoso se alzaba alto en el desierto.
C1 noun /səbˈdʒɛkʃən/

subjection

subyugación
Meaning
the act of bringing someone or something under control or domination
Example
The people suffered under the subjection of a cruel ruler.
El pueblo sufrió bajo la subyugación de un gobernante cruel.
C1 noun /siˈɛrə klʌb/

Sierra Club

Sierra Club
Meaning
An American environmental organization founded in 1892 by John Muir, focused on promoting conservation of the natural environment by influencing public policy decisions.
Example
John Muir founded the Sierra Club in 1892 to protect wild areas.
John Muir fundó el Sierra Club en 1892 para proteger áreas salvajes.
C1 adjective /səbˈsɜːviənt/

subservient

subserviente
Meaning
prepared to obey others unquestioningly; less important than something else
Example
She was too subservient to challenge his decision.
Ella era demasiado sumisa para desafiar su decisión.
C1 verb /ˈsɔːntər/

saunter

caminar despacio
Meaning
to walk in a slow, relaxed manner without hurry or effort
Example
We sauntered along the riverside, stopping now and then to watch the boats.
Caminamos lentamente por la orilla del río, deteniéndonos de vez en cuando para observar los botes.
C1 noun /saɪð/

scythe

hoz
Meaning
A tool with a long curved blade used for cutting grass or grain.
Example
The farmer sharpened his scythe before harvesting the wheat.
El agricultor afiló su hoz antes de cosechar el trigo.
C1 noun /ˈsɔːjər/

Sawyer

aserrador
Meaning
a person who saws wood, especially as an occupation
Example
The skilled sawyer cut the logs into planks.
El hábil aserrador cortó los troncos en tablones.
C1 adjective /ˈspʌndʒi/

Spongy

esponjoso
Meaning
soft and full of holes like a sponge; porous
Example
The cake had a light and spongy texture.
El pastel tenía una textura ligera y esponjosa.
C1 noun /ˈskrɪmɪdʒ/

scrimmage

partido de práctica
Meaning
A practice game or informal match, often in sports, especially football.
Example
The team had a scrimmage before the official season started.
El equipo tuvo un partido de práctica antes de que comenzara la temporada oficial.
C1 adjective /ˈsʌl.ki/

Sulky

malhumorado y taciturno; temperamental
Meaning
bad-tempered and sullen; moody
Example
The child became sulky when he couldn't get his favorite toy.
El niño se puso malhumorado cuando no pudo conseguir su juguete favorito.
C1 noun ˌsteɪbəlaɪˈzeɪʃən

stabilization

estabilización
Meaning
The process of making or becoming stable.
Example
The stabilization of the structure was essential after the earthquake.
La estabilización de la estructura fue esencial después del terremoto.
C1 verb/noun /skaʊl/

scowl

fruncir el ceño
Meaning
To frown in an angry or bad-tempered way.
Example
She scowled when she heard the unfair remark.
Ella frunció el ceño cuando escuchó el comentario injusto.
C1 adjective /suːˈpɜːr.flu.əs/

superfluous

superfluo
Meaning
Unnecessary, especially through being more than enough.
Example
His speech contained too many superfluous details.
Su discurso contenía demasiados detalles superfluos.
C1 noun speɪst ˌrep.ɪˈtɪʃ.ən

spaced repetition

repetición espaciada
Meaning
A learning technique that involves reviewing information at increasing intervals to improve long-term retention.
Example
Spaced repetition helps in long-term memory retention.
La repetición espaciada ayuda a retener la memoria a largo plazo.
C1 adjective /ˈstraɪ.dənt/

strident

estridente, ruidoso
Meaning
loud and harsh; presenting a point of view in a forceful way
Example
His strident voice made the debate uncomfortable.
Su voz estridente hizo que el debate fuera incómodo.
C1 adjective /sər'pæs.ɪŋ/

Surpassing

sobresaliente; superior; extraordinario
Meaning
exceeding; going beyond; outstanding
Example
Her surpassing beauty made everyone stop and stare.
Su belleza sobresaliente hizo que todos se detuvieran y la miraran.
C1 noun /səˈlaɪ.və/

Saliva

saliva
Meaning
the watery liquid secreted into the mouth by glands
Example
The dentist asked her to rinse the saliva from her mouth.
El dentista le pidió que enjuagara la saliva de su boca.
C1 noun /slæb/

slab

losa
Meaning
a large, thick, flat piece of stone, concrete, or other hard material
Example
The workers laid a concrete slab for the foundation.
Los trabajadores colocaron una losa de concreto para la fundación.
C1 noun /ˈʃɜːrbət/

sherbet

sorbete
Meaning
a sweet flavored drink or a frozen dessert made from sweetened fruit juice
Example
On hot days, she enjoys a glass of lemon sherbet.
En los días calurosos, disfruta de un vaso de sorbete de limón.
C1 adjective /ˈspjʊəriəs/

spurious

falso / fraudulento
Meaning
Not genuine, authentic, or true; false or fake.
Example
The report was based on spurious claims.
El informe se basó en afirmaciones falsas.
C1 adjective /səˈsɛp.tə.bəl/

susceptible

propenso o vulnerable a ser influenciado o dañado por algo en particular
Meaning
Likely or liable to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing.
Example
Children are more susceptible to infections.
Los niños son más susceptibles a las infecciones.
C1 verb /ˈswɛltər/

swelter

sufrir por calor intenso
Meaning
to suffer from intense heat
Example
We began to swelter in the midday sun.
Empezamos a sudar bajo el sol del mediodía.
C1 verb /sərˈmaɪz/

surmise

suponer
Meaning
to suppose something is true without having evidence
Example
She surmised that he was not coming to the meeting.
Ella supuso que él no iba a venir a la reunión.