Sulky
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C1 adjective /ˈsʌl.ki/

Sulky

malhumorado y taciturno; temperamental
Meaning
bad-tempered and sullen; moody
Example
The child became sulky when he couldn't get his favorite toy.
El niño se puso malhumorado cuando no pudo conseguir su juguete favorito.
C1 noun ˈwaɪldlaɪf ˈkɔːrɪdɔːrz

wildlife corridors

corredores de vida silvestre
Meaning
Areas of habitat connecting wildlife populations separated by human activities or structures.
Example
Wildlife corridors connect fragmented habitats, enabling species migration.
Los corredores de vida silvestre conectan hábitats fragmentados, permitiendo la migración de especies.
C1 noun /əˈsæsɪn/

Assassin

asesino
Meaning
a person who murders an important person for political or religious reasons
Example
The president was protected from potential assassins by security guards.
El presidente fue protegido de los posibles asesinos por los guardias de seguridad.
C1 adjective /ˈpʌn.dʒənt/

Pungent

pungente
Meaning
sharp; strong-smelling; acrid;
Example
The pungent smell of garlic filled the kitchen.
El olor pungente del ajo llenó la cocina.
C1 noun /ˈæntənɪm/

antonym

antónimo
Meaning
A word opposite in meaning to another.
Example
‘Hot’ is the antonym of ‘cold’.
‘Hot’ es el antónimo de ‘cold’.
C1 verb /ˈʃɪmər/

shimmer

brillar tenuemente
Meaning
To shine with a soft, wavering light.
Example
The lake shimmered under the moonlight.
El lago brillaba bajo la luz de la luna.
C1 noun /sɪˈtɑːr/

Sitar

sitar
Meaning
a traditional Indian stringed musical instrument with a long neck and resonating body
Example
The sitar creates beautiful ragas in Indian classical music.
El sitar crea hermosos ragas en la música clásica india.
C1 noun /ʃoʊl/

shoal

cardumen
Meaning
a large group of fish swimming together; a shallow place in water
Example
We saw a shoal of fish near the coast.
Vimos un cardumen de peces cerca de la costa.
C1 noun /ˈɑd.ɪ.ti/

Oddity

rareza
Meaning
something that is strange or unusual; a peculiar trait
Example
His habit of sleeping standing up was considered an oddity.
Su hábito de dormir de pie se consideraba una rareza.
C1 noun /saɪð/

scythe

hoz
Meaning
A tool with a long curved blade used for cutting grass or grain.
Example
The farmer sharpened his scythe before harvesting the wheat.
El agricultor afiló su hoz antes de cosechar el trigo.
C1 verb /dɪˈmɔrəˌlaɪz/

demoralize

desmoralizar
Meaning
to cause someone to lose confidence or hope
Example
The constant criticism demoralized the young athlete.
La constante crítica desmoralizó al joven atleta.
C1 adjective /ˈpɪər.ləs/

Peerless

incomparable; sin igual; sin rival
Meaning
unequaled; having no match or equal; without rival
Example
Her peerless beauty captivated everyone.
Su belleza incomparable cautivó a todos.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnɪkˈskjuːzəbl/

inexcusable

inexcusable
Meaning
Too bad to be justified or overlooked; unforgivable.
Example
His rude behavior was inexcusable.
Su comportamiento grosero era inexcusable.
C1 adjective /pæˈseɪ/

passe

anticuado; fuera de moda
Meaning
no longer fashionable or current; out of date
Example
Some trends from last decade feel utterly passé now.
Algunas tendencias de la última década ahora parecen completamente anticuadas.
C1 noun /ˈtrɪkstər/

trickster

embaucador
Meaning
A person who cheats or deceives people.
Example
The old man turned out to be a clever trickster who fooled everyone.
El anciano resultó ser un astuto embaucador que engañó a todos.
C1 noun ˌmɪs.kənˈsɛp.ʃən

misconception

idea equivocada
Meaning
A wrong idea or false understanding about something.
Example
There is a common misconception that success happens overnight.
Hay una idea errónea común de que el éxito ocurre de la noche a la mañana.
C1 noun /ˌdɪstɪˈleɪʃən/

distillation

destilación
Meaning
The process of purifying a liquid by heating and cooling; the extraction of the essential meaning.
Example
Distillation is commonly used to produce alcoholic beverages.
La destilación se usa comúnmente para producir bebidas alcohólicas.
C1 noun /ˈfɔːrˌbɛərz/

forebears

antepasados
Meaning
Ancestors or people in previous generations from whom one is descended.
Example
We must honor the traditions of our forebears.
Debemos honrar las tradiciones de nuestros antepasados.
C1 verb ˈsɪn.θə.saɪ.zɪŋ

synthesizing

sintetizar, combinar, presentar de forma coherente
Meaning
Combine (a number of things) into a coherent whole.
Example
He excels in synthesizing ideas from different sources.
Él sobresale en sintetizar ideas de diferentes fuentes.
C1 adjective, noun /əbˈzɔːrbənt/

absorbent

absorbente
Meaning
able to soak up liquid, moisture, or energy easily; a material or substance that absorbs
Example
This towel is highly absorbent and dries quickly.
Esta toalla es muy absorbente y se seca rápido.
C1 adjective /ˈplæsɪd/

placid

sereno, tranquilo
Meaning
calm and peaceful, not easily disturbed
Example
She had a placid expression despite the chaos around her.
Ella tenía una expresión serena a pesar del caos a su alrededor.
C1 adjective /pəˈnʌltɪmət/

penultimate

penúltimo
Meaning
second to the last in a sequence or series
Example
She finished the penultimate chapter before going to sleep.
Ella terminó el penúltimo capítulo antes de irse a dormir.
C1 verb /jɜːrn/

yearn

anhelar
Meaning
to have a deep longing or desire for something
Example
She yearned for her homeland after living abroad for years.
Ella añoraba su tierra natal después de vivir en el extranjero durante años.
C1 noun /ˈpɛnɪtəns/

penitence

penitencia
Meaning
The action or feeling of showing sorrow and regret for having done wrong.
Example
His eyes were full of penitence after realizing his mistake.
Sus ojos estaban llenos de penitencia después de darse cuenta de su error.
C1 noun /kənˈsɜːvəˌtɔːri/

conservatory

invernadero / escuela de música y arte
Meaning
A greenhouse for growing plants or a school for music and the arts.
Example
They grew exotic plants in the conservatory.
Cultivaron plantas exóticas en el invernadero.
C1 adjective /ˈkɔːrəl/

choral

relacionado con el coro
Meaning
Relating to, written for, or performed by a choir or chorus.
Example
The church hosted a choral performance on Sunday.
La iglesia organizó una actuación coral el domingo.
C1 noun /ˈsɜːrtʃɑːrdʒ/

surcharge

recargo adicional
Meaning
an additional charge or payment added to the usual cost
Example
The airline ticket had a fuel surcharge added to it.
El boleto de avión tenía un recargo por combustible agregado.
C1 noun /ˌmaʊntəˈnɪə/

mountaineer

montañero
Meaning
A person who climbs mountains as a sport or profession.
Example
The mountaineer reached the summit after a long climb.
El montañero llegó a la cima después de una larga subida.
C1 noun /məˈmɛn.toʊ/

memento

recuerdo
Meaning
An object kept as a reminder of a person, place, or event.
Example
She kept the ticket as a memento of their first concert together.
Ella guardó el boleto como un recuerdo de su primer concierto juntos.
C1 noun /ˌæf.ɚˈmeɪ.ʃən/

affirmation

afirmación
Meaning
The action or process of affirming something or being affirmed; emotional support or encouragement.
Example
Daily affirmation of self-worth boosts confidence.
La afirmación diaria del autoestima aumenta la confianza.
C1 noun /bəˈtɒn/

baton

bastón / símbolo de autoridad
Meaning
A thin stick carried by a conductor to direct an orchestra, or used as a symbol of authority.
Example
The conductor raised his baton to begin the symphony.
El director levantó su batón para comenzar la sinfonía.
C1 noun /wɪsp/

wisp

un pequeño racimo o trozo
Meaning
A small thin or twisted bunch, piece, or amount of something.
Example
A wisp of smoke rose from the chimney.
Una wisp de humo subió por la chimenea.
C1 noun ˈdɛtrɪ.mənt

detriment

perjuicio, daño, detrimento
Meaning
Harm, damage, impairment.
Example
Smoking is a detriment to health.
Fumar es un detrimento para la salud.
C1 adjective /ˌdɪsɪnˈdʒɛnjʊəs/

disingenuous

falso
Meaning
not candid or sincere; giving a false appearance of honesty or openness
Example
She gave a disingenuous excuse for missing the meeting.
Ella dio una excusa falsa por no asistir a la reunión.
C1 noun /ˌɑːrbɪˈtreɪʃən/

arbitration

arbitraje
Meaning
the process of resolving a dispute through an impartial third party whose decision is binding; formal judgment outside a court
Example
The contract requires arbitration to settle any disputes.
El contrato exige arbitraje para resolver cualquier disputa.
C1 adjective /ɪˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/

Illogical

Ilógico
Meaning
not reasonable or sensible; lacking logic
Example
It would be illogical to go swimming in such cold weather.
Sería ilógico nadar en un clima tan frío.
C1 noun ˈklaɪmət ˌrɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən

climate regulation

regulación del clima
Meaning
The moderation of climate conditions through natural or artificial processes.
Example
Forests help in climate regulation by stabilizing local temperatures.
Los bosques ayudan a la regulación del clima estabilizando las temperaturas locales.
C1 noun /ˈdʒʊərər/

juror

miembro del jurado
Meaning
a member of a jury who is chosen to hear evidence in a legal case and help make a decision
Example
The juror listened carefully to the witness’s testimony.
El miembro del jurado escuchó cuidadosamente el testimonio del testigo.
C1 adjective /ˈsaɪt.ləs/

Sightless

ciego; sin visión
Meaning
unable to see; blind; lacking vision
Example
The sightless man navigated the street with his guide dog.
El hombre ciego navegó por la calle con su perro guía.
C1 noun /ˈɛkstrəˌvɜːrt/

extrovert

extrovertido
Meaning
a person who is outgoing, sociable, and energized by being around other people
Example
As an extrovert, she enjoys meeting new people at social events.
Como extrovertida, le gusta conocer gente nueva en eventos sociales.
C1 adjective /əˈbaɪdɪŋ/

abiding

perpetuo
Meaning
lasting for a long time; enduring
Example
She had an abiding love for her hometown.
Ella tenía un amor perpetuo por su ciudad natal.
C1 verb /ɪnˈɡroʊs/

engross

absorto
Meaning
to absorb all the attention or interest of someone
Example
She was so engrossed in the book that she forgot the time.
Ella estaba tan absorbida en el libro que olvidó la hora.
C1 adjective sɪˈmæn.tɪk

semantic

relacionado con el significado en el lenguaje
Meaning
Related to meaning in language; concerning the interpretation of words and sentences.
Example
AI models use semantic analysis to understand context.
Los modelos de IA utilizan análisis semántico para entender el contexto.
C1 noun səˈsteɪnəbəl ænd kəˈlæbərətɪv əˈproʊtʃ

sustainable and collaborative approach

enfoque sostenible y colaborativo
Meaning
A method of working together that can be maintained over time without depleting resources or causing harm.
Example
A sustainable and collaborative approach is crucial for solving environmental problems.
Un enfoque sostenible y colaborativo es crucial para resolver los problemas ambientales.
C1 noun /ˈkɑr.nɪdʒ/

Carnage

carnicería
Meaning
the killing of a large number of people; widespread slaughter
Example
The battlefield was filled with carnage after the brutal war.
El campo de batalla estaba lleno de carnicería después de la guerra brutal.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnhɒˈspɪtəbl/

inhospitable

inhóspito
Meaning
Harsh and difficult to live in; unfriendly or unwelcoming to guests.
Example
The desert is an inhospitable environment for most plants.
El desierto es un ambiente inhóspito para la mayoría de las plantas.
C1 noun /ˈpærɪti/

parity

paridad
Meaning
the state or condition of being equal, especially in status or pay
Example
The campaign aims to achieve pay parity between men and women.
La campaña tiene como objetivo lograr la paridad salarial entre hombres y mujeres.
C1 adjective /bræʃ/

brash

atrevido
Meaning
self-assertive in a rude, noisy, or overconfident way
Example
His brash comments offended many people at the meeting.
Sus comentarios atrevidos ofendieron a muchas personas en la reunión.
C1 adjective /ɪˈmuː.və.bəl/

immovable

inmóvil
Meaning
Not able to be moved; fixed in position.
Example
Immovable barriers prevent change.
Las barreras inmóviles impiden el cambio.
C1 adjective /ˈvɑːlətl/

volatile

volátil
Meaning
likely to change rapidly and unpredictably, especially for the worse
Example
The stock market is extremely volatile these days.
El mercado de valores es extremadamente volátil estos días.
C1 adjective /məˈlaɪn/

Malign

dañino; difamatorio
Meaning
evil in nature or effect; harmful; slanderous
Example
He spread malign rumors about his colleague.
Él extendió rumores malignos sobre su colega.
C1 noun ˌkʌl.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən

culmination

culminación. El punto más alto o culminante de algo, especialmente alcanzado después de mucho tiempo.
Meaning
The highest or climactic point of something, especially as attained after a long time.
Example
The project reached its culmination after years of effort.
El proyecto alcanzó su culminación después de años de esfuerzo.
C1 noun /ˈrɑːstər/

roster

lista
Meaning
A list or plan showing people’s duties or times when they are scheduled.
Example
The manager updated the staff roster for next week.
El gerente actualizó la lista del personal para la próxima semana.
C1 adjective /prəˈfɛtɪk/

prophetic

profético
Meaning
accurately predicting or describing what will happen in the future
Example
His prophetic words came true after many years.
Sus palabras proféticas se hicieron realidad después de muchos años.
C1 verb /dɪsˈhɑːrtn/

dishearten

desanimar
Meaning
to cause someone to lose determination or confidence; to discourage
Example
The constant rejection letters began to dishearten the young writer.
Las cartas de rechazo constantes comenzaron a desanimar al joven escritor.
C1 noun /ɪnˈdaɪtmənt/

indictment

acusación formal
Meaning
a formal charge or accusation of a serious crime
Example
The indictment accused the company of multiple violations.
La acusación formal acusó a la empresa de múltiples violaciones.
C1 noun /ˌsəʊ.ʃi.əʊˈek.ə.nɒm.ɪk ˈprɒɡ.res/

socioeconomic progress

progreso socioeconómico
Meaning
Advancement in both social and economic conditions of a society or community.
Example
Socioeconomic progress uplifts marginalized communities.
El progreso socioeconómico eleva a las comunidades marginadas.
C1 noun /rɪft/

rift

cisura
Meaning
a serious break in a relationship; a split or crack
Example
A rift developed between the two friends after the argument.
Se desarrolló una cisura entre los dos amigos después de la discusión.
C1 adjective /ˈtɒp.məʊst/

Topmost

más alto; superior
Meaning
highest in position or rank
Example
The flag was placed on the topmost branch of the tree.
La bandera fue colocada en la rama más alta del árbol.
C1 noun /ˈlɪməˌziːn/

limousine

un coche grande y lujoso conducido por un chófer
Meaning
a large, luxurious car driven by a chauffeur.
Example
The bride arrived in a white limousine.
La novia llegó en una limusina blanca.
C1 adjective /priːˈɛmɪnənt/

preeminent

preeminente
Meaning
Surpassing all others; very distinguished in some way.
Example
She is a preeminent scientist in the field of genetics.
Ella es una científica preeminente en el campo de la genética.
C1 verb /smɛlt/

smelt

fundir
Meaning
to extract metal from its ore by heating and melting
Example
The workers smelt iron from its ore in the factory.
Los trabajadores funden hierro de su mineral en la fábrica.
C1 noun /kɑːɡ/

cog

diente de rueda o engranaje
Meaning
A tooth on the rim of a wheel or gear; metaphorically, a minor but necessary part of a larger system.
Example
He felt like just a small cog in a big machine.
Se sintió como un pequeño engranaje en una gran máquina.
C1 verb ˈflʌk.tʃu.eɪt

fluctuate

fluctuar
Meaning
To regularly increase or decrease.
Example
Stock prices fluctuate due to market conditions.
Los precios de las acciones fluctúan debido a las condiciones del mercado.
C1 noun /ˈiːdɪkt/

edict

edicto
Meaning
An official order, proclamation, or decree issued by an authority.
Example
The king issued an edict banning smoking in public places.
El rey emitió un edicto prohibiendo fumar en lugares públicos.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈweɪ.vər.ɪŋ/

unwavering

inquebrantable
Meaning
Steady or resolute; not wavering.
Example
He showed unwavering dedication to his goal.
Él mostró una dedicación inquebrantable hacia su meta.
C1 adjective /ˈɡrændioʊs/

grandiose

grandioso
Meaning
Impressive or magnificent in appearance or style, often pretentiously so.
Example
He had grandiose plans of building a futuristic city in the desert.
Él tenía planes grandiosos de construir una ciudad futurista en el desierto.
C1 noun /ˈmɪlɪtəˌrɪzəm/

militarism

militarismo
Meaning
The belief in maintaining a strong military and using it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.
Example
The rise of militarism in the region caused tension among neighboring countries.
El auge del militarismo en la región causó tensiones entre los países vecinos.
C1 noun ˌæf.ɔːr.ɪˈsteɪ.ʃən

afforestation

reforestación
Meaning
The action of planting trees on an area of land in order to form a forest.
Example
Afforestation helps restore biodiversity.
La reforestación ayuda a restaurar la biodiversidad.
C1 noun /ˌsæl.jʊˈteɪ.ʃən/

Salutation

saludo; expresión de buenos deseos
Meaning
a greeting; an expression of goodwill
Example
The letter began with a formal salutation.
La carta comenzó con un saludo formal.
C1 noun /mɔːrˈfɑːlədʒi/

morphology

morfología
Meaning
the study of the form and structure of things, especially in language and biology
Example
Morphology studies the structure of words and how they are formed.
La morfología estudia la estructura de las palabras y cómo se forman.
C1 noun /ɪnˈfɜː.mə.ti/

Infirmity

debilidad; enfermedad; fraqueza
Meaning
physical or mental weakness; a disease or ailment; frailty
Example
Despite his advanced age and various infirmities, he remained mentally sharp and alert.
A pesar de su avanzada edad y varias enfermedades, se mantuvo mentalmente agudo y alerta.
C1 noun /lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪks/

linguistics

lingüística
Meaning
The scientific study of language and its structure.
Example
She decided to major in linguistics at university.
Decidió especializarse en lingüística en la universidad.
C1 adjective /ˈhɑːrtˌrɛndɪŋ/

heartrending

desgarrador
Meaning
Causing great sadness or distress; very moving emotionally.
Example
The documentary showed heartrending scenes of war victims.
El documental mostró escenas desgarradoras de las víctimas de la guerra.
C1 noun /fɪlθ/

filth

suciedad
Meaning
dirty or disgusting matter; moral corruption
Example
The streets were full of filth after the storm.
Las calles estaban llenas de suciedad después de la tormenta.
C1 noun স্ক্রোলিং অ্যাডিকশন

scrolling addiction

adicción al desplazamiento
Meaning
A compulsive need to continuously scroll through content on digital devices, particularly smartphones and social media platforms.
Example
Scrolling addiction is a growing concern among smartphone users.
La adicción al desplazamiento es una preocupación creciente entre los usuarios de teléfonos inteligentes.
C1 noun /drɑːft/ (UK), /dræft/ (US)

draught

corriente de aire
Meaning
a current of cool air in a room or another confined space; also a portion of liquid, especially beer, served from a barrel or cask
Example
She closed the window to keep out the cold draught.
Ella cerró la ventana para evitar la corriente de aire frío.
C1 noun ɪnˈdɪdʒɪnəs trəˈdɪʃənz

Indigenous Traditions

Tradiciones indígenas
Meaning
Cultural practices, beliefs, and customs that have been passed down through generations among native peoples.
Example
Indigenous traditions in the Chittagong Hill Tracts are unique.
Las tradiciones indígenas en los Chittagong Hill Tracts son únicas.
C1 noun /ədˈmɪtəns/

admittance

admisión
Meaning
the process or fact of entering or being allowed to enter a place
Example
No admittance without a valid ticket.
No hay admisión sin un boleto válido.
C1 verb /trəˈvɜːrs/

traverse

atravesar
Meaning
To travel across or through something.
Example
They traversed the desert on camels.
Ellos atravesaron el desierto en camellos.
C1 noun /ˌɑːr.kəˈpɛl.əˌɡoʊ/

archipelago

archipiélago
Meaning
A group of islands clustered together in a body of water.
Example
Indonesia is an archipelago with thousands of islands.
Indonesia es un archipiélago con miles de islas.
C1 verb /ˈmɛdəl/

meddle

interferir en algo que no te concierne
Meaning
to interfere in something that is not one's concern
Example
He always tries to meddle in other people’s business.
Él siempre intenta interferir en los asuntos de los demás.
C1 noun /ˌoʊvərprəˈdʌkʃən/

overproduction

sobreproducción
Meaning
The act of producing more of something than is needed or can be consumed.
Example
The economic crisis was caused by the overproduction of goods.
La crisis económica fue causada por la sobreproducción de bienes.
C1 noun/verb /ˈhɛrəld/

herald

heraldo
Meaning
A person or thing that announces or signals the approach of something; to announce or signal.
Example
The blooming flowers herald the arrival of spring.
Las flores que florecen anuncian la llegada de la primavera.
C1 verb /ˈprɒfəsaɪ/

prophesy

profetizar
Meaning
to state or predict that something will happen in the future, especially as if divinely inspired
Example
The monk prophesied that peace would return to the land.
El monje profetizó que la paz regresaría a la tierra.
C1 verb /dɪˈpoʊz/

depose

deponer
Meaning
to remove someone from office or power, especially suddenly and forcefully
Example
The rebels managed to depose the dictator after years of unrest.
Los rebeldes lograron derrocar al dictador después de años de agitación.
C1 verb /əbˈsteɪn/

abstain

abstenerse
Meaning
To restrain oneself from indulging in or partaking of something.
Example
People often abstain from digital devices to enhance focus.
Las personas a menudo se abstienen de los dispositivos digitales para mejorar su enfoque.
C1 adjective /ˈɛm.ɪ.nənt/

eminent

eminente
Meaning
Famous and respected within a particular sphere or profession.
Example
He is an eminent scientist known for groundbreaking research.
Él es un científico eminente conocido por su investigación innovadora.
C1 noun dɪˈpliː.ʃən

depletion

agotamiento
Meaning
The gradual reduction or exhaustion of a resource or substance.
Example
Overuse of groundwater leads to depletion of water resources.
El uso excesivo de agua subterránea conduce a la depleción de los recursos hídricos.
C1 noun /əbˈdʒɛktər/

objector

opositor
Meaning
a person who expresses opposition or disapproval to something
Example
The objector raised his concerns during the town meeting.
El opositor expresó sus preocupaciones durante la reunión del consejo.
C1 verb /ˈæn.ə.teɪt/

annotate

añadir notas o comentarios
Meaning
to add notes or comments to a text, diagram, or document for explanation or clarification
Example
The teacher asked the students to annotate the poem with their interpretations.
El maestro pidió a los estudiantes que anotaran el poema con sus interpretaciones.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈduː/

Undue

excesivo; inapropiado; más de lo necesario o adecuado
Meaning
excessive; inappropriate; more than is necessary or proper
Example
The teacher complained about undue pressure from parents.
El maestro se quejó de la presión excesiva de los padres.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɛn.ɪ.trə.bəl/

impenetrable

impenetrable
Meaning
Impossible to pass through or enter; impossible to understand.
Example
The dense forest was nearly impenetrable.
El bosque denso era casi impenetrable.
C1 verb /ˈweɪvər/

waver

vacilar
Meaning
to become unsteady or indecisive; to hesitate or shake
Example
She began to waver in her decision to move abroad.
Ella empezó a vacilar en su decisión de mudarse al extranjero.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɜːmiəbl/

impermeable

impermeable
Meaning
Not allowing fluid or gas to pass through.
Example
The container is made of impermeable plastic.
El contenedor está hecho de plástico impermeable.
C1 noun /ˈæntɪˌdoʊt/

antidote

antídoto
Meaning
A substance that neutralizes the effects of a poison; something that relieves or counteracts.
Example
The doctor quickly administered an antidote to the snake venom.
El doctor administró rápidamente un antídoto para el veneno de serpiente.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈveə.ri.ə.bəl/

Invariable

invariable; constante; siempre igual
Meaning
never changing; constant; always the same
Example
His invariable routine includes morning exercise and coffee.
Su rutina invariable incluye ejercicio por la mañana y café.
C1 noun /ˌprəʊˈæk.tɪv ˈliː.də.ʃɪp/

proactive leadership

liderazgo proactivo
Meaning
Leadership that takes initiative and anticipates problems before they occur, rather than reacting to events.
Example
Proactive leadership ensures timely decisions.
El liderazgo proactivo asegura decisiones oportunas.
C1 verb /ˌdɪsəˈsɛmbəl/

disassemble

desarmar
Meaning
To take apart something into its separate pieces.
Example
He had to disassemble the computer to repair it.
Él tuvo que desarmar la computadora para repararla.
C1 noun, verb /ˈliːvər/ or /ˈlɛvər/

lever

palanca, barra rígida
Meaning
a rigid bar used to move or lift heavy objects; to move something using leverage.
Example
He used a lever to lift the heavy stone.
Él usó una palanca para levantar la piedra pesada.
C1 noun, adjective /ˌnɒn ˈrɛzɪdənt/

non-resident

no residente
Meaning
a person who does not live in a particular country or place permanently
Example
Non-resident students often pay higher tuition fees.
Los estudiantes no residentes suelen pagar tarifas de matrícula más altas.
C1 noun /rɪˈkɜr.əns/

Recurrence

recurrencia
Meaning
the fact of something happening again; an instance of something happening again
Example
The doctor was concerned about the recurrence of the patient's symptoms.
El doctor estaba preocupado por la recurrencia de los síntomas del paciente.
C1 verb /ˈræʃənaɪz/

rationlize

racionalizar
Meaning
to justify or explain something with logical reasons, even if not appropriate or true
Example
He tried to rationlize his mistake by blaming the system.
Él trató de racionalizar su error culpando al sistema.
C1 noun, adjective /dɪˈrɪvətɪv/

derivative

derivado / basado
Meaning
Something that is based on another source; in math, a measure of how a function changes.
Example
The film was criticized for being too derivative of earlier works.
La película fue criticada por ser demasiado derivada de trabajos anteriores.
C1 verb /mɪns/

mince

picar finamente
Meaning
to cut into very small pieces; to walk with short quick steps
Example
She minced the garlic for the recipe.
Ella picó el ajo para la receta.
C1 noun /ˈkɑːrkəs/

carcass

cuerpo muerto de un animal
Meaning
the dead body of an animal, especially after being slaughtered
Example
Vultures fed on the carcass left in the field.
Los buitres se alimentaron del cadáver dejado en el campo.
C1 adjective /dɪˈreɪndʒd/

deranged

loco
Meaning
mentally disturbed or insane; behaving irrationally
Example
The deranged man shouted nonsense in the street.
El hombre loco gritó tonterías en la calle.
C1 phrase ˈiː.kəʊˌsɪs.təm kəˈlæps

ecosystem collapse

colapso del ecosistema
Meaning
The complete breakdown of an ecological system, resulting in the inability to maintain its structure and function.
Example
Unchecked deforestation can lead to ecosystem collapse.
La deforestación incontrolada puede llevar al colapso del ecosistema.
C1 verb /slɪŋk/

slink

deslizarse en silencio
Meaning
to move quietly and secretly, often to avoid being noticed
Example
The cat slunk into the room without making a sound.
El gato entró en la habitación sin hacer ruido.
C1 noun /ˈlɛdʒɪsleɪtər/

legislator

legislador
Meaning
a person who makes laws, especially a member of a legislative body
Example
The legislator introduced a bill to improve healthcare.
El legislador introdujo un proyecto de ley para mejorar la atención médica.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈsɜːrvɪsəbəl/

Unserviceable

inservible; defectuoso
Meaning
not in working order; unable to be used; defective
Example
The old computer became unserviceable after the system crash.
La computadora vieja se volvió inservible después del fallo del sistema.
C1 noun ˌdɛməˈɡræfɪk trænˈzɪʃən

demographic transition

transición demográfica
Meaning
A shift in population patterns from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops economically
Example
The demographic transition indicates a shift towards an aging society.
La transición demográfica indica un cambio hacia una sociedad envejecida.
C1 verb /ɪˈnʌnsieɪt/

enunciate

enunciar
Meaning
to pronounce words clearly; to express an idea clearly
Example
The teacher asked him to enunciate each word.
El maestro le pidió que enunciara cada palabra.
C1 adjective /ˈpɛnɪtənt/

penitent

arrepentido
Meaning
Feeling or showing sorrow and regret for having done wrong.
Example
She was penitent after shouting at her friend.
Ella estaba arrepentida después de gritarle a su amiga.
C1 verb /ˈfɜːr.tɪ.laɪz/

fertilize

fertilizar
Meaning
to make soil or land more fertile by adding substances
Example
Farmers fertilize the fields to increase crop yield.
Los agricultores fertilizan los campos para aumentar la cosecha.
C1 noun /ˈpluː.mɪdʒ/

plumage

plumaje
Meaning
the feathers covering a bird's body
Example
The peacock's plumage was vibrant and eye-catching.
El plumaje del pavo real era vibrante y llamativo.
C1 adverb /pɜːr ˈseɪ/

per se

por sí mismo
Meaning
By or in itself; intrinsically.
Example
The idea is not bad per se, but it needs improvement.
La idea no es mala por sí mismo, pero necesita mejora.
C1 adjective ɪˈθɪə.ri.əl

ethereal

celestial, delicado, sobrenatural
Meaning
Extremely delicate and light in a way that seems too perfect for this world.
Example
Her voice had an ethereal quality.
Su voz tenía una calidad etérea.
C1 noun /ɪnˈtaɪərəti/

entirety

entereza
Meaning
the whole of something; the complete form
Example
He watched the movie in its entirety.
Vio la película en su totalidad.
C1 noun /ˈpiː.kɒk ˈflaʊ.ər/

Peacock flower

flor de pavo real
Meaning
a tropical tree with bright orange and red flowers that resemble a peacock's tail
Example
The peacock flower tree blooms with stunning orange flowers in summer.
El árbol de flor de pavo real florece con flores naranjas impresionantes en verano.
C1 noun /ˈmiːdieɪtər/

Mediator

mediador
Meaning
A person who attempts to make people involved in a conflict agree
Example
The United Nations often acts as a mediator in international disputes.
Las Naciones Unidas a menudo actúan como mediador en disputas internacionales.