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C1 verb /skwɪnt/

squint

entrecerrar los ojos
Meaning
to look with partly closed eyes
Example
She squinted at the bright sunlight.
Ella entrecerró los ojos por la luz brillante del sol.
C1 adjective /ˈrɛtɪsənt/

reticent

reservado
Meaning
not revealing one's thoughts or feelings readily; reserved
Example
She was reticent about her personal life.
Ella estaba reservada sobre su vida personal.
C1 noun /ˈnek.səs/

Nexus

conexión; vínculo;
Meaning
a connection or series of connections linking two or more things
Example
There's a clear nexus between education and economic development.
Hay un claro nexo entre la educación y el desarrollo económico.
C1 noun /prɪˈtɛnʃən/

pretension

pretensión, falsa apariencia
Meaning
A claim or assertion to something, often without justification; an attempt to impress by showing greater importance or talent than is actually possessed.
Example
His pretension to be an expert was quickly exposed.
Su pretensión de ser un experto fue rápidamente expuesta.
C1 noun ˌriːˈstrʌk.tʃər.ɪŋ

restructuring

reestructuración
Meaning
The action of organizing something differently.
Example
The company underwent restructuring to improve efficiency.
La compañía pasó por un proceso de reestructuración para mejorar la eficiencia.
C1 adjective kənˈten.ʃəs

contentious

controvertido
Meaning
Causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial.
Example
The contentious issue divided global leaders.
El tema controvertido dividió a los líderes globales.
C1 adjective /rɪˈpen.tənt/

Repentant

arrepentido; lamentoso; contrito
Meaning
feeling or expressing sincere regret and remorse; sorry for one's actions
Example
The repentant thief returned the stolen money.
El ladrón arrepentido devolvió el dinero robado.
C1 noun /hɒˈstɪləti/

hostility

hostilidad
Meaning
hostile behavior; unfriendliness or opposition
Example
The negotiations ended in an atmosphere of hostility.
Las negociaciones terminaron en un ambiente de hostilidad.
C1 noun /fɔːrˈmæl.ə.ti/

Formality

formalidad
Meaning
the rigid observance of rules of convention or etiquette; a thing done simply to comply with requirements
Example
The signing of the contract was just a formality; the deal was already agreed upon.
La firma del contrato fue solo una formalidad; el acuerdo ya estaba acordado.
C1 verb /əˈfɪliˌeɪt/

affiliate

afiliar
Meaning
to officially attach or connect (a group or organization) to a larger body
Example
The school is affiliated with the local university.
La escuela está afiliada a la universidad local.
C1 adjective /ˈɡrʌdʒɪŋ/

grudging

renuente
Meaning
Reluctant or unwilling; given or allowed only with hesitation.
Example
She gave him a grudging smile after the argument.
Le dio una sonrisa renuente después de la discusión.
C1 adjective, noun /ˈsɛlɪbət/

celibate

célibe; celibato
Meaning
abstaining from marriage and sexual relations; a person who does so
Example
He chose to remain celibate for religious reasons.
Eligió permanecer en celibato por motivos religiosos.
C1 noun /ˈlaɪm.laɪt/

Limelight

el centro de atención pública; una luz brillante producida al calentar un cilindro de cal
Meaning
the focus of public attention; a bright light produced by heating a cylinder of lime
Example
The celebrity enjoyed being in the limelight.
La celebridad disfrutó estar en el centro de atención.
C1 noun /ˈhɜːrbɪsaɪd/

herbicide

herbicida
Meaning
A chemical substance used to kill unwanted plants, especially weeds.
Example
Farmers used herbicide to protect their crops from invasive weeds.
Los agricultores usaron herbicidas para proteger sus cultivos de las malezas invasoras.
C1 noun ˌhaɪ.droʊˈpɒn.ɪks

hydroponics

hidroponía
Meaning
Growing plants using nutrient-rich water instead of soil.
Example
Hydroponics allows crops to grow without soil.
La hidroponía permite que los cultivos crezcan sin tierra.
C1 adjective/verb /ˈwɒrəntɪd/

warranted

justificado
Meaning
Justified or authorized under the circumstances.
Example
Her anger was warranted after the unfair treatment.
Su enojo fue justificado después del trato injusto.
C1 noun /ˈdɪŋɡi/

dinghy

bote pequeño
Meaning
a small boat, often carried or towed by a larger vessel, used for short trips or as a lifeboat
Example
They rowed the dinghy back to the yacht.
Remaron el bote de remos de vuelta al yate.
C1 noun /ˈbaɪoʊˌsfɪr/

Biosphere

biósfera
Meaning
the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the earth occupied by living organisms
Example
Climate change is affecting the entire biosphere.
El cambio climático está afectando a toda la biósfera.
C1 noun /ˈbʌrə, ˈbʊrə/

borough

barrio
Meaning
A town, district, or administrative division, especially one with its own local government.
Example
Brooklyn is a borough of New York City.
Brooklyn es un barrio de la ciudad de Nueva York.
C1 adjective ˈleɪ.tənt

latent

latente o escondido
Meaning
Existing but not yet developed or manifested; hidden potential.
Example
His artistic talent remained latent for years.
Su talento artístico permaneció latente durante años.
C1 noun /ˈoʊvərˌtoʊn/

overtone

implicación sutil
Meaning
A subtle quality, implication, or additional meaning beyond the obvious.
Example
His speech had political overtones that were hard to ignore.
Su discurso tenía connotaciones políticas que eran difíciles de ignorar.
C1 noun /ˈbaɪ.laɪn/

byline

línea del nombre del escritor
Meaning
A line in a newspaper or magazine article that names the writer.
Example
Her byline appeared on the front page of the newspaper.
Su línea apareció en la primera página del periódico.
C1 noun /ˈfɪʃˌmʌŋ.ɡər/

fishmonger

pescadero
Meaning
a person or store that sells fish
Example
I bought fresh salmon from the local fishmonger.
Compré salmón fresco del pescadero local.
C1 verb /ˌrɛzəˈrɛkt/

resurrect

resucitar
Meaning
To bring back to life or revive something from the past.
Example
The director decided to resurrect the old play for a new audience.
El director decidió resucitar la obra antigua para una nueva audiencia.
C1 noun /ədˈhɪə.rəns/

adherence

cumplimiento
Meaning
The practice of following or keeping to a rule, standard, or belief.
Example
Adherence to rules is crucial in any organization.
El cumplimiento de las reglas es crucial en cualquier organización.
C1 verb /ɪkˈspend/

expend

gastar
Meaning
to use up or consume; to spend energy or resources
Example
He expended all his energy on the project.
Él gastó toda su energía en el proyecto.
C1 noun /əˌfɪl.iˈeɪ.ʃən/

affiliation

afiliación
Meaning
The state or process of affiliating or being affiliated; a connection or association.
Example
His affiliation with the company lasted for a decade.
Su afiliación con la empresa duró una década.
C1 noun /ˈlʌstər/

luster

brillo
Meaning
a gentle sheen or soft glow, especially from a polished surface
Example
The diamond had a brilliant luster.
El diamante tenía un brillo brillante.
C1 adjective /kənˈtɪɡ.ju.əs/

contiguous

contiguo
Meaning
sharing a common border; touching
Example
The two continguous houses shared a wall.
Las dos casas contiguas compartieron una pared.
C1 adjective /ɡlaɪˈsiː.mɪk/

glycemic

relacionado con la glucosa
Meaning
Relating to the presence of glucose in the blood and how foods affect blood sugar levels.
Example
High-glycemic foods cause a rapid increase in blood sugar.
Los alimentos con alto índice glucémico causan un aumento rápido del azúcar en la sangre.
C1 noun /ˈhɒl.ə.kɔːst/

holocaust

holocausto
Meaning
A large-scale destruction, especially by fire; historically, the genocide of Jews during World War II.
Example
Millions of people perished during the Holocaust.
Millones de personas perecieron durante el Holocausto.
C1 noun /ˈlɪmboʊ/

limbo

incertidumbre, estado de suspensión
Meaning
A state of uncertainty or neglect; an intermediate or transitional state.
Example
The project was left in limbo after the funding was withdrawn.
El proyecto fue dejado en incertidumbre después de que se retiró la financiación.
C1 verb /ˈdɪsləkeɪt/

dislocate

dislocar
Meaning
To disturb the normal position of something, especially a joint in the body.
Example
He dislocated his shoulder while playing football.
Él dislocó su hombro mientras jugaba al fútbol.
C1 noun /ˈvæntɪdʒ/

vantage

posición ventajosa
Meaning
a position or situation that gives an advantage or a good view
Example
From this vantage, we could see the entire valley.
Desde esta posición, pudimos ver todo el valle.
C1 noun /toʊm/

tome

gran libro
Meaning
a large, heavy book, often scholarly or serious in nature
Example
She spent the afternoon reading an old tome on medieval history.
Pasó la tarde leyendo un viejo gran libro sobre historia medieval.
C1 noun /ˈjeloʊ oʊliˈændər/

Yellow oleander

oleandro amarillo
Meaning
a tropical flowering shrub with bright yellow flowers; also known as lucky nut
Example
The yellow oleander blooms throughout the year in warm climates.
El oleandro amarillo florece durante todo el año en climas cálidos.
C1 noun /ˈæl.kə.laɪ/

alkali

alcalino
Meaning
a soluble base substance, typically with a pH greater than 7, that neutralizes acids
Example
Soap contains alkali which helps remove grease.
El jabón contiene alcalino que ayuda a quitar la grasa.
C1 noun /juːˈfɔː.ri.ə/

euphoria

euforia, alegría extrema, éxtasis
Meaning
A feeling or state of intense excitement and happiness; elation.
Example
Winning the championship brought a sense of euphoria.
Ganar el campeonato le dio una sensación de euforia.
C1 verb /ˈskʌr.i/

scurry

correr rápidamente
Meaning
To move quickly with short, hurried steps.
Example
The mice scurried across the kitchen floor when the lights turned on.
Los ratones corrieron rápidamente por el suelo de la cocina cuando las luces se encendieron.
C1 noun /ˌdep.rɪˈveɪ.ʃən/

deprivation

privación, escasez, falta
Meaning
The damaging lack of material benefits considered to be basic necessities in a society.
Example
Sleep deprivation affects cognitive function.
La privación de sueño afecta la función cognitiva.
C1 adjective /ˌnɒnˈvɜː.bəl/

non-verbal

No implica ni usa palabras o discurso; comunicado a través de gestos, lenguaje corporal o expresiones faciales.
Meaning
Not involving or using words or speech; communicated through gestures, body language, or facial expressions.
Example
Non-verbal cues are just as important as words.
Las señales no verbales son tan importantes como las palabras.
C1 verb /ˈkwɪkən/

quicken

acelerar
Meaning
to make or become faster; to accelerate
Example
His pulse began to quicken as he approached the finish line.
Su pulso empezó a acelerarse a medida que se acercaba a la meta.
C1 noun, verb /spreɪn/

sprain

esguince
Meaning
an injury to a joint in which the ligaments are stretched or torn
Example
She sprained her ankle while running in the park.
Ella se torció el tobillo mientras corría en el parque.
C1 noun /ˈspɛktər/

specter

espectro
Meaning
A ghost or spirit; something that causes fear or dread.
Example
The specter of war still haunts the region.
El espectro de la guerra todavía acecha la región.
C1 noun /ˌvaɪ.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/

viability

viabilidad
Meaning
Ability to work successfully; feasibility.
Example
The viability of the project depends on funding.
La viabilidad del proyecto depende de la financiación.
C1 noun /ˈpɒpjʊləs/

populace

población
Meaning
the general public; the ordinary people living in a country or area
Example
The new law was welcomed by the local populace.
La nueva ley fue bienvenida por la población local.
C1 noun ˈiː.pɒk

epoch

época
Meaning
A period of time in history or a person's life, typically one marked by notable events or particular characteristics.
Example
The invention of the internet marked a new epoch in human history.
La invención de internet marcó una nueva época en la historia humana.
C1 noun /ˌɪnkjʊˈbeɪʃən/

incubation

el proceso de mantener huevos, células u organismos en las condiciones adecuadas para su desarrollo
Meaning
the process of keeping eggs, cells, or organisms in the right conditions for development
Example
The incubation of the eggs lasted for three weeks.
La incubación de los huevos duró tres semanas.
C1 noun /luː/

lieu

en lugar de
Meaning
Instead of; in place of.
Example
He gave money in lieu of flowers.
Él dio dinero en lugar de flores.
C1 noun /ˈhæm.lət/

Hamlet

pequeña aldea
Meaning
a small rural settlement, smaller than a village; a small community
Example
The tiny hamlet nestled in the valley had only a dozen houses and one small church.
La pequeña aldea enclavada en el valle tenía solo una docena de casas y una pequeña iglesia.
C1 adjective /rɪˈdʌn.dənt/

redundant

innecesario
Meaning
Not or no longer needed or useful; superfluous.
Example
The report contained redundant information.
El informe contenía información innecesaria.
C1 verb /ˈdʒɪtər/

jitter

temblar
Meaning
to shake or tremble slightly, often from fear, nervousness, or excitement
Example
He began to jitter nervously before giving his speech.
Comenzó a temblar nerviosamente antes de dar su discurso.
C1 adjective ˌɪn.təˈdɪs.ɪ.plɪ.nər.i

interdisciplinary

interdisciplinario
Meaning
Relating to more than one branch of knowledge.
Example
The interdisciplinary approach in education enhances problem-solving skills.
El enfoque interdisciplinario en la educación mejora las habilidades para resolver problemas.
C1 noun /ˈboʊ.ə/

Boa

boa constrictora
Meaning
a large non-venomous snake that kills prey by constriction
Example
The boa constrictor wrapped around its prey.
El boa constrictor se envolvió alrededor de su presa.
C1 verb /ˌʌn.dəˈtʃɑːrdʒ/

undercharge

cobrar menos
Meaning
To charge less than the correct or fair amount.
Example
The shopkeeper accidentally undercharged me for the groceries.
El tendero accidentalmente me cobró menos por las compras.
C1 adjective /ˈpeɪtrənaɪzɪŋ/

patronizing

condescendiente
Meaning
showing kindness that is perceived as condescending or superior
Example
His patronizing tone offended the audience.
Su tono condescendiente ofendió al público.
C1 noun /dɪsˈɒn.ər/

Dishonour

deshonra
Meaning
a state of shame or disgrace; lack of honor or integrity; failure to fulfill obligations
Example
Breaking his promise brought dishonour to his name and family legacy.
Romper su promesa trajo deshonra a su nombre y legado familiar.
C1 noun /əbˈzɜːvəns/

observance

observancia
Meaning
The practice of following a custom, rule, or religious law.
Example
The festival is held in observance of a centuries-old tradition.
El festival se celebra en observancia de una tradición centenaria.
C1 noun /ɪnˈkrəʊtʃmənt/

encroachment

intrusión
Meaning
the act of gradually intruding or taking over someone’s rights, land, or space
Example
The villagers protested against the encroachment on their farmland.
Los aldeanos protestaron contra la intrusión en sus tierras agrícolas.
C1 verb /əˈpɛnd/

append

agregar
Meaning
to add something as an attachment or supplement, usually at the end of a document or list
Example
She decided to append a note to the end of the report.
Ella decidió agregar una nota al final del informe.
C1 noun /ˈpriː.tekst/

Pretext

pretexto
Meaning
a reason given in justification of a course of action that is not the real reason
Example
He used illness as a pretext to avoid the meeting.
Usó la enfermedad como pretexto para evitar la reunión.
C1 adjective /ɪˈmɜːrdʒənt/

emergent

emergente
Meaning
just coming into existence or becoming prominent
Example
The emergent startup quickly attracted investors.
La startup emergente rápidamente atrajo inversionistas.
C1 noun /ˈʌlsər/

ulcer

úlcera
Meaning
a sore on the skin or a mucous membrane that does not heal easily
Example
The doctor prescribed medicine to treat the stomach ulcer.
El médico recetó un medicamento para tratar la úlcera de estómago.
C1 verb /əˈdʒɔɪn/

adjoin

unirse
Meaning
To be next to and joined with something.
Example
Their house adjoins the park.
Su casa está unida al parque.
C1 adjective /ˌwɛlˈbrɛd/

well-bred

bien educado
Meaning
Having or showing good manners; properly raised.
Example
She is a well-bred young lady with excellent manners.
Ella es una joven bien educada con excelentes modales.
C1 adjective /ˈlæk.tɪk/

lactic

relacionado con la leche o el ácido láctico
Meaning
Relating to milk or lactic acid.
Example
Intense exercise can lead to a buildup of lactic acid in the muscles.
El ejercicio intenso puede causar una acumulación de ácido láctico en los músculos.
C1 adjective /ˈskænti/

Scanty

pequeño en tamaño o cantidad; insuficiente; apenas adecuado
Meaning
small in size or amount; insufficient; barely adequate
Example
The refugee camp had scanty food supplies.
El campo de refugiados tenía suministros de comida escasos.
C1 noun ˌpɒlɪˈneɪʃən

Pollination

polinización
Meaning
The process by which pollen is transferred from flowers, enabling plant reproduction.
Example
Butterflies play a vital role in pollination.
Las mariposas juegan un papel vital en la polinización.
C1 verb /dɪˈvɒlv/

devolve

devolver
Meaning
To pass power, responsibility, or duties to another person or group.
Example
The responsibility will devolve on the new manager.
La responsabilidad se transferirá al nuevo gerente.
C1 noun /dɪsˈlɛksiə/

dyslexia

dislexia
Meaning
A learning disorder characterized by difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and decoding words.
Example
The teacher used special methods to help the student with dyslexia.
La profesora usó métodos especiales para ayudar al estudiante con dislexia.
C1 adjective /ˈsteɪtli/

stately

majestuoso y digno
Meaning
Having a dignified, majestic, and impressive appearance or manner.
Example
The stately mansion stood at the end of the long driveway.
La majestuosa mansión se encontraba al final del largo camino de entrada.
C1 noun /stɪˈlɛtoʊ/

stiletto

zapato de tacón delgado / daga
Meaning
A small, thin, high-heeled shoe or a dagger with a slender blade.
Example
She wore elegant stiletto heels to the party.
Ella llevaba unos elegantes tacones stilettos a la fiesta.
C1 adjective lɪŋˈɡwɪs.tɪk

linguistic

lingüístico
Meaning
Related to language or linguistics; concerning the scientific study of language.
Example
The AI model learns from linguistic patterns.
El modelo de IA aprende de los patrones lingüísticos.
C1 verb /ˈsenʃər/

censure

censurar, criticar severamente
Meaning
to criticize severely; to express strong disapproval
Example
The committee censured the politician for his misconduct.
El comité censuró al político por su mala conducta.
C1 adjective /rɪˈpres.ɪv/

Repressive

represivo
Meaning
restraining freedom or preventing self-expression; oppressive
Example
The repressive government banned all forms of protest.
El gobierno represivo prohibió todas las formas de protesta.
C1 noun /ˈwed.lɒk/

Wed lock

matrimonio
Meaning
the state of being married; matrimony
Example
They have been happily united in wedlock for twenty years.
Han estado felizmente unidos en matrimonio durante veinte años.
C1 adjective /ˈdjuːbiəs/

dubious

dudoso
Meaning
Hesitating or doubting; not to be relied upon.
Example
She gave him a dubious look after hearing his excuse.
Ella le dio una mirada dudosa después de escuchar su excusa.
C1 noun /ˈmiːdieɪtər/

Mediator

mediador
Meaning
A person who attempts to make people involved in a conflict agree
Example
The United Nations often acts as a mediator in international disputes.
Las Naciones Unidas a menudo actúan como mediador en disputas internacionales.
C1 noun /ˈɛksələnsɪ/

excellency

excelencia
Meaning
a title of honor for people of high rank, especially ambassadors or governors
Example
His Excellency the Ambassador attended the ceremony.
Su Excelencia el Embajador asistió a la ceremonia.
C1 noun /ˈpæʃ.ən ˌflaʊ.ər/

Passion flower

flor de la pasión
Meaning
A climbing plant with intricate, colorful flowers; also refers to royal poinciana tree with red-orange blooms
Example
The passion flower vine covered the garden wall with beautiful blooms.
La vid de la flor de la pasión cubrió la pared del jardín con hermosas flores.
C1 noun /ˈfæm.ɪn/

Famine

hambruna
Meaning
extreme scarcity of food; a period when food is extremely scarce
Example
The severe drought led to widespread famine in the region.
La grave sequía provocó una hambruna generalizada en la región.
C1 noun/verb /ˈrɛprɪˌmænd/

reprimand

reprensión
Meaning
A formal expression of disapproval; to scold or criticize someone officially.
Example
The teacher reprimanded the student for being late.
El maestro reprendió al estudiante por llegar tarde.
C1 noun /ˈælɪɡəri/

allegory

alegoría
Meaning
a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, often moral or political
Example
The novel is an allegory of the struggle between good and evil.
La novela es una alegoría de la lucha entre el bien y el mal.
C1 noun ˈtær.ɪf

tariff

arancel o impuesto sobre importaciones y exportaciones
Meaning
A tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports.
Example
The government imposed high tariffs on luxury goods.
El gobierno impuso altos aranceles sobre los productos de lujo.
C1 verb, noun /ˈmʌstər/

muster

reunir / juntar coraje
Meaning
to gather people, especially soldiers; to summon courage or strength
Example
He mustered enough courage to face the challenge.
Él reunió suficiente coraje para enfrentar el desafío.
C1 verb /ˈmʌtər/

mutter

murmurar
Meaning
to speak in a low or barely audible voice, often in dissatisfaction or irritation
Example
He muttered something under his breath as he walked away.
Él murmuró algo bajo su aliento mientras se alejaba.
C1 adjective/noun /ˈnɜːr.tʃɚ.ɪŋ/

nurturing

cuidado, fomento, desarrollo
Meaning
The process of caring for and encouraging growth or development.
Example
A nurturing environment helps children thrive.
Un ambiente nurturing ayuda a los niños a prosperar.
C1 noun /ˌdɒmɪˈneɪʃən/

domination

dominación
Meaning
the exercise of control or influence over someone or something
Example
The empire sought domination over its neighbors.
El imperio buscaba dominación sobre sus vecinos.
C1 adjective /ˌɪlɪˈdʒɪtɪmət/

illegitimate

ilegítimo
Meaning
Not authorized by law, rules, or standards; not recognized as valid.
Example
The court ruled the contract to be illegitimate.
El tribunal dictaminó que el contrato era ilegítimo.
C1 noun /weɪl/

Wail

llanto; gemido
Meaning
a prolonged cry of pain, grief, or anger; to cry loudly
Example
The child's wail could be heard throughout the house.
El llanto del niño se escuchó por toda la casa.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈhɪbɪtɪd/

inhibited

inhibido
Meaning
Unable to act in a relaxed and natural way, especially due to self-consciousness or restraint.
Example
He was too inhibited to express his true feelings.
Él estaba demasiado inhibido para expresar sus verdaderos sentimientos.
C1 verb /aɪˈdiː.ə.laɪz/

idealize

idealizar
Meaning
To regard or represent something as perfect or better than it really is.
Example
Children often idealize their parents.
Los niños a menudo idealizan a sus padres.
C1 adjective /ˈdʒen.ɪ.təl/

genital

relacionado con los órganos reproductivos
Meaning
relating to the reproductive organs
Example
The doctor explained the importance of genital hygiene.
El doctor explicó la importancia de la higiene genital.
C1 adjective ˌmæk.roʊ.iː.kəˈnɒm.ɪk

macroeconomic

macroeconómico
Meaning
Relating to the large-scale or general economic factors, such as interest rates and national productivity.
Example
Government policies impact macroeconomic stability.
Las políticas gubernamentales impactan la estabilidad macroeconómica.
C1 verb /ˈkəʊ.dɪ.faɪ/

codify

codificar
Meaning
to arrange laws, rules, or ideas into a clear and systematic code
Example
The committee worked to codify the existing laws.
El comité trabajó para codificar las leyes existentes.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈseɪvəri/

unsavory

desagradable
Meaning
Disagreeable, unpleasant, or morally offensive.
Example
The politician was linked to an unsavory scandal.
El político estaba vinculado a un escándalo desagradable.
C1 noun /bɪˈtreɪər/

Betrayer

traidor; delator
Meaning
a person who betrays someone or something; one who is disloyal
Example
The betrayer was exposed and faced severe consequences.
El traidor fue expuesto y enfrentó graves consecuencias.
C1 adjective ˈtæktɪkəl

tactical

táctico
Meaning
Relating to or constituting actions carefully planned to gain a specific military or political end.
Example
Tactical thinking is crucial in business negotiations.
El pensamiento táctico es crucial en las negociaciones comerciales.
C1 noun /əˈfɪn.ɪ.ti/

affinity

afinidad
Meaning
A natural liking for or attraction to a person, thing, idea, etc.
Example
She has an affinity for classical music.
Ella tiene una afinidad por la música clásica.
C1 verb kəˈrɒb.ə.reɪt

corroborate

corroborar
Meaning
Confirm or give support to a statement, theory, or finding.
Example
The witness corroborated the defendant's testimony.
El testigo corroboró el testimonio del acusado.
C1 noun /ˈtem.pər.ə.mənt/

Temperament

temperamento; disposición natural; estado de ánimo
Meaning
a person's natural disposition or mood; characteristic behavior patterns
Example
She has a calm temperament that helps her handle stress well.
Ella tiene un temperamento tranquilo que le ayuda a manejar el estrés bien.
C1 noun /ˌɪməˈrælɪti/

immorality

inmoralidad
Meaning
the quality of being immoral; behavior that violates accepted moral standards
Example
The community condemned the immorality of the corrupt officials.
La comunidad condenó la inmoralidad de los funcionarios corruptos.
C1 verb /kənˈsaɪn/

consign

consignar
Meaning
to deliver something to a person or place, often for selling or safekeeping
Example
He consigned the package to the shipping company.
Él consignó el paquete a la compañía de envíos.
C1 noun /ˌkɒnfɪˈdɑːnt/

confidante

amiga de confianza
Meaning
A woman with whom one shares a secret or private matter, trusting her not to repeat it.
Example
The queen’s maid became her most trusted confidante.
La criada de la reina se convirtió en su confidente más confiable.
C1 noun /ˌmɪsˈkɒn.dʌkt/

Misconduct

conducta inapropiada
Meaning
Unacceptable or improper behavior, especially by a professional person
Example
The officer was dismissed for professional misconduct.
El oficial fue despedido por conducta inapropiada profesional.
C1 adjective dɪ ˈskrɛʃ.ən.er.i

discretionary

discrecional
Meaning
Available for use at the discretion of the user; not required or mandatory.
Example
He set aside some discretionary income for travel.
Él apartó algo de ingreso discrecional para viajar.
C1 noun /veɪl/

vale

valle
Meaning
A valley, often used in a poetic or literary sense.
Example
The village lay hidden in a quiet green vale.
El pueblo estaba oculto en un tranquilo valle verde.
C1 adjective /ɪˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/

Illogical

Ilógico
Meaning
not reasonable or sensible; lacking logic
Example
It would be illogical to go swimming in such cold weather.
Sería ilógico nadar en un clima tan frío.
C1 adjective /ˌaʊt əv ðə ˈweɪ/

out-of-the-way

apartado o remoto
Meaning
remote or unusual; not in a convenient or usual location
Example
They stayed in an out-of-the-way village.
Se quedaron en una aldea apartada.
C1 adjective /ˈflʌstərd/

flustered

desconcertado
Meaning
in a state of confusion or agitation
Example
She appeared flustered after being asked so many questions.
Ella parecía desconcertada después de tantas preguntas.
C1 noun /ˈɪd.i.əm/

idiom

modismo
Meaning
A group of words whose meaning is different from the meanings of the individual words.
Example
The idiom 'break the ice' means to start a conversation in a friendly way.
El modismo 'romper el hielo' significa comenzar una conversación de manera amistosa.
C1 noun /ˈtem.pɚ.əns/

temperance

templanza
Meaning
Moderation in action, thought, or feeling; restraint.
Example
Temperance is essential for a balanced life.
La templanza es esencial para una vida equilibrada.
C1 verb /ˈhɪpnətaɪz/

hypnotize

hipnotizar
Meaning
to put someone into a state of hypnosis; to influence someone's mind deeply
Example
The magician tried to hypnotize the audience.
El mago intentó hipnotizar a la audiencia.
C1 adjective /ˈkwɪzɪkəl/

quizzical

desconcertado, inquisitivo
Meaning
Expressing mild or amused puzzlement.
Example
She gave him a quizzical look when he made the strange comment.
Ella le dio una mirada desconcertada cuando él hizo el comentario extraño.
C1 noun /ˈpræɡmətɪst/

pragmatist

pragmático
Meaning
A person who deals with things in a practical and realistic way.
Example
He is a true pragmatist who values results over ideals.
Él es un verdadero pragmático que valora los resultados más que los ideales.
C1 noun /ˌsʌpəˈzɪʃən/

supposition

suposición
Meaning
An assumption or belief that something is true without certain proof.
Example
His plan was based on the supposition that the market would recover quickly.
Su plan estaba basado en la suposición de que el mercado se recuperaría rápidamente.
C1 noun /ˈem.ɪ.nəns/

Eminence

fama; superioridad
Meaning
fame or recognized superiority; high rank or status
Example
The professor achieved eminence in the field of quantum physics.
El profesor alcanzó la fama en el campo de la física cuántica.
C1 verb /fɔːˈbɛər/

forbear

abstenerse
Meaning
To refrain from doing something; to show patience or self-control.
Example
She forbore from commenting on his mistake.
Ella se abstuvo de comentar sobre su error.
C1 noun /ˈnʌr.ɪʃ.mənt/

nourishment

nutrición
Meaning
Food and nutrients necessary for the body's growth and development.
Example
Proper nourishment is essential for child development.
La nutrición adecuada es esencial para el desarrollo infantil.
C1 noun /səˈlaɪ.və/

Saliva

saliva
Meaning
the watery liquid secreted into the mouth by glands
Example
The dentist asked her to rinse the saliva from her mouth.
El dentista le pidió que enjuagara la saliva de su boca.
C1 noun ˈeʃ.ə.lɒn

echelon

nivel, rango, jerarquía
Meaning
A level or rank in an organization, a profession, or society.
Example
He climbed to the upper echelon of the corporate world.
Él ascendió al nivel más alto del mundo corporativo.