sacrosanct
All a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
All CEFR A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2
Content locale
EN English BN Bengali HI Hindi ES Español FR Francés DE Alemán RU Ruso ZH Chino JA Japonés
All Vocabulary Cards All Vocabularies
C1 adjective /ˈsæk.rəˌsæŋkt/

sacrosanct

sacrosonante
Meaning
Regarded as too important or valuable to be interfered with; sacred.
Example
Freedom of speech is considered sacrosanct in democratic societies.
La libertad de expresión se considera sacrosanta en las sociedades democráticas.
C1 adjective /kənˈtɪɡ.ju.əs/

contiguous

contiguo
Meaning
sharing a common border; touching
Example
The two continguous houses shared a wall.
Las dos casas contiguas compartieron una pared.
C1 noun /pərˈveɪər/

purveyor

proveedor
Meaning
a person or business that supplies goods, services, or information
Example
He is a well-known purveyor of fine wines.
Es un conocido proveedor de vinos finos.
C1 noun /ɪˈmiːdiəsi/

immediacy

inmediación, urgencia
Meaning
The quality of bringing one into direct and instant involvement with something, giving rise to a sense of urgency or excitement.
Example
The immediacy of digital communication has reshaped business operations.
La inmediatez de la comunicación digital ha transformado las operaciones comerciales.
C1 adjective /ˌkævəˈlɪər/

cavalier

despreocupado
Meaning
showing a lack of proper concern; dismissive or offhand
Example
He had a cavalier attitude toward safety regulations.
Tenía una actitud despreocupada hacia las normas de seguridad.
C1 noun /ɡeɪdʒ/

Gauge

medidor
Meaning
an instrument for measuring the magnitude, amount, or contents of something
Example
The pressure gauge showed the tank was full.
El medidor de presión mostró que el tanque estaba lleno.
C1 adjective /ˈhæɡ.ərd/

Haggard

parecer exhausto y enfermo, especialmente por fatiga, preocupación o sufrimiento
Meaning
looking exhausted and unwell, especially from fatigue, worry, or suffering
Example
After working three nights without sleep, he looked haggard.
Después de trabajar tres noches sin dormir, se veía agotado.
C1 noun /ˈkɒn.vɔɪ/

convoy

convoy
Meaning
a group of vehicles or ships traveling together, often for protection
Example
The military convoy moved through the desert at dawn.
El convoy militar atravesó el desierto al amanecer.
C1 noun /ˈtʌɡboʊt/

tugboat

remolcador
Meaning
a small, powerful boat used for towing or pushing ships
Example
The tugboat guided the massive ship safely into the harbor.
El remolcador guió el enorme barco de forma segura hacia el puerto.
C1 verb /ˈnɔːrməlaɪz/

normalize

normalizar
Meaning
to bring something back to a normal or standard condition; to make something conform to a standard
Example
The government took steps to normalize relations with neighboring countries.
El gobierno tomó medidas para normalizar las relaciones con países vecinos.
C1 noun /kənˈstɪtʃuənsi/

constituency

circunscripción
Meaning
A geographical area whose residents elect a representative to a legislative body.
Example
She campaigned tirelessly across her constituency.
Hizo campaña incansablemente por su circunscripción.
C1 adjective /ˈæʃən/

ashen

pálido
Meaning
Very pale in appearance, often due to shock, fear, or illness.
Example
His face turned ashen when he heard the terrible news.
Su rostro se volvió pálido cuando escuchó la terrible noticia.
C1 noun ˌtoʊ.kə.nɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

tokenization

El proceso de dividir el texto en unidades más pequeñas como palabras, frases o símbolos para su análisis.
Meaning
The process of breaking text into smaller units like words, phrases, or symbols for analysis.
Example
NLP uses tokenization to break text into smaller units.
NLP utiliza la tokenización para dividir el texto en unidades más pequeñas.
C1 verb θwɔːt

thwart

frustrar
Meaning
Prevent (someone) from accomplishing something; oppose successfully.
Example
His efforts to thwart the proposal were unsuccessful.
Sus esfuerzos para frustrar la propuesta no tuvieron éxito.
C1 adjective /ɪˈrɛvəkəbl/

irrevocable

irreversible
Meaning
Not able to be revoked, changed, or undone.
Example
She made an irrevocable decision to leave the company.
Ella tomó una decisión irreversible de dejar la empresa.
C1 noun /ˈpʊlpɪt/

pulpit

púlpito
Meaning
a raised platform in a church from which the preacher delivers a sermon
Example
The pastor stood at the pulpit to address the congregation.
El pastor se paró en el púlpito para dirigirse a la congregación.
C1 verb /kəˈrəʊd/

corrode

corroer
Meaning
to gradually destroy or wear away metal or other materials through chemical action
Example
The iron pipes corroded over time due to exposure to water.
Las tuberías de hierro se corrodieron con el tiempo debido a la exposición al agua.
C1 noun /kənˈsiːt/

conceit

vanidad
Meaning
excessive pride in oneself; vanity
Example
His conceit made him unpopular among his colleagues.
Su vanidad lo hizo impopular entre sus compañeros.
C1 verb /bɪˈmoʊn/

bemoan

lamentar
Meaning
To express discontent or sorrow over something.
Example
Critics bemoaned the lack of diversity in the film.
Los críticos lamentaron la falta de diversidad en la película.
C1 verb /ˈɛm.jʊˌleɪt/

emulate

imitar
Meaning
to imitate someone or something with the intent to equal or surpass
Example
Young athletes often emulate their idols.
Los jóvenes atletas a menudo imitan a sus ídolos.
C1 noun lɪˈkwɪd.ə.ti

liquidity

liquidez
Meaning
The availability of liquid assets to a market or company; the ability to convert assets into cash quickly.
Example
Maintaining liquidity is crucial for financial stability.
Mantener la liquidez es crucial para la estabilidad financiera.
C1 adjective /nɪˈɡlɛktfʊl/

neglectful

desatento
Meaning
Failing to give proper care or attention.
Example
The neglectful parent left the child alone for hours.
El padre desatento dejó al niño solo durante horas.
C1 noun /ˈlæd.i/

laddie

niño
Meaning
A young boy or lad.
Example
The old man gave the young laddie a kind smile.
El anciano le dio una sonrisa amable al joven niño.
C1 noun /fiˈæs.koʊ/

fiasco

fracaso total
Meaning
a complete failure, especially a ludicrous or humiliating one
Example
The event turned into a complete fiasco due to poor planning.
El evento se convirtió en un fracaso total debido a una mala planificación.
C1 noun /kliːk/

clique

clique
Meaning
a small, exclusive group of people
Example
The students formed a clique that excluded others.
Los estudiantes formaron una clique que excluía a los demás.
C1 noun /ˈæmpɛər/

ampere

ámper
Meaning
A unit of electric current in the International System of Units (SI), symbolized as A.
Example
The current flowing through the wire is measured in amperes.
La corriente que fluye a través del cable se mide en amperios.
C1 noun ˌoʊ.vɚˈɡreɪ.zɪŋ

overgrazing

sobrepastoreo
Meaning
The practice of allowing livestock to graze to the point of damaging vegetation.
Example
Overgrazing leads to soil erosion and loss of biodiversity.
El sobrepastoreo lleva a la erosión del suelo y la pérdida de biodiversidad.
C1 adjective /ˈpɪθ.i/

pithy

conciso y significativo
Meaning
concise and meaningful; full of substance
Example
She gave a pithy comment that summarized the issue perfectly.
Ella dio un comentario conciso que resumió perfectamente el asunto.
C1 noun /ˈkwɪk.sænd/

Quick-sand

arena movediza
Meaning
loose wet sand that yields easily to pressure and sucks in anything on its surface
Example
The explorer got trapped in quicksand while crossing the desert.
El explorador quedó atrapado en la arena movediza mientras cruzaba el desierto.
C1 adjective /ˈdʒen.ɪ.təl/

genital

relacionado con los órganos reproductivos
Meaning
relating to the reproductive organs
Example
The doctor explained the importance of genital hygiene.
El doctor explicó la importancia de la higiene genital.
C1 verb /smɜrk/

smirk

sonreír con suficiencia
Meaning
to smile in a self-satisfied, smug, or silly way
Example
He smirked when he won the argument.
Él sonrió cuando ganó la discusión.
C1 verb /ˈfɔːltər/

falter

vacilar o perder fuerza o impulso
Meaning
to hesitate or lose strength or momentum
Example
Her voice faltered as she delivered the speech.
Su voz vaciló mientras pronunciaba el discurso.
C1 verb /ʃʌnt/

shunt

desviar
Meaning
to move or turn aside; to push or divert from one track to another
Example
The train was shunted onto a different track.
El tren fue desviado a otra vía.
C1 verb /ˈlɔːndər/

launder

lavar ropa / ocultar el origen del dinero obtenido ilegalmente
Meaning
to wash clothes, linens, etc.; or to conceal the origins of money obtained illegally
Example
She laundered all the dirty clothes on Sunday.
Ella lavó toda la ropa sucia el domingo.
C1 noun ˌtraɪ.bjuˈnæl əv ˈdʒʌs.tɪs

tribunal of justice

tribunal de justicia
Meaning
A court of justice or judicial body that settles disputes or tries offenses.
Example
The Tribunal of Justice started the hearings promptly.
El tribunal de justicia comenzó las audiencias de inmediato.
C1 noun ˌtrɪbjʊˈleɪʃən

tribulation

tribulación
Meaning
A difficult time or suffering experience
Example
He endured many tribulations in his early years.
Él soportó muchas tribulaciones en sus primeros años.
C1 noun /ˈdɛmənˌstreɪtər/

demonstrator

demostrador, manifestante
Meaning
a person who shows how something works or takes part in a public protest
Example
The demonstrators marched peacefully through the city streets.
Los manifestantes marcharon pacíficamente por las calles de la ciudad.
C1 noun /ˌfəʊtəʊˈsɪnθɛtɪk ɪˈfɪʃənsi/

photosynthetic efficiency

eficiencia fotosintética
Meaning
The measure of how effectively plants convert light energy into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis, directly affecting plant growth and crop yield.
Example
Improving photosynthetic efficiency can increase crop yields.
Mejorar la eficiencia fotosintética puede aumentar los rendimientos de los cultivos.
C1 noun ˌɪnfɛsˈteɪʃən

infestation

infestación, gran número de insectos o animales en un lugar
Meaning
The presence of an unusually large number of insects or animals in a place, causing damage or disease.
Example
The infestation of ants in the kitchen led to immediate pest control measures.
La infestación de hormigas en la cocina llevó a medidas inmediatas de control de plagas.
C1 adjective /ˈdɔːr.mənt/

Dormant

inactivo; durmiendo; temporalmente suspendido; no actualmente activo
Meaning
inactive; sleeping; temporarily suspended; not currently active
Example
The volcano has been dormant for over a century.
El volcán ha estado inactivo por más de un siglo.
C1 adjective ɪnɪɡˈzɔːstɪbəl

inexhaustible

inagotable
Meaning
Unable to be used up or worn out; limitless.
Example
His inexhaustible energy allowed him to work tirelessly on his projects.
Su energía inagotable le permitió trabajar incansablemente en sus proyectos.
C1 adjective /ˈpiːs.ə.bəl/

Peaceable

pacífico; inclinado a evitar conflictos
Meaning
peaceful; inclined to avoid conflict
Example
The peaceable protest ended without any violence.
La protesta pacífica terminó sin violencia.
C1 verb /ˈsɪvɪlaɪz/

civilize

civilizar
Meaning
to bring a society or group to a more developed, organized, or socially acceptable state; to educate and refine behavior
Example
Education can help civilize communities by promoting shared values and respect.
La educación puede ayudar a civilizar a las comunidades promoviendo valores compartidos y respeto.
C1 noun /ˈvenɪsən/

Venison

carne de venado
Meaning
meat from a deer used as food
Example
The restaurant serves delicious venison steaks.
El restaurante sirve deliciosos filetes de venado.
C1 adjective /swɑːv/

suave

atractivo y refinado
Meaning
charming, confident, and elegant, often in a smooth or polished way
Example
He was a suave gentleman who impressed everyone at the party.
Era un caballero refinado que impresionó a todos en la fiesta.
C1 noun /ˈpɜːrɡəˌtɔːri/

purgatory

un lugar o estado de sufrimiento habitado por las almas de los pecadores que expían sus pecados antes de ir al cielo
Meaning
A place or state of suffering inhabited by the souls of sinners who are expiating their sins before going to heaven; a temporary condition of torment or suffering.
Example
After the accident, the long recovery felt like a kind of purgatory.
Después del accidente, la larga recuperación se sintió como una especie de purgatorio.
C1 adjective /ˈen.vi.ə.bəl/

Enviable

envidiable
Meaning
causing envy; desirable
Example
Her success was enviable among her peers.
Su éxito era envidiable entre sus compañeros.
C1 noun /ˈɪnsɪdəns/

incidence

incidencia
Meaning
the occurrence, rate, or frequency of something
Example
The incidence of road accidents has decreased this year.
La incidencia de accidentes de tráfico ha disminuido este año.
C1 verb /rɪˈmjuːnəreɪt/

remunerate

remunerar
Meaning
To pay someone for services or work done.
Example
The company will remunerate employees fairly for their overtime.
La empresa remunerará a los empleados de manera justa por su tiempo extra.
C1 noun /ˈdʒʌɡərˌnɔːt/

juggernaut

fuerza imparable
Meaning
A huge, powerful, and unstoppable force or institution.
Example
The new tech company has become a juggernaut in the industry.
La nueva empresa tecnológica se ha convertido en una fuerza imparable en la industria.
C1 verb əˈnaɪ.ə.leɪt

annihilate

aniquilar
Meaning
Destroy utterly; obliterate; reduce to nothing.
Example
The explosion annihilated the entire village.
La explosión aniquiló toda la aldea.
C1 adjective /ˈluː.mɪ.nəs/

Luminous

luminoso; brillante; resplandeciente
Meaning
bright; shining; emitting light; radiant
Example
The luminous stars filled the dark night sky.
Las estrellas luminosas llenaron el cielo nocturno oscuro.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈʃeɪkən/

Unshaken

inquebrantable; firme
Meaning
not disturbed or affected; firm and steady; unwavering
Example
Her faith remained unshaken despite all the challenges.
Su fe permaneció inquebrantable a pesar de todos los desafíos.
C1 noun /ˈlaɪbəl/

libel

difamación
Meaning
a published false statement that damages a person's reputation
Example
The newspaper was sued for libel after publishing false claims.
El periódico fue demandado por difamación después de publicar falsas afirmaciones.
C1 noun /ˈfɒdər/

fodder

forraje
Meaning
food for livestock such as cattle, horses, or sheep; also something considered of little value but used to supply a demand
Example
The farmer stored enough fodder for the cattle to last through winter.
El granjero almacenó suficiente forraje para que el ganado tuviera suficiente durante el invierno.
C1 noun sɪˈmɛntɪd ɡreɪv

cemented grave

tumba cementada
Meaning
A grave that is constructed with cement for permanence.
Example
The cemented grave of the martyrs was seen near the river.
La tumba cementada de los mártires fue vista cerca del río.
C1 noun /ˈnjʊə.rəʊ.trænsˌmɪt.ərs/

neurotransmitters

neurotransmisores
Meaning
Chemical messengers that transmit signals across nerve synapses, affecting mood, behavior, and cognitive functions.
Example
Serotonin and dopamine are key neurotransmitters affecting mood.
La serotonina y la dopamina son neurotransmisores clave que afectan el estado de ánimo.
C1 verb /rɪˈsiːd/

recede

retroceder
Meaning
To move back or further away from a previous position.
Example
The floodwaters began to recede after the heavy rain stopped.
Las aguas de la inundación comenzaron a retroceder después de que la lluvia intensa paró.
C1 noun /fæd/

fad

moda pasajera, tendencia
Meaning
a temporary fashion or trend; a short-lived craze
Example
The new diet became a popular fad among teenagers.
La nueva dieta se convirtió en una moda pasajera entre los adolescentes.
C1 noun /rɪˌsɛptɪˈvɪti/

receptivity

receptividad
Meaning
The ability or willingness to receive something, especially signals or stimuli.
Example
Her receptivity to new ideas helped improve the project.
Su receptividad a nuevas ideas ayudó a mejorar el proyecto.
C1 verb /ɪˈluːmɪneɪt/

illuminate

iluminar
Meaning
To light up or make something clearer.
Example
Streetlights illuminate the road at night.
Las farolas iluminan la carretera de noche.
C1 adjective ɪˈneɪt

Innate

innato o natural
Meaning
Existing from birth or natural
Example
She has an innate talent for music.
Ella tiene un talento innato para la música.
C1 noun /pəˈrɛnθəsɪs/

parenthesis

paréntesis
Meaning
A pair of curved marks ( ) used to enclose words or numbers; also an interruption or digression in speech or writing.
Example
The explanation was given in a parenthesis within the text.
La explicación se dio en un paréntesis dentro del texto.
C1 noun /ˈpʌntʃ laɪn/

punch line

remate
Meaning
The final part of a joke or story that makes it funny.
Example
Everyone laughed loudly at the punch line of his joke.
Todos se rieron fuertemente con el remate de su chiste.
C1 adjective /ˌæbəˈrɪdʒənəl/

aboriginal

aborigen
Meaning
Relating to the original inhabitants of a region.
Example
The museum has a large collection of aboriginal art.
El museo tiene una gran colección de arte aborigen.
C1 verb /pərˈteɪn/

pertain

relacionarse
Meaning
to relate or have reference to something
Example
The rules pertain to all students in the school.
Las reglas se aplican a todos los estudiantes en la escuela.
C1 noun kɒɡˈnɪʃ.ən

cognition

cognición
Meaning
The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
Example
Cognition plays a key role in learning.
La cognición juega un papel clave en el aprendizaje.
C1 noun /kənˈtɛndər/

contender

competidor, pretendiente
Meaning
a person or team competing for a title or prize
Example
She is a strong contender for the mayoral position.
Ella es una fuerte contendiente para el cargo de alcaldesa.
C1 adjective /ˈhɔː.ti/

Haughty

arrogante; altivo
Meaning
arrogantly superior and disdainful; showing excessive pride
Example
She gave him a haughty look and walked away.
Ella le dio una mirada arrogante y se alejó.
C1 noun /ˈkɒnfɪdænt/

confidant

confidente
Meaning
A person with whom one shares a secret or private matter, trusting them not to repeat it.
Example
She found a true confidant in her childhood friend.
Ella encontró un verdadero confidente en su amigo de la infancia.
C1 adjective /ˈraɪtfəl/

rightful

legítimo
Meaning
having a legitimate or just claim; proper or lawful
Example
She is the rightful owner of the property.
Ella es la legítima dueña de la propiedad.
C1 noun /ˈpriːˌkɜrsər/

precursor

precursor
Meaning
Something or someone that comes before another and indicates the approach of something else.
Example
The steam engine was a precursor to modern trains.
El motor a vapor fue un precursor de los trenes modernos.
C1 noun /ˈkaʊərdɪs/

cowardice

cobardía
Meaning
lack of courage; behavior showing fear
Example
His cowardice prevented him from speaking up.
Su cobardía le impidió hablar.
C1 noun /ˈɡrɪd.lɒk/

gridlock

atasco completo o condición de parálisis en el tráfico
Meaning
Complete traffic jam or standstill condition where vehicles cannot move.
Example
A major accident led to gridlock in the city center.
Un gran accidente causó un atasco en el centro de la ciudad.
C1 adjective /ˈsʌlən/

sullen

gruñón
Meaning
bad-tempered and gloomy; silently resentful
Example
She gave him a sullen look and walked away.
Ella le dio una mirada gruñona y se fue.
C1 noun /ˈævətɑːr/

avatar

avatar
Meaning
an icon or figure representing a person in digital contexts; in Hinduism, a divine incarnation
Example
She changed her social media avatar to a new cartoon image.
Ella cambió su avatar en las redes sociales por una nueva imagen de dibujo animado.
C1 adjective /ˌʌnfɔːrˈsiːn/

unforeseen

inesperado
Meaning
Not anticipated or predicted; unexpected.
Example
The project faced unforeseen challenges that delayed its completion.
El proyecto enfrentó desafíos imprevistos que retrasaron su finalización.
C1 adjective /ˌser.ɪˈmoʊ.ni.əl/

Ceremonial

ceremonial
Meaning
relating to or used in ceremonies; formal and ritualistic
Example
The ceremonial dress was worn during the royal wedding.
El vestido ceremonial se usó durante la boda real.
C1 verb /aʊtˈlɪv/

outlive

sobrevivir
Meaning
to live longer than someone or something else
Example
She outlived all her siblings.
Ella vivió más tiempo que todos sus hermanos.
C1 noun /ˌdɪsəˈluːʃən/

dissolution

disolución
Meaning
the act of formally ending or breaking apart something, such as an organization or marriage
Example
The dissolution of the company was announced yesterday.
La disolución de la empresa fue anunciada ayer.
C1 noun kəˈmɛns.mənt

commencement

comienzo
Meaning
The beginning of something; a ceremony at which degrees or diplomas are conferred on graduating students.
Example
The commencement ceremony marked the start of a new journey.
La ceremonia de comienzo marcó el inicio de un nuevo viaje.
C1 verb /ˈnʌrɪʃ/

nourish

nutrir
Meaning
To provide with food or other substances necessary for growth, health, and good condition
Example
Good books nourish the mind.
Los buenos libros nutren la mente.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈkɒmp(ə)rəbl/

incomparable

incomparable
Meaning
Without an equal in quality or excellence; matchless.
Example
The view from the mountain was incomparable.
La vista desde la montaña era incomparable.
C1 adverb /ɪnˈdɛfɪnətli/

indefinitely

indefinidamente
Meaning
for an unlimited or unspecified period of time
Example
The project has been postponed indefinitely.
El proyecto ha sido pospuesto indefinidamente.
C1 noun /ˈbaɪoʊˌsfɪr/

Biosphere

biósfera
Meaning
the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the earth occupied by living organisms
Example
Climate change is affecting the entire biosphere.
El cambio climático está afectando a toda la biósfera.
C1 noun /ˈlʊkaʊt/

lookout

vigilancia, vigilancia
Meaning
A place for watching; a person keeping watch.
Example
The guard kept a lookout for suspicious activity.
El guardia mantenía un lookout para actividades sospechosas.
C1 adjective /ˌeɪˈmɔːrəl/

amoral

amoral
Meaning
Lacking a moral sense; unconcerned with rightness or wrongness of something.
Example
The character in the novel was portrayed as completely amoral.
El personaje en la novela fue retratado como completamente amoral.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈsəʊʃəl/

unsocial

antisocial
Meaning
not enjoying the company of others; avoiding social interaction; contrary to social norms
Example
He prefers unsocial hours so he can work alone without interruptions.
Prefiere horarios antisociales para trabajar solo.
C1 verb /kənˈsaɪn/

consign

consignar
Meaning
to deliver something to a person or place, often for selling or safekeeping
Example
He consigned the package to the shipping company.
Él consignó el paquete a la compañía de envíos.
C1 verb /rɪˈsɪprəˌkeɪt/

reciprocate

reciprocidad
Meaning
To respond to an action or gesture by making a corresponding one.
Example
She smiled at him, and he reciprocated with a warm hug.
Ella sonrió, y él reciprocó con un abrazo cálido.
C1 adjective /ˈvæljuːləs/

valueless

inútil
Meaning
having no worth, importance, or usefulness
Example
The old broken phone was considered valueless.
El viejo teléfono roto fue considerado inútil.
C1 verb /kənˈvɜːrdʒ/

converge

converger
Meaning
to come together from different directions; to meet at a point
Example
The roads converge at the city center.
Las carreteras convergen en el centro de la ciudad.
C1 adjective /ˈtɛlˌteɪl/

telltale

delator
Meaning
Revealing something that is usually hidden; giving away a secret or clue.
Example
The telltale signs of fatigue were visible on his face.
Los signos delatores de fatiga eran visibles en su rostro.
C1 noun /stɪnt/

stint

trabajo temporal
Meaning
a period of time spent doing a particular job or activity
Example
She did a short stint as a teacher before moving abroad.
Ella hizo un corto trabajo como profesora antes de mudarse al extranjero.
C1 noun /ˈtrɪkstər/

trickster

embaucador
Meaning
A person who cheats or deceives people.
Example
The old man turned out to be a clever trickster who fooled everyone.
El anciano resultó ser un astuto embaucador que engañó a todos.
C1 noun sɜːrˈkeɪdiən ˈrɪðəm

circadian rhythm

ritmo circadiano
Meaning
The body's natural sleep-wake cycle that occurs within 24 hours
Example
Exposure to natural light regulates the circadian rhythm.
La exposición a la luz natural regula el ritmo circadiano.
C1 adjective /əˈθɔːrɪtətɪv/

authoritative

autoritario
Meaning
Having or showing authority; commanding and self-confident; reliable as a source of information.
Example
She spoke in an authoritative tone that silenced the room.
Ella habló con un tono autoritario que silenció la habitación.
C1 adjective /məˈroʊs/

morose

melancólico
Meaning
sullen, gloomy, or ill-tempered
Example
He became morose after losing his job.
Se volvió melancólico después de perder su trabajo.
C1 noun /ˈbeɪ.zəl siːdz/

Basil Seeds

semillas de albahaca
Meaning
small black seeds from the basil plant, often used in drinks and desserts
Example
I added basil seeds to my lemonade for a refreshing drink.
Añadí semillas de albahaca a mi limonada para una bebida refrescante.
C1 verb /dɪˈraɪd/

deride

ridiculizar
Meaning
to mock or ridicule someone or something
Example
The critics derided the new movie for its poor script.
Los críticos ridiculizaron la nueva película por su mal guion.
C1 noun /ˌrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

Ratification

ratificación
Meaning
the action of signing or giving formal consent to a treaty, contract, or agreement
Example
The treaty required ratification by both countries' parliaments.
El tratado requirió ratificación por los parlamentos de ambos países.
C1 verb/noun /stuːp/

stoop

felicidad
Meaning
To bend one's body forward and downward; also a small porch or staircase at the entrance of a house
Example
He had to stoop to pick up the coin.
No pudo esconder su felicidad cuando recibió el premio.
C1 noun /ˈmelənkəli/

Melancholy

melancolía; tristeza pensativa o suave
Meaning
A feeling of pensive sadness; thoughtful or gentle sadness
Example
A deep melancholy settled over him after reading the old letters.
Una profunda melancolía se apoderó de él después de leer las viejas cartas.
C1 noun /ˌriː.dɪs.trɪˈbjuː.ʃən/

redistribution

redistribución
Meaning
The sharing of wealth or resources more equally among society.
Example
The government introduced a redistribution policy to reduce inequality.
El gobierno introdujo una política de redistribución para reducir la desigualdad.
C1 noun /poʊˈɛt.ɪks/

poetics

poética, teoría de la poesía
Meaning
the study or theory of poetry and its principles
Example
He wrote a book on poetics explaining the art of verse.
Escribió un libro sobre poética explicando el arte del verso.
C1 noun/verb /ˈfʌrəʊ/

furrow

surco
Meaning
A long narrow trench made in the ground by a plow; to make wrinkles or grooves.
Example
The farmer plowed furrows in the field.
El agricultor hizo surcos en el campo.
C1 noun /helm/

Helm

timón
Meaning
a tiller or wheel for steering a ship or boat; a position of leadership or control
Example
The experienced captain took the helm and expertly navigated the ship through the storm.
El capitán experimentado tomó el timón y navegó el barco a través de la tormenta con destreza.
C1 adjective ləˈθɑːrdʒɪk

lethargic

letárgico
Meaning
Being inactive due to lack of physical or mental energy
Example
After a heavy meal, he felt lethargic and sleepy.
Después de una comida pesada, se sintió letárgico y somnoliento.
C1 adjective /fɪkˈtɪʃəs/

fictitious

ficticio, falso
Meaning
not real or true; imaginary or fabricated
Example
The story he told was entirely fictitious.
La historia que contó era completamente ficticia.
C1 noun /dɪˈluːʒən/

delusion

delirio
Meaning
A false belief or impression maintained despite being contradicted by reality.
Example
He lived under the delusion that he was invincible.
Él vivía bajo la ilusión de que era invencible.
C1 verb /ˈstaɪmi/

stymie

obstruir
Meaning
to prevent or hinder the progress of something
Example
The new regulations could stymie small businesses.
Las nuevas regulaciones podrían obstaculizar a las pequeñas empresas.
C1 adjective /məˈnɒtənəs/

Monotonous

monótono; aburrido; repetitivo
Meaning
lacking in variety; tediously unvarying; boring and repetitive
Example
The monotonous sound of the rain made everyone feel sleepy.
El sonido monótono de la lluvia hizo que todos se sintieran somnolientos.
C1 noun/verb /dɛnt/

dent

abolladura
Meaning
a small hollow mark on the surface of something; to make a small hollow mark
Example
The accident left a dent in the car door.
El accidente dejó una abolladura en la puerta del coche.
C1 verb /ˈaɪdəlaɪz/

idolize

idolatrar
Meaning
To admire or worship someone excessively.
Example
Fans often idolize celebrities for their talent and lifestyle.
Los fanáticos a menudo idolizan a las celebridades por su talento y estilo de vida.
C1 noun /ˈtɪrəni/

tyranny

tiranía
Meaning
Cruel and oppressive government or rule by a tyrant.
Example
The people revolted against the tyranny of their ruler.
La gente se rebeló contra la tiranía de su gobernante.
C1 noun /ˈæntənɪm/

antonym

antónimo
Meaning
A word opposite in meaning to another.
Example
‘Hot’ is the antonym of ‘cold’.
‘Hot’ es el antónimo de ‘cold’.
C1 noun /ˈɔːtəkræt/

autocrat

autócrata
Meaning
A ruler with absolute power.
Example
The autocrat controlled the country with an iron fist.
El autócrata controlaba el país con mano de hierro.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈɡreɪnd/

ingrained

arraigado
Meaning
Firmly fixed or established; deeply rooted and difficult to change.
Example
His ingrained habits were hard to break.
Sus hábitos arraigados eran difíciles de romper.
C1 adjective /ˈpɜːrmiəbl̩/

permeable

permeable
Meaning
allowing liquids or gases to pass through
Example
The soil in this area is very permeable to water.
El suelo en esta área es muy permeable al agua.
C1 adjective /ˈpɛndənt/

pendent

colgante
Meaning
hanging down or suspended
Example
The pendent branches touched the ground.
Las ramas colgantes tocaron el suelo.
C1 adjective /ˌʌnsəˈfɪstɪˌkeɪtɪd/

unsophisticated

no sofisticado
Meaning
Lacking worldly experience, refinement, or complexity.
Example
The villagers led an unsophisticated but happy life.
Los aldeanos llevaban una vida no sofisticada pero feliz.