Dishonour
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C1 noun /dɪsˈɒn.ər/

Dishonour

deshonra
Meaning
a state of shame or disgrace; lack of honor or integrity; failure to fulfill obligations
Example
Breaking his promise brought dishonour to his name and family legacy.
Romper su promesa trajo deshonra a su nombre y legado familiar.
C1 adjective /ˈpæs.ə.bəl/

passable

aceptable
Meaning
good enough to be accepted, though not excellent
Example
The road is barely passable after the storm.
El camino es apenas aceptable después de la tormenta.
C1 noun /ˌdiː.viˈeɪ.ʃən/

Deviation

desviación; alejamiento de una ruta establecida
Meaning
the action of departing from an established course; a departure from usual standards
Example
Any deviation from the established procedure must be reported immediately.
Cualquier desviación del procedimiento establecido debe ser reportada de inmediato.
C1 noun /ˈmɑː.kɪt ˌpen.ɪˈtreɪ.ʃən/

Market Penetration

penetración de mercado
Meaning
A measure of the amount of sales or adoption of a product or service compared to the total theoretical market for that product or service.
Example
High market penetration ensures competitive dominance.
Una alta penetración de mercado asegura dominancia competitiva.
C1 noun /ˈmaʊθ.fʊl/

mouthful

bocado
Meaning
the amount of food or drink that fills the mouth, or a long and difficult word or phrase
Example
He took a big mouthful of water after the run.
Él tomó un gran bocado de agua después de la carrera.
C1 noun /ˌdɪsərˈteɪʃən/

dissertation

tesis
Meaning
A long piece of writing on a particular subject, usually written for a university degree.
Example
She spent two years writing her doctoral dissertation.
Ella pasó dos años escribiendo su tesis doctoral.
C1 noun /ˈhæŋ.ər/

Hangar

hangar
Meaning
a large building with extensive floor area, typically for housing aircraft; an aircraft shelter
Example
The airplane was stored safely in the hangar during the severe thunderstorm.
El avión fue guardado de forma segura en el hangar durante la tormenta severa.
C1 noun /ˈliːvˌteɪ.kɪŋ/

leave-taking

despedida
Meaning
an act of saying goodbye; farewell
Example
His leave-taking from his friends was emotional.
Su despedida de sus amigos fue emocional.
C1 noun /ˈmævərɪk/

maverick

persona independiente
Meaning
An unorthodox or independent-minded person.
Example
The maverick scientist challenged established theories.
El científico independiente desafió las teorías establecidas.
C1 verb, adjective, noun /spruːs/

spruce

arreglar / un tipo de árbol
Meaning
to make neat or tidy in appearance; also refers to an evergreen tree
Example
He spruced up his room before the guests arrived.
Él arregló su habitación antes de que llegaran los invitados.
C1 adjective /æmˈfɪb.i.əs/

Amphibious

anfibio
Meaning
able to live both on land and in water; suitable for both land and water operations
Example
The amphibious vehicle can travel on both land and water.
El vehículo anfibio puede viajar tanto en tierra como en agua.
C1 adjective /ˈpælpəbl̩/

palpable

felicidad
Meaning
easily perceived or felt; so intense as to seem almost tangible
Example
There was a palpable sense of excitement in the room.
No pudo ocultar su felicidad cuando recibió el premio.
C1 adjective /əˈnæl.ə.ɡəs/

analogous

análogo
Meaning
Comparable in certain respects, typically in a way that makes clearer the nature of things being compared.
Example
The human brain is analogous to a supercomputer.
El cerebro humano es análogo a una supercomputadora.
C1 noun /ˈmɪm.ɪk/

Mimic

imitador; imitar;
Meaning
A person who copies or imitates the actions, speech, or mannerisms of others
Example
The talented mimic could perfectly imitate famous celebrities.
El talentoso imitador pudo imitar perfectamente a las celebridades famosas.
C1 noun, adjective /ˈkɪndrəd/

kindred

felicidad
Meaning
A person's relatives or family; similar in nature or character.
Example
They discovered kindred spirits in each other.
No pudo esconder su felicidad cuando recibió el premio.
C1 adjective ˈɑː.dʒu.əs

arduous

arduo
Meaning
Involving or requiring strenuous effort; difficult and tiring.
Example
The trek through the mountains was an arduous journey.
La caminata por las montañas fue un viaje arduo.
C1 noun ˈvɜːmɪn

vermin

animales o insectos pequeños y dañinos que son difíciles de controlar y transmiten enfermedades
Meaning
Small harmful animals or insects that are difficult to control and carry disease.
Example
The house was infested with vermin, requiring immediate action.
La casa estaba infestada de verman, requiriendo acción inmediata.
C1 noun /ˈhɛrəsi/

heresy

herejía
Meaning
belief or opinion that goes against established religious doctrine or accepted beliefs.
Example
In medieval times, heresy was often punished severely.
En la Edad Media, la herejía a menudo se castigaba severamente.
C1 noun /ˈkɑːrkəs/

carcass

cuerpo muerto de un animal
Meaning
the dead body of an animal, especially after being slaughtered
Example
Vultures fed on the carcass left in the field.
Los buitres se alimentaron del cadáver dejado en el campo.
C1 noun/verb /ˈtʌtʃ.ʌp/

touch-up

corrección o mejora pequeña
Meaning
Small corrections or improvements made to something.
Example
The artist gave a quick touch-up to the painting.
El artista hizo un toque rápido en la pintura.
C1 verb ɪˈluː.sɪ.deɪt

elucidate

elucidar, aclarar
Meaning
make (something) clear; explain.
Example
The professor elucidated the theory with simple examples.
El profesor elucidó la teoría con ejemplos sencillos.
C1 noun /ˈθʌroʊˌfɛr/

thoroughfare

calle principal
Meaning
a main road or public highway that goes through a place
Example
The new mall is located along the main thoroughfare.
El nuevo centro comercial está ubicado a lo largo de la calle principal.
C1 verb /ˈdæŋɡəl/

dangle

colgar
Meaning
to hang loosely or swing freely
Example
The keys dangled from his belt.
Las llaves colgaban de su cinturón.
C1 adjective /pəˈdæntɪk/

pedantic

excesivamente preocupado por los detalles menores o reglas
Meaning
Excessively concerned with minor details or rules; overly academic or bookish.
Example
Her pedantic explanations made the lecture dull.
Sus explicaciones pedantes hicieron que la conferencia fuera aburrida.
C1 adjective /ˈpɪθ.i/

pithy

conciso y significativo
Meaning
concise and meaningful; full of substance
Example
She gave a pithy comment that summarized the issue perfectly.
Ella dio un comentario conciso que resumió perfectamente el asunto.
C1 noun /ˈʃrɪŋkɪdʒ/

shrinkage

encogimiento
Meaning
The process of becoming smaller in size, amount, or value.
Example
The company reported a shrinkage in profits this quarter.
La empresa reportó un encogimiento en las ganancias de este trimestre.
C1 noun /bəˈtæljən/

battalion

batallón
Meaning
A large body of soldiers ready for battle, typically consisting of several companies.
Example
The battalion was deployed to the front line.
El batallón fue desplegado a la línea del frente.
C1 verb /ˈfɜːr.tɪ.laɪz/

fertilize

fertilizar
Meaning
to make soil or land more fertile by adding substances
Example
Farmers fertilize the fields to increase crop yield.
Los agricultores fertilizan los campos para aumentar la cosecha.
C1 adjective /əˈkɪn/

akin

similar
Meaning
Of similar character or related by blood.
Example
His reaction was akin to shock.
Su reacción fue similar a un shock.
C1 adverb /ˈiːstwədz/

Eastwards

hacia el este
Meaning
towards the east; in an eastern direction
Example
The river flows eastwards into the ocean.
El río fluye hacia el este hacia el océano.
C1 noun /fiːt/

feat

hazaña
Meaning
an achievement that requires great courage, skill, or strength
Example
Climbing Mount Everest was a remarkable feat.
Escalar el monte Everest fue una hazaña notable.
C1 noun /rɪˈpɛərə/

repairer

reparador
Meaning
a person whose job is to fix damaged or broken things
Example
The repairer fixed the broken washing machine quickly.
El reparador arregló la lavadora rota rápidamente.
C1 verb /weɪn/

wane

decrecer
Meaning
To decrease gradually in power, intensity, or size.
Example
The moon wanes after the full moon night.
La luna decrece después de la noche de luna llena.
C1 verb /ˈwɪtl/

whittle

tallar
Meaning
to carve or shape something by cutting off small pieces; to gradually reduce
Example
He spent the afternoon whittling a piece of wood into a toy.
Él pasó la tarde tallando un trozo de madera en un juguete.
C1 adjective ˈɪn.lənd

Inland

del interior
Meaning
Situated in the interior of a country; away from the coast.
Example
Inland transport boosts local trade.
El transporte del interior impulsa el comercio local.
C1 verb /ɪɡˈnaɪt/

ignite

encender
Meaning
To catch fire or cause to catch fire; to start or arouse.
Example
The sparks ignited the dry leaves in seconds.
Las chispas encendieron las hojas secas en segundos.
C1 noun /ˈprɛsɪdəns/ or /prɪˈsiːdəns/

precedence

precedencia
Meaning
the condition of being considered more important than someone or something else; priority
Example
Safety takes precedence over speed in this factory.
En esta fábrica, la seguridad tiene prioridad sobre la velocidad.
C1 noun /ˈmæn.juˌskrɪpt/

manuscript

manuscrito
Meaning
a handwritten or typed document, especially a writer’s draft before publication
Example
The author submitted her manuscript to the publisher.
La autora presentó su manuscrito al editor.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈdʌktɪv/

inductive

inductivo
Meaning
characterized by the inference of general laws from particular instances; reasoning from specific cases to general principles
Example
The scientist used inductive reasoning to form a hypothesis.
El científico usó razonamiento inductivo para formular una hipótesis.
C1 noun /ˈjuː.fə.mɪ.zəm/

euphemism

un término suave o indirecto sustituido por uno considerado demasiado directo o áspero
Meaning
A mild or indirect term substituted for one considered too harsh or direct; polite expression for something unpleasant.
Example
The phrase "passed away" is a euphemism for "died".
La frase 'pasado lejos' es un eufemismo para 'muerto'.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈvɪnsəbl/

invincible

invencible
Meaning
too powerful to be defeated or overcome
Example
The team seemed invincible after winning ten matches in a row.
El equipo parecía invencible después de ganar diez partidos consecutivos.
C1 noun əˈniː.mi.ə

anemia

anemia
Meaning
A condition in which there is a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood.
Example
Genetic therapy addresses anemia effectively.
La terapia genética trata la anemia de manera efectiva.
C1 adjective /ˈhæloʊd/

hallowed

sagrado
Meaning
regarded as holy or greatly respected
Example
They walked across the hallowed halls of the old university.
Cruzaron los sagrados pasillos de la vieja universidad.
C1 adjective /rɪˈtaɪərɪŋ/

retiring

tímido
Meaning
Shy and reserved; avoiding social contact.
Example
She is a quiet, retiring woman who avoids attention.
Ella es una mujer tranquila y tímida que evita la atención.
C1 verb /wiːn/

wean

destetar
Meaning
To gradually stop a child or animal from breastfeeding; to detach from a habit.
Example
Parents often wean their babies around six months old.
Los padres suelen destetar a sus bebés alrededor de los seis meses.
C1 verb /ˈstriːm.laɪn/

streamline

simplificar o aumentar la eficiencia
Meaning
To make a process simpler and more efficient.
Example
The company aims to streamline production to reduce costs.
La compañía tiene como objetivo optimizar la producción para reducir los costos.
C1 verb /rɪˈnɛɡ/

renege

romper un compromiso
Meaning
to go back on a promise, agreement, or commitment
Example
The company reneged on its promise to increase wages.
La empresa rompió su promesa de aumentar los salarios.
C1 adjective /səˈsɛp.tə.bəl/

susceptible

propenso o vulnerable a ser influenciado o dañado por algo en particular
Meaning
Likely or liable to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing.
Example
Children are more susceptible to infections.
Los niños son más susceptibles a las infecciones.
C1 noun /ɪnˈsæn.ə.ti/

Insanity

locura; demencia
Meaning
the state of being seriously mentally ill; extreme foolishness or irrationality
Example
The defense lawyer argued that his client was not guilty by reason of insanity.
El abogado defensor argumentó que su cliente no era culpable por razón de locura.
C1 noun /ˈdɑːsieɪ/

dossier

expediente
Meaning
A collection of documents about a particular person, event, or subject.
Example
The lawyer presented a dossier of evidence to the court.
El abogado presentó un expediente de pruebas ante el tribunal.
C1 verb əˈkruː

accrue

acumular
Meaning
To accumulate or receive (payments or benefits) over time.
Example
Interest accrues on the savings account every month.
Los intereses se acumulan en la cuenta de ahorros cada mes.
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈspjuːtəbəl/

Indisputable

indiscutible; innegable; cierto
Meaning
impossible to deny or argue against; undeniable; certain
Example
The evidence against him was indisputable.
La evidencia en su contra era indiscutible.
C1 noun ˈpɛd.ə.ɡɒ.dʒi

pedagogy

pedagogía
Meaning
The method and practice of teaching, especially as an academic subject or theoretical concept.
Example
Modern pedagogy focuses on student-centered learning.
La pedagogía moderna se centra en el aprendizaje centrado en el estudiante.
C1 verb /ˈprɒpəɡeɪt/

propagate

propagar
Meaning
To spread or transmit an idea, belief, or information widely; also to reproduce in plants or animals.
Example
Scientists work to propagate the species in captivity.
Los científicos trabajan para propagar las especies en cautiverio.
C1 adjective /ˈtɛmpərd/

tempered

templado
Meaning
having a specified temper or disposition; strengthened or moderated.
Example
She gave a tempered response to the criticism.
Ella dio una respuesta templada a las críticas.
C1 adjective /ˈriːɡəl/

regal

real
Meaning
Resembling or fit for a king; majestic or royal.
Example
The queen entered the hall with a regal presence.
La reina entró al salón con una presencia real.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈflɛksəbl/

inflexible

inflexible
Meaning
Not able to bend or change; unwilling to change ideas or behavior.
Example
His inflexible attitude made negotiations difficult.
Su actitud inflexible dificultó las negociaciones.
C1 noun /ˈblɒk.ɪdʒ/

Blockage

bloqueo
Meaning
an obstruction that makes movement or flow difficult or impossible
Example
The drain blockage caused water to overflow in the kitchen.
El bloqueo del drenaje causó que el agua se desbordara en la cocina.
C1 verb /daɪˈɡrɛs/

digress

apartarse temporalmente del tema principal
Meaning
To leave the main subject temporarily in speech or writing.
Example
The professor began to digress from the main topic of the lecture.
El profesor comenzó a digresar del tema principal de la conferencia.
C1 adjective /fəˈnætɪk/

Fanatic

fanático
Meaning
extremely passionate about something; showing excessive enthusiasm or devotion
Example
He is a fanatic supporter of his football team.
Él es un fanático seguidor de su equipo de fútbol.
C1 verb /ˈɪnfɪltreɪt/

infiltrate

infiltrarse
Meaning
to secretly enter or gain access to a place or group
Example
The spies managed to infiltrate the enemy base.
Los espías lograron infiltrarse en la base enemiga.
C1 noun /ˌmɪsdɪˈmiːnər/

misdemeanor

delito menor
Meaning
A minor wrongdoing or criminal offense that is less serious than a felony.
Example
He was fined for a misdemeanor involving public disturbance.
Fue multado por un delito menor relacionado con disturbios públicos.
C1 adjective/adverb /ɡəˈlɔːr/

galore

abundante
Meaning
In large amounts; abundant or plentiful.
Example
There were books galore in the old library.
Había libros abundantes en la vieja biblioteca.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈtɛlɪdʒəbl/

intelligible

Meaning
Able to be understood; clear enough to be comprehended.
Example
Her speech was barely intelligible over the noise.
C1 noun /ˈwiː.vər/

Weaver

tejedor
Meaning
a person who makes cloth by interlacing threads on a loom
Example
The skilled weaver created intricate patterns on the silk fabric.
El hábil tejedor creó patrones intrincados en la tela de seda.
C1 noun /kənˈfɔːrmɪst/

conformist

conformista
Meaning
A person who uncritically conforms to established practices or standards.
Example
She was labeled a conformist for always following the crowd.
Ella fue etiquetada como conformista por siempre seguir a la multitud.
C1 verb /ˈkɒŋɡrɪɡeɪt/

congregate

congregarse, reunirse
Meaning
to gather together in a group; to assemble
Example
People congregate in the town square every evening.
la gente se reúne en la plaza del pueblo todas las noches.
C1 adjective /ˌʌnsəˈfɪstɪˌkeɪtɪd/

unsophisticated

no sofisticado
Meaning
Lacking worldly experience, refinement, or complexity.
Example
The villagers led an unsophisticated but happy life.
Los aldeanos llevaban una vida no sofisticada pero feliz.
C1 verb /əˈfɪliˌeɪt/

affiliate

afiliar
Meaning
to officially attach or connect (a group or organization) to a larger body
Example
The school is affiliated with the local university.
La escuela está afiliada a la universidad local.
C1 adjective /ˈɡruːsəm/

gruesome

espantoso
Meaning
Causing horror or disgust.
Example
The police discovered a gruesome crime scene.
La policía descubrió una escena de crimen espantosa.
C1 adverb /ˈleŋθ.waɪz/

Lengthwise

a lo largo; en la dirección más larga
Meaning
in the direction of the length; along the longest dimension
Example
Fold the paper lengthwise to make it easier to carry.
Dobla el papel a lo largo para que sea más fácil de llevar.
C1 noun /ˈpraɪ.mər/ (US), /ˈprɪm.ər/ (UK)

primer

libro introductorio, imprimación
Meaning
A basic introductory book or a substance used to prepare a surface for painting.
Example
He read a primer on programming before starting his course.
Él leyó un libro introductorio sobre programación antes de comenzar su curso.
C1 noun /ˌdɪs.kʌl.əˈreɪ.ʃən/

discoloration

decoloración
Meaning
The process of changing or losing color; fading.
Example
Sun exposure causes discoloration of fabrics.
La exposición al sol causa la decoloración de las telas.
C1 noun /sʌˈmeɪʃən/

summation

suma, resumen
Meaning
The process of adding things together; a summary of points.
Example
The lawyer gave a powerful summation of the case.
El abogado dio un poderoso resumen del caso.
C1 noun /dɪˈfɛkʃən/

defection

deserción
Meaning
The act of abandoning one’s country, cause, or group in favor of another.
Example
The politician’s defection shocked his supporters.
La deserción del político sorprendió a sus seguidores.
C1 noun /ˌɪnˈdɪsəplɪn/

indiscipline

indisciplina
Meaning
lack of discipline or self-control; failure to obey rules or maintain order
Example
Indiscipline among the students disrupted the learning environment.
La indisciplina entre los estudiantes interrumpió el ambiente de aprendizaje.
C1 verb /ˈɛkˌsaɪz/

excise

extirpar
Meaning
to cut out or remove completely, often by surgery
Example
The surgeon excised the tumor successfully.
El cirujano extirpó el tumor con éxito.
C1 noun /ˌrɛfəˈrɛndəm/

referendum

referéndum
Meaning
a general vote by the population on a single political issue
Example
The government held a referendum on the new constitution.
El gobierno celebró un referéndum sobre la nueva constitución.
C1 noun /peɪˈiː/

payee

beneficiario
Meaning
A person to whom money is paid or is to be paid.
Example
The payee must sign the check before cashing it.
El beneficiario debe firmar el cheque antes de cobrarlo.
C1 verb /ˈpæs.ɪ.faɪ/

pacify

apaciguar
Meaning
To quell the anger, agitation, or excitement of someone.
Example
The mother tried to pacify her crying child.
La madre trató de apaciguar a su hijo que lloraba.
C1 verb /rɪˈtælieɪt/

retaliate

vengar
Meaning
to make an attack in return for a similar attack
Example
The army retaliated after the enemy attack.
El ejército se vengó después del ataque enemigo.
C1 noun /ˈθʌroʊˌbrɛd/

thoroughbred

pura raza
Meaning
a horse of pure and recognized breed; a person of good breeding or education
Example
The jockey rode a fast thoroughbred in the race.
El jinete montó un rápido caballo de pura raza en la carrera.
C1 noun /niːʃ/

Niche

nicho de mercado, segmento especializado, mercado objetivo
Meaning
A specialized segment of the market for a particular kind of product or service.
Example
Finding the right niche is key to a successful business.
Encontrar el nicho adecuado es clave para un negocio exitoso.
C1 noun /ˈsuːdənɪm/

pseudonym

seudónimo
Meaning
a fictitious name used by an author instead of their real name
Example
Mark Twain was the pseudonym of Samuel Clemens.
Mark Twain era el seudónimo de Samuel Clemens.
C1 adjective /ˈɡɑːrdɪd/

guarded

reservado
Meaning
Cautious and careful in speech or action, often to avoid giving too much away.
Example
He gave a guarded reply to the journalist.
Él dio una respuesta reservada al periodista.
C1 noun /ˈkuːdɒs/

kudos

elogio
Meaning
Praise and honor received for an achievement.
Example
She received kudos for her excellent performance.
Ella recibió elogios por su excelente desempeño.
C1 adjective /ˈɪndɪɡoʊ bluː/

Indigo-blue

azul índigo
Meaning
a deep blue color with a purplish tinge
Example
The indigo-blue sky looked magnificent at twilight.
El cielo azul índigo se veía magnífico al atardecer.
C1 adjective /ˌhɒməˈdʒiːniəs/

homogeneous

homogéneo, uniforme
Meaning
Of the same kind; alike.
Example
The team was not homogeneous in their skills.
El equipo no era homogéneo en sus habilidades.
C1 noun ˌdɪdʒɪˈnɛəreɪʃən

degeneration

degeneración
Meaning
The process of decline or deterioration in structure or function.
Example
The degeneration of brain cells leads to cognitive decline.
La degeneración de las células cerebrales conduce a un deterioro cognitivo.
C1 verb ˈhɪndər

hinder

obstruir
Meaning
To obstruct or delay the progress of something
Example
Excessive rain hinders vegetable growth.
La lluvia excesiva dificulta el crecimiento de las verduras.
C1 noun /prəˈpɛlər/

propeller

hélice
Meaning
A mechanical device with blades that rotates to drive a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle forward.
Example
The airplane’s propeller cut through the air with great speed.
La hélice del avión cortó el aire con gran velocidad.
C1 verb /ˈluːbrɪkeɪt/

lubricate

lubricar
Meaning
to apply oil or grease to reduce friction between surfaces
Example
The mechanic lubricated the car engine parts.
El mecánico lubricó las piezas del motor del coche.
C1 noun /ˈtrɛtʃəri/

treachery

traición
Meaning
Betrayal of trust; deceptive action or nature.
Example
His treachery was revealed when he sided with the enemy.
Su traición se reveló cuando se unió al enemigo.
C1 noun /dʌsk/

Dusk

oscurecer; anochecer
Meaning
the period of the day when daylight is fading; twilight
Example
They walked along the beach during dusk, watching the sunset.
Caminaban por la playa durante el atardecer, viendo la puesta del sol.
C1 noun /ˈlɔːsuːt/

lawsuit

demanda
Meaning
a legal case brought to a court of law by one person against another
Example
The company faced a lawsuit over false advertising.
La empresa enfrentó una demanda por publicidad falsa.
C1 noun /ˌpɑːrʃiˈæləti/

partiality

parcialidad
Meaning
an unfair preference or bias toward one side or person
Example
The judge was criticized for showing partiality in the case.
El juez fue criticado por mostrar parcialidad en el caso.
C1 noun dɛkˈstɛr.ɪ.ti

dexterity

destreza
Meaning
Skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands; mental skill or adroitness.
Example
His dexterity in playing the piano amazed the audience.
Su destreza al tocar el piano asombró al público.
C1 verb /trænˈskraɪb/

transcribe

transcribir
Meaning
to make a written copy of spoken words or notes
Example
The secretary transcribed the meeting minutes.
La secretaria transcribió las actas de la reunión.
C1 noun /ɔːˈtɒkrəsi/

autocracy

autocracia
Meaning
A system of government in which one person has absolute power.
Example
The country suffered under decades of autocracy.
El país sufrió durante décadas bajo una autocracia.
C1 noun /fɪˈlæn.θrə.pɪst/

philanthropist

filántropo
Meaning
a person who seeks to promote the welfare of others, especially by donating money to good causes
Example
The philanthropist donated millions to build schools in rural areas.
El filántropo donó millones para construir escuelas en áreas rurales.
C1 adjective /ɪkˈstɛnjueɪtɪŋ/

extenuating

atenuante
Meaning
serving to make a fault or an offense seem less serious
Example
She asked for leniency due to extenuating circumstances.
Ella pidió indulgencia debido a las circunstancias atenuantes.
C1 noun/verb /spuːf/

spoof

imitación humorística
Meaning
A humorous imitation of something, or to trick or parody someone or something.
Example
The comedian spoofed the politician’s speech to entertain the audience.
El comediante parodió el discurso del político para entretener al público.
C1 noun /ˈneɡ.lɪ.dʒəns/

Negligence

negligencia
Meaning
failure to take proper care in doing something; carelessness
Example
The accident was caused by driver negligence.
El accidente fue causado por negligencia del conductor.
C1 noun /ˈkæn.ɪ.bəl/

Cannibal

caníbal
Meaning
a person who eats the flesh of other human beings
Example
The explorer's journal described rumors of cannibals living on the remote island.
El diario del explorador describía rumores de caníbales viviendo en la isla remota.
C1 noun /ˈmoʊ.tər ˈlɔː.ri/

Motor lorry

camión motorizado
Meaning
a large motor vehicle used for transporting goods; truck
Example
The motor lorry delivered fresh vegetables to the market.
El camión motorizado entregó verduras frescas al mercado.
C1 noun /ɪˌmæn.sɪˈpeɪ.ʃən/

Emancipation

emancipación
Meaning
the fact or process of being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions
Example
The emancipation of slaves was a significant moment in American history.
La emancipación de los esclavos fue un momento significativo en la historia de América.
C1 adjective /ˌʌnəˈfɛktɪd/

unaffected

inafectado, genuino
Meaning
Not influenced or touched by something; genuine and natural.
Example
He remained unaffected by the criticism and kept working hard.
Él permaneció sin verse afectado por la crítica y siguió trabajando duro.
C1 noun /ˈkwɒn.dər.i/

Quandary

dilema; incertidumbre
Meaning
a difficult situation where you cannot decide what to do; dilemma
Example
She was in a quandary about which job offer to accept.
Ella estaba en un dilema sobre qué oferta de trabajo aceptar.
C1 adjective /ˌrɛmɪˈnɪsənt/

reminiscent

rememorativo
Meaning
Tending to remind one of something; suggestive of something in the past.
Example
The smell of rain is reminiscent of my childhood in the village.
El olor a lluvia es rememorativo de mi infancia en el pueblo.
C1 noun /ˌfəʊtəʊˈsɪnθɛtɪk ɪˈfɪʃənsi/

photosynthetic efficiency

eficiencia fotosintética
Meaning
The measure of how effectively plants convert light energy into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis, directly affecting plant growth and crop yield.
Example
Improving photosynthetic efficiency can increase crop yields.
Mejorar la eficiencia fotosintética puede aumentar los rendimientos de los cultivos.
C1 noun /hɪm/

hymn

himno
Meaning
A religious song or poem of praise to God or a deity.
Example
The congregation sang a hymn during the morning service.
La congregación cantó un himno durante el servicio de la mañana.
C1 adjective /ˈbrɪtl/

brittle

quebradizo
Meaning
easily broken or cracked; hard but liable to break
Example
The glass was so brittle that it cracked easily.
El cristal era tan quebradizo que se rompió fácilmente.
C1 noun /ˈɑːrmfʊl/

armful

brazo lleno
Meaning
As much as can be carried in one or both arms.
Example
She carried an armful of books into the library.
Ella llevó un brazo lleno de libros a la biblioteca.
C1 noun /kəˈnʌn.drəm/

conundrum

dilema complicado o acertijo
Meaning
A complex problem or puzzle without an easy solution
Example
The ethical conundrum puzzled the researchers.
El dilema ético desconcertó a los investigadores.
C1 verb /rɪɡ/

rig

amañar
Meaning
to manipulate or control something dishonestly; to set up equipment
Example
The election was rigged by corrupt officials.
Las elecciones fueron amañadas por funcionarios corruptos.
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈskriːt/

indiscreet

imprudente
Meaning
Not careful in what one says or does, likely to reveal secrets or offend.
Example
It was indiscreet of him to mention the plan in public.
Fue imprudente de su parte mencionar el plan en público.
C1 adjective /ˈfuːlpruːf/

foolproof

a prueba de tontos
Meaning
Designed to be very easy to use or understand, leaving no possibility of failure or error.
Example
The new software has a foolproof installation process.
El nuevo software tiene un proceso de instalación a prueba de tontos.
C1 noun /kɒzˈmɒlədʒi/

cosmology

cosmología
Meaning
the science of the origin and development of the universe
Example
She studied cosmology to understand the origins of the universe.
Estudió cosmología para entender los orígenes del universo.
C1 noun /brəˈzɪər/

Brassiere

sujetador
Meaning
a woman's undergarment designed to support the breasts
Example
She bought a comfortable brassiere for daily wear.
Ella compró un sujetador cómodo para usar a diario.
C1 noun /ˈdaɪəˌlɛkt/

dialect

dialecto
Meaning
A particular form of a language spoken in a specific region or by a specific group.
Example
He speaks a dialect of Bengali that is common in rural areas.
Él habla un dialecto del bengalí que es común en las áreas rurales.
C1 verb /ˈdɪsləkeɪt/

dislocate

dislocar
Meaning
To disturb the normal position of something, especially a joint in the body.
Example
He dislocated his shoulder while playing football.
Él dislocó su hombro mientras jugaba al fútbol.