diffusion
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C1 noun /dɪˈfjuːʒən/

diffusion

difusión
Meaning
the spreading of something more widely or the movement of particles from high to low concentration
Example
The diffusion of information on social media is rapid.
La difusión de información en las redes sociales es rápida.
C1 noun /pəˈnæʃ/

panache

elegancia distintiva
Meaning
Flamboyant confidence of style or manner; distinctive and stylish elegance.
Example
He delivered his speech with great panache.
Él dio su discurso con gran elegancia.
C1 adjective ˈæl.ɡə.rɪ.ðəm drɪv.ən

algorithm-driven

impulsado por algoritmos.
Meaning
Controlled or powered by computer algorithms.
Example
Algorithm-driven systems increase accuracy.
Los sistemas impulsados por algoritmos aumentan la precisión.
C1 noun /fɑːrs/

farce

farsa
Meaning
a comic dramatic work using buffoonery and horseplay, or a ridiculous situation
Example
The meeting turned into a complete farce with everyone arguing.
La reunión se convirtió en una farsa completa con todos discutiendo.
C1 noun /nɪˈɡeɪʃən/

negation

negación
Meaning
The act of denying something; the contradiction or absence of something.
Example
The theory is built on the negation of traditional beliefs.
La teoría se basa en la negación de las creencias tradicionales.
C1 noun /ˈpʊlpɪt/

pulpit

púlpito
Meaning
a raised platform in a church from which the preacher delivers a sermon
Example
The pastor stood at the pulpit to address the congregation.
El pastor se paró en el púlpito para dirigirse a la congregación.
C1 adjective /ˈboʊɡəs/

bogus

falso
Meaning
false, fake, or not genuine
Example
The police arrested him for using a bogus ID card.
La policía lo arrestó por usar una tarjeta de identificación falsa.
C1 noun /ˈkætərækt/

cataract

catarata / cascada
Meaning
A medical condition causing clouding of the eye's lens; also a large waterfall.
Example
The old man suffered from cataracts in both eyes.
El hombre mayor sufría de cataratas en ambos ojos.
C1 noun /haɪˈpɒθəsɪs/

hypothesis

hipótesis
Meaning
a proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
Example
The scientist tested her hypothesis through multiple experiments.
La científica probó su hipótesis mediante múltiples experimentos.
C1 noun /ˌsɛnsəˈbɪləti/

Sensibility

sensibilidad
Meaning
the ability to appreciate and respond to complex emotional or aesthetic influences; sensitivity
Example
Her artistic sensibility made her appreciate fine details in paintings.
Su sensibilidad artística la hizo apreciar los detalles finos en las pinturas.
C1 adjective /ˈper.ɪ.ləs/

perilous

peligroso, arriesgado, inseguro
Meaning
Full of danger or risk; hazardous and threatening.
Example
The explorers took a perilous journey.
Los exploradores hicieron un viaje peligroso.
C1 verb /ˈpændər/

pander

adular, halagar
Meaning
to indulge or exploit the weaknesses, desires, or immoral tendencies of others
Example
The politician was accused of pandering to voters' fears.
El político fue acusado de complacer los temores de los votantes.
C1 adjective /ˈθrɪfti/

thrifty

ahorrador
Meaning
using money and resources carefully and not wastefully
Example
She is very thrifty and always saves money for the future.
Ella es muy ahorradora y siempre ahorra dinero para el futuro.
C1 verb /kənˈfaʊnd/

confound

desconcertar
Meaning
to confuse or surprise someone, often by acting against their expectations
Example
The magician's trick seemed to confound the entire audience.
El truco del mago parecía desconcertar a toda la audiencia.
C1 noun /ˈbɛd.rɒk/

bedrock

fundamento
Meaning
the solid rock layer beneath the soil; the fundamental basis of something
Example
Trust is the bedrock of a healthy relationship.
La confianza es el fundamento de una relación saludable.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpæʃənd/

impassioned

apasionado
Meaning
Filled with or showing great emotion.
Example
She gave an impassioned speech about human rights.
Ella dio un discurso apasionado sobre los derechos humanos.
C1 noun /ˈjuːnɪsən/

unison

al unísono
Meaning
Simultaneous performance or utterance of action or speech.
Example
The choir sang in unison.
El coro cantó al unísono.
C1 noun /ˌmiːtiəˈrɒlədʒi/

meteorology

meteorología
Meaning
The scientific study of the atmosphere and weather.
Example
He chose to specialize in meteorology to study weather patterns.
Eligió especializarse en meteorología para estudiar los patrones climáticos.
C1 noun /ˈdɛmənˌstreɪtər/

demonstrator

demostrador, manifestante
Meaning
a person who shows how something works or takes part in a public protest
Example
The demonstrators marched peacefully through the city streets.
Los manifestantes marcharon pacíficamente por las calles de la ciudad.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈdʒʊəriəs/

injurious

perjudicial
Meaning
Causing or likely to cause harm or damage.
Example
Smoking is injurious to health.
Fumar es perjudicial para la salud.
C1 noun /spɛk/

speck

mancha
Meaning
A very small spot, mark, or particle.
Example
There was a tiny speck of dust on the glass table.
Había una pequeña mancha de polvo en la mesa de cristal.
C1 noun /ˈpʌndɪt/

pundit

experto
Meaning
An expert in a particular subject or field who is frequently called upon to give opinions to the public.
Example
Political pundits debated the election results on television.
Los pundits políticos debatieron sobre los resultados de las elecciones en la televisión.
C1 noun /ˈkɒləmnɪst/

columnist

columnista
Meaning
a journalist who regularly writes articles or opinions for a newspaper or magazine
Example
The columnist wrote an article about climate change.
El columnista escribió un artículo sobre el cambio climático.
C1 adjective /ˈdaʊn.kæst/

downcast

cabizbajo
Meaning
feeling sad, dejected, or with lowered eyes
Example
He looked downcast after hearing the bad news.
Parecía cabizbajo después de oír las malas noticias.
C1 adjective ˌɪdiəsɪnˈkrætɪk

idiosyncratic

peculiar e individual
Meaning
Relating to idiosyncrasy; peculiar or individual.
Example
His idiosyncratic behavior set him apart from his colleagues.
Su comportamiento idiosincrático lo diferenciaba de sus compañeros.
C1 noun /ˌpæn.əˈræm.ə/

panorama

vista panorámica
Meaning
An unbroken view of the whole region surrounding an observer.
Example
From the hilltop, we enjoyed a breathtaking panorama of the city.
Desde la cima de la colina, disfrutamos de un impresionante panorama de la ciudad.
C1 noun /ɪɡˈzɛkjətər/

executor

ejecutor de testamento
Meaning
A person appointed to carry out the terms of someone's will after their death.
Example
The executor managed the estate according to the deceased’s wishes.
El ejecutor gestionó la propiedad según los deseos del fallecido.
C1 adjective /ɪˈniː.bri.eɪ.tɪd/

inebriated

ebrio
Meaning
under the influence of alcohol; drunk
Example
He stumbled into the room completely inebriated.
Entró en la habitación completamente ebrio.
C1 noun /rɪˈmɪt.əns/

Remittance

remesa
Meaning
A sum of money sent in payment or as a gift.
Example
The country's economy benefits from expatriate remittance.
La economía del país se beneficia de las remesas de los expatriados.
C1 noun /ˈfiːtəs/

fetus

feto
Meaning
an unborn or unhatched offspring in the womb or egg
Example
The doctor explained the development of the fetus during pregnancy.
El doctor explicó el desarrollo del feto durante el embarazo.
C1 adjective ɪnˈkʌm.bənt

incumbent

obligatorio
Meaning
necessary for (someone) as a duty or responsibility.
Example
It is incumbent upon all citizens to obey the law.
Es obligatorio para todos los ciudadanos obedecer la ley.
C1 noun /ˈdiːvə/

diva

cantante famosa
Meaning
a famous female singer; a woman who is admired or behaves like a star
Example
The pop diva performed her latest hit to a cheering crowd.
La diva del pop interpretó su último éxito frente a una multitud que aplaudía.
C1 noun /ˈves.tɪdʒ/

Vestige

vestigio
Meaning
a trace or remnant of something that is disappearing or no longer exists
Example
No vestige of the ancient city remains.
No queda ningún vestigio de la antigua ciudad.
C1 adjective /ˈɜːrθi/

earthy

terroso / simple
Meaning
resembling or suggestive of earth or soil; simple, natural, and sometimes coarse
Example
The dish had a rich, earthy flavor from the mushrooms.
El plato tenía un sabor rico y terroso proveniente de los champiñones.
C1 adjective /ˌɪntərˈtwaɪnd/

intertwined

felicidad
Meaning
closely connected or twisted together
Example
Their lives became deeply intertwined after the accident.
Ella no pudo ocultar su felicidad cuando recibió el premio.
C1 noun /ˈflæn.əl/

Flannel

flanela
Meaning
a soft woven fabric, typically made of wool or cotton and slightly milled and raised
Example
He wore a warm flannel shirt in winter.
Él usó una camisa de flanela cálida en invierno.
C1 noun ˈpɛd.ə.ɡɒ.dʒi

pedagogy

pedagogía
Meaning
The method and practice of teaching, especially as an academic subject or theoretical concept.
Example
Modern pedagogy focuses on student-centered learning.
La pedagogía moderna se centra en el aprendizaje centrado en el estudiante.
C1 verb /ˈdɛsɪmeɪt/

decimate

destruir
Meaning
To destroy or kill a large proportion of something.
Example
The wildfire decimated the forest.
El incendio arrasó el bosque.
C1 noun /ˈdɑːrwɪnɪzəm/

darwinism

darwinismo
Meaning
the theory of biological evolution developed by Charles Darwin, emphasizing natural selection
Example
Darwinism revolutionized the way scientists understood the origin of species.
El darwinismo revolucionó la forma en que los científicos entendían el origen de las especies.
C1 noun /ˌəʊvərɪksˌplɔɪˈteɪʃən/

overexploitation

sobreexplotación
Meaning
The unsustainable use of natural resources at a rate that exceeds their ability to regenerate, leading to depletion and environmental degradation.
Example
Overexploitation of natural resources leads to environmental degradation.
La sobreexplotación de los recursos naturales conduce a la degradación ambiental.
C1 verb /ˈfɜːr.tɪ.laɪz/

fertilize

fertilizar
Meaning
to make soil or land more fertile by adding substances
Example
Farmers fertilize the fields to increase crop yield.
Los agricultores fertilizan los campos para aumentar la cosecha.
C1 noun /ˈplɛθərə/

plethora

una abundancia excesiva
Meaning
an excessive amount of something
Example
She has a plethora of books on her shelf.
Ella tiene una abundancia excesiva de libros en su estante.
C1 adjective /ˈkoʊvərt/

covert

secreto
Meaning
hidden, secret, or not openly acknowledged
Example
The spy conducted a covert operation behind enemy lines.
El espía llevó a cabo una operación encubierta detrás de las líneas enemigas.
C1 noun kəˈmjunəl ˈhɑrməni

communal harmony

armonía comunal
Meaning
Peaceful coexistence and cooperation among different groups in a community.
Example
Maintaining communal harmony requires mutual respect and understanding.
Mantener la armonía comunal requiere respeto y comprensión mutuos.
C1 adjective /ˈspɛktrəl/

spectral

espectral
Meaning
Relating to a ghost or specter; ghostly. Also relating to a spectrum.
Example
The old mansion had a spectral atmosphere at night.
La vieja mansión tenía una atmósfera espectral por la noche.
C1 verb /ˈskwɒbəl/

squabble

discutir ruidosamente sobre algo sin importancia
Meaning
To argue noisily over something small or unimportant.
Example
The children squabbled over the last piece of cake.
Los niños discutían por el último trozo de pastel.
C1 noun /ˈwɔː.tər ˈspɪn.ɪtʃ/

Water Spinach

espinaca de agua
Meaning
A semi-aquatic leafy vegetable with hollow stems, popular in Asian cuisine
Example
Water spinach grows well in wet soil.
La espinaca de agua crece bien en suelos mojados.
C1 adjective /ˈpæl.ə.tə.bəl/

palatable

agradable
Meaning
pleasant or acceptable to the taste, mind, or feelings
Example
The meal was simple but quite palatable.
La comida era sencilla pero bastante agradable.
C1 adjective /ˌsɛm.iˈæn.ju.əl/

semiannual

semi-anual
Meaning
Occurring twice a year; every six months.
Example
The company holds a semiannual meeting with all employees.
La empresa organiza una reunión semi-anual con todos los empleados.
C1 noun /ˌplɔː.zəˈbɪl.ə.ti/

plausibility

probabilidad
Meaning
The quality of being reasonable or probable.
Example
The plausibility of his explanation convinced the jury.
La plausibilidad de su explicación convenció al jurado.
C1 adjective /tɜːrs/

terse

conciso
Meaning
brief and to the point; sparing in the use of words
Example
His reply was terse and ended the conversation quickly.
Su respuesta fue concisa y terminó rápidamente la conversación.
C1 verb /ˈsmoʊldər/

smolder

ardecer lentamente
Meaning
to burn slowly with smoke but no flame; to show suppressed anger or emotion
Example
The fire smoldered for hours before it went out.
El fuego ardió lentamente durante horas antes de apagarse.
C1 noun /ˈɑːrdər/

ardor

pasión, entusiasmo
Meaning
Great enthusiasm or passion.
Example
She spoke with ardor about her new project.
Ella habló con ardor sobre su nuevo proyecto.
C1 adjective, noun /ˈɪnvəlɪd/ (adjective), /ɪnˈvælɪd/ (noun)

invalid

inválido
Meaning
Not valid; having no force or effect. Also refers to a person too weak or ill to care for themselves.
Example
The court declared the contract invalid.
El tribunal declaró el contrato inválido.
C1 noun ˌmʌn.ɪ.taɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

monetization

convertir un activo o servicio en una forma de ganar dinero
Meaning
Converting an asset or service into a way of earning money.
Example
YouTube allows content creators to earn money through monetization.
YouTube permite a los creadores de contenido ganar dinero a través de la monetización.
C1 verb /bruːd/

brood

pensar profundamente, grupo de pajaritos recién nacidos
Meaning
to think deeply about something that makes one unhappy; also, a group of young birds hatched at the same time
Example
He sat alone, brooding over his failures.
Él se sentó solo, pensando profundamente sobre sus fracasos.
C1 verb /səbˈdjuː/

subdue

someter
Meaning
To bring under control, especially by force; to overcome or quiet.
Example
The army was able to subdue the rebellion quickly.
El ejército pudo someter la rebelión rápidamente.
C1 noun /prəˈpraɪəti/

propriety

decoro
Meaning
Conformity to accepted standards of behavior or morality.
Example
He always behaved with the utmost propriety in public.
Siempre se comportaba con el máximo decoro en público.
C1 noun /ˌkɒnstəˈneɪʃən/

consternation

consternación
Meaning
A feeling of anxiety, dismay, or confusion, often caused by something unexpected.
Example
The sudden announcement caused widespread consternation among the employees.
El anuncio repentino causó una consternación generalizada entre los empleados
C1 adjective /ˈwɪlfəl/

willful

voluntario
Meaning
Deliberate, intentional, or stubbornly determined to do as one wants.
Example
Her willful disregard for the rules got her into trouble.
Su voluntariedad al ignorar las reglas le metió en problemas.
C1 noun /ˌkæm.əˈrɑː.dɚ.i/

camaraderie

amistad, compañerismo, camaradería
Meaning
Mutual trust and friendship among people who spend a lot of time together.
Example
The camaraderie among teammates was inspiring.
La camaradería entre los compañeros de equipo fue inspiradora.
C1 noun /kəˈlaɪdəˌskoʊp/

kaleidoscope

caleidoscopio
Meaning
A toy or instrument with mirrors and colored pieces that create changing patterns when rotated; also used metaphorically for a constantly changing sequence of patterns or elements.
Example
The city lights turned into a kaleidoscope of colors as the festival began.
Las luces de la ciudad se convirtieron en un caleidoscopio de colores cuando comenzó el festival.
C1 verb bɪˈkwiːð

bequeath

legar por testamento
Meaning
Leave something to someone in a will; pass down or hand down to the next generation.
Example
The scientist bequeathed his research papers to the university.
El científico legó sus papeles de investigación a la universidad.
C1 noun /ˌɪnsɪɡˈnɪfɪkəns/

insignificance

insignificancia
Meaning
The quality of being unimportant or trivial.
Example
He felt a sense of insignificance in the vast universe.
Él sintió un sentido de insignificancia en el vasto universo.
C1 noun ˈfɔː.saɪt

foresight

previsión
Meaning
The ability to predict or the action of predicting what will happen or be needed in the future.
Example
His foresight helped the company avoid financial losses.
Su previsión ayudó a la empresa a evitar pérdidas financieras.
C1 verb /pəˈveɪd/

pervade

permeabilizar
Meaning
to spread through and be present in every part of something
Example
The smell of fresh flowers pervaded the entire room.
El aroma de las flores frescas permeó toda la habitación.
C1 noun /dɪˈvɪnɪti/

divinity

divinidad
Meaning
The quality or state of being divine; a deity.
Example
The priest spoke about the divinity of the soul.
El sacerdote habló sobre la divinidad del alma.
C1 verb /ˈmæɡnɪfaɪ/

magnify

magnificar
Meaning
to make something appear larger; to increase the importance or effect of something
Example
The microscope can magnify tiny objects for better observation.
El microscopio puede magnificar objetos pequeños para mejor observación.
C1 adjective ˈser.ɪ.brəl

cerebral

cerebral
Meaning
Of the cerebrum of the brain.
Example
Cerebral functions regulate thoughts.
Las funciones cerebrales regulan los pensamientos.
C1 adjective /ˈdɒɡɪd/

dogged

tenaz
Meaning
showing stubborn determination and persistence
Example
She succeeded through dogged determination.
Ella tuvo éxito gracias a su tenaz determinación.
C1 noun /bruːˈtæləti/

brutality

brutalidad
Meaning
extreme cruelty or violence; savage or inhumane treatment
Example
The brutality of the attack shocked the entire community.
La brutalidad del ataque conmocionó a toda la comunidad.
C1 adjective /ˈsʌmp.tʃu.əs/

sumptuous

suntuoso
Meaning
Splendid and expensive-looking; luxurious.
Example
The guests were treated to a sumptuous banquet.
Los invitados fueron tratados con un banquete suntuoso.
C1 adjective /ˌæpəˈθɛtɪk/

apathetic

apático
Meaning
showing or feeling little or no interest, enthusiasm, or concern
Example
He was apathetic about the outcome of the match.
Él estaba apático respecto al resultado del partido.
C1 noun /ˈhɒl.ə.kɔːst/

holocaust

holocausto
Meaning
A large-scale destruction, especially by fire; historically, the genocide of Jews during World War II.
Example
Millions of people perished during the Holocaust.
Millones de personas perecieron durante el Holocausto.
C1 noun /ʃəˈreɪd/

charade

farsa, juego de mímica
Meaning
an absurd pretense or act intended to deceive; also a word-guessing game
Example
The trial was nothing more than a political charade.
El juicio no fue más que una farsa política.
C1 adjective ˌprɒb.ə.bɪˈlɪs.tɪk

probabilistic

basado en probabilidad
Meaning
Based on probability; involving chance or statistical likelihood.
Example
The model follows a probabilistic approach to predictions.
El modelo sigue un enfoque probabilístico para las predicciones.
C1 adjective /əˈlʊr.ɪŋ/

Alluring

atractivo y tentador; fascinante
Meaning
attractive and tempting; fascinating
Example
The alluring fragrance of roses filled the garden.
La fragancia atractiva de las rosas llenó el jardín.
C1 noun /ˈrɛ.trəʊ.fɪt.ɪŋ/

retrofitting

la adición de nueva tecnología a sistemas antiguos
Meaning
The addition of new technology or features to older systems.
Example
The building underwent retrofitting to meet new safety standards.
El edificio fue sometido a retrofitting para cumplir con los nuevos estándares de seguridad.
C1 adjective /məˈroʊs/

morose

melancólico
Meaning
sullen, gloomy, or ill-tempered
Example
He became morose after losing his job.
Se volvió melancólico después de perder su trabajo.
C1 noun /lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪks/

linguistics

lingüística
Meaning
The scientific study of language and its structure.
Example
She decided to major in linguistics at university.
Decidió especializarse en lingüística en la universidad.
C1 adjective dɪˈskrɪmɪnətɔːri

discriminatory

discriminatorio
Meaning
Making or showing an unfair or prejudicial distinction between different categories of people or things.
Example
Discriminatory policies triggered protests.
Las políticas discriminatorias desencadenaron protestas.
C1 verb /ɪmˈbrɔɪl/

embroil

enredar
Meaning
to involve someone deeply in a conflict, argument, or difficult situation
Example
The politician was embroiled in a major corruption scandal.
El político estaba enredado en un gran escándalo de corrupción.
C1 noun ˈdɛf.ər.əns

deference

deferencia
Meaning
Humble submission and respect.
Example
He showed deference to his elderly mentor.
Él mostró deferencia hacia su mentor mayor.
C1 noun/verb /ˈhɛrəld/

herald

heraldo
Meaning
A person or thing that announces or signals the approach of something; to announce or signal.
Example
The blooming flowers herald the arrival of spring.
Las flores que florecen anuncian la llegada de la primavera.
C1 /splɪnt/

splint

férula
Meaning
A rigid device used to support and immobilize a broken or injured body part.
Example
The doctor applied a splint to stabilize the patient's broken arm.
El doctor aplicó una férula para estabilizar el brazo roto del paciente.
C1 noun /ˌɒbstəˈtrɪʃən/

obstetrician

obstetra
Meaning
A doctor specializing in pregnancy, childbirth, and women's reproductive health.
Example
The obstetrician monitored the mother’s health throughout the pregnancy.
El obstetra monitoreó la salud de la madre durante el embarazo.
C1 noun /blæk plʌm/

Black plum

ciruela negra
Meaning
a dark purple or black colored edible fruit with sweet and sour taste
Example
I picked some fresh black plums from the tree in our backyard.
Recogí algunas ciruelas negras frescas del árbol en nuestro jardín.
C1 verb /ˈluːbrɪkeɪt/

lubricate

lubricar
Meaning
to apply oil or grease to reduce friction between surfaces
Example
The mechanic lubricated the car engine parts.
El mecánico lubricó las piezas del motor del coche.
C1 noun /ˌrev.əˈluː.ʃən.ər.i ˈbreɪk.θruː/

revolutionary breakthrough

descubrimiento revolucionario
Meaning
A sudden, dramatic, and important discovery or development that changes everything.
Example
Robotic surgery is a revolutionary breakthrough in healthcare.
La cirugía robótica es un descubrimiento revolucionario en la atención sanitaria.
C1 verb məˈtæb.ə.laɪz

metabolize

procesar y utilizar alimentos para el crecimiento
Meaning
Process and use food for growth and to replace tissue, or process other substances in the body.
Example
The liver helps to metabolize toxins.
El hígado ayuda a metabolizar toxinas.
C1 noun /kənˈvʌl.ʃən/

convulsion

convulsión
Meaning
a sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of muscles; a seizure
Example
The medicine helped prevent convulsions in children.
El medicamento ayudó a prevenir las convulsiones en los niños.
C1 noun /pəˈrɛnθəsɪs/

parenthesis

paréntesis
Meaning
A pair of curved marks ( ) used to enclose words or numbers; also an interruption or digression in speech or writing.
Example
The explanation was given in a parenthesis within the text.
La explicación se dio en un paréntesis dentro del texto.
C1 noun /ˈrɛɡjəleɪtər/

regulator

regulador
Meaning
a person or device that controls or maintains the operation of a system
Example
The government appointed a new regulator for the financial sector.
El gobierno nombró un nuevo regulador para el sector financiero.
C1 verb /dɪˈfrɔːd/

defraud

defraudar
Meaning
to illegally take money or valuables from someone by deception
Example
The company was accused of trying to defraud investors.
La empresa fue acusada de intentar defraudar a los inversores.
C1 verb /weɪn/

wane

decrecer
Meaning
To decrease gradually in power, intensity, or size.
Example
The moon wanes after the full moon night.
La luna decrece después de la noche de luna llena.
C1 adjective /əˈɡrɛəriən/

agrarian

agrícola
Meaning
Related to farming, agriculture, or rural land.
Example
The country’s economy is still largely agrarian.
La economía del país sigue siendo en gran parte agrícola.
C1 noun /ˈpreɪsiː/

precis

resumen
Meaning
A concise summary of a text or speech.
Example
The student submitted a précis of the long article.
El estudiante entregó un resumen del largo artículo.
C1 noun /ˈdæɡ.ər/

Dagger

daga
Meaning
a short knife with a pointed blade used as a weapon
Example
The ancient warrior carried a silver dagger.
El guerrero antiguo llevaba una daga de plata.
C1 noun /ˈsɪk.əl/

Sickle

hoz
Meaning
a tool with a curved metal blade and short handle used for cutting grain crops
Example
The farmer harvested wheat using a traditional sickle.
El agricultor cosechó trigo usando una hoz tradicional.
C1 adjective /ˈpraɪ.məl/

primal

primitivo, esencial
Meaning
Relating to the earliest stage of development; essential or fundamental.
Example
Fear is one of the most primal emotions humans experience.
El miedo es una de las emociones más primarias que los humanos experimentan.
C1 verb /ˈplʌm.ɪt/

plummet

caer verticalmente a alta velocidad
Meaning
to fall straight down at high speed
Example
Stock prices plummeted after the sudden market crash.
Los precios de las acciones cayeron repentinamente después del colapso del mercado.
C1 noun /ɪmˌpɒsəˈbɪlɪti/

impossibility

imposibilidad
Meaning
the state or fact of being impossible; something that cannot be done or achieved
Example
Finishing the project in one day was an impossibility.
Terminar el proyecto en un día fue una imposibilidad.
C1 verb /ˌkaʊntərˈækt/

counteract

contrarrestar
Meaning
to act against something in order to reduce its effect
Example
The medicine helps counteract the side effects of the treatment.
El medicamento ayuda a contrarrestar los efectos secundarios del tratamiento.
C1 noun /ˈænəɡræm/

anagram

una palabra o frase formada reordenando las letras de otra palabra o frase.
Meaning
A word or phrase formed by rearranging the letters of another word or phrase.
Example
The word 'listen' is an anagram of 'silent'.
La palabra 'listen' es un anagrama de 'silent'.
C1 noun /ˈnɔːrmən/

Norman

normando
Meaning
A member of a people of mixed Scandinavian and Frankish origin who settled in Normandy, or relating to their culture.
Example
The Normans conquered England in 1066.
Los normandos conquistaron Inglaterra en 1066.
C1 adjective /ˈrɔːkəs/

raucous

ruidoso, estridente
Meaning
loud, harsh, and unpleasant sound or behavior
Example
The crowd became raucous after the team scored.
La multitud se volvió ruidosa después de que el equipo anotó.
C1 noun /ˈaʊtriːtʃ/

outreach

expansión de la asistencia
Meaning
The act of providing services or support to people who might not otherwise have access to them.
Example
The charity launched a new outreach program for the homeless.
La caridad lanzó un nuevo programa de expansión de la asistencia para las personas sin hogar.
C1 noun /ɪmˈbɛzlmənt/

embezzlement

malversación
Meaning
The act of dishonestly taking money or property entrusted to one's care.
Example
The accountant was arrested for embezzlement of company funds.
El contador fue arrestado por la malversación de fondos de la empresa.
C1 noun /rɪˈvɜːrʒən/

reversion

reversión
Meaning
the act of returning to a previous state or condition
Example
The new policy marked a reversion to traditional methods.
La nueva política marcó una reversión a los métodos tradicionales.
C1 verb /ləˈmɛnt/

lament

lamentar
Meaning
to express grief, sorrow, or regret about something
Example
She lamented the loss of her childhood home.
Ella lamentó la pérdida de su hogar de la infancia.
C1 noun/adjective/verb /bʌf/

buff

aficionado / pulir
Meaning
A fan or enthusiast; also to polish or shine something.
Example
He is a movie buff who watches films every weekend.
Él es un aficionado al cine que ve películas cada fin de semana.
C1 noun /sɛkt/

sect

secta
Meaning
a subgroup of a larger religious or political group, often with differing beliefs
Example
The group split into different sects due to doctrinal differences.
El grupo se dividió en diferentes sectas debido a las diferencias doctrinales.
C1 noun kəmˈpleɪ.sən.si

complacency

autocomplacencia
Meaning
Excessive self-satisfaction with one's achievements that can hinder progress.
Example
His complacency led to a decline in his performance.
Su autocomplacencia llevó a una disminución en su rendimiento.
C1 noun /ˈpæl.ət/

Palate

paladar; capacidad para distinguir sabores
Meaning
the roof of the mouth; a person's ability to distinguish between different flavors
Example
The chef created dishes to please every palate.
El chef creó platos para complacer todos los paladares.
C1 noun /ˈliːweɪ/

leeway

margen
Meaning
Freedom to act within certain limits; extra space or time.
Example
The manager gave the team some leeway to finish the project.
El gerente le dio al equipo algo de margen para terminar el proyecto.
C1 verb /ˈwaɪtˌwɑːʃ/

whitewash

blanquear
Meaning
to cover up faults, errors, or unpleasant facts; to paint with white paint or lime
Example
The report was criticized for trying to whitewash the company's failures.
El informe fue criticado por tratar de blanquear los fracasos de la empresa.
C1 verb /flɪntʃ/

flinch

retroceder
Meaning
to suddenly move back or away due to fear or pain
Example
He didn’t flinch when the doctor gave him the injection.
Él no se echó atrás cuando el doctor le dio la inyección.
C1 verb /məˈruːn/

maroon

abandonar en una isla desierta
Meaning
to leave someone trapped and isolated, especially on an island
Example
The sailors were marooned on a deserted island.
Los marineros fueron abandonados en una isla desierta.
C1 noun /ˈɒf.sprɪŋ/

offspring

descendencia
Meaning
a person's child or children; an animal's young
Example
The bird carefully fed its offspring.
El pájaro alimentó cuidadosamente a su descendencia.
C1 noun /ˈɪnˌmeɪt/

inmate

interno
Meaning
a person confined to an institution such as a prison or hospital
Example
The prison has over a thousand inmates.
La prisión tiene más de mil internos.
C1 noun /ˌprɒk.ləˈmeɪ.ʃən/

Proclamation

proclamacion
Meaning
an official public announcement, especially one made by someone in authority
Example
The king issued a proclamation declaring peace.
El rey emitio una proclamacion declarando la paz.