Conception
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C1 noun /kənˈsep.ʃən/

Conception

concepción; idea; fertilización
Meaning
the forming of an idea or plan; the fertilization of an ovum by a sperm; the action of conceiving
Example
The conception of this innovative project took several months of brainstorming.
La concepción de este proyecto innovador tomó varios meses de lluvia de ideas.
C1 adjective /klænˈdɛstaɪn/

clandestine

clandestino
Meaning
kept secret or done secretly, especially for illicit purposes
Example
They held a clandestine meeting late at night.
Tuvieron una reunión clandestina tarde en la noche.
C1 noun /kənˈfɛdərəsi/

confederacy

confederación
Meaning
a group of states, people, or organizations united for a common purpose
Example
The southern states formed a confederacy during the civil war.
Los estados del sur formaron una confederación durante la guerra civil.
C1 noun /tʃɪt/

Chit

nota, billete, recibo
Meaning
a short note, typically a brief informal letter; a voucher for a sum owed
Example
She left a chit on the table asking him to call her back.
Ella dejó un chit en la mesa pidiéndole que la llamara de vuelta.
C1 noun /ˈkaʊn.tə.nəns/

countenance

rostro, expresión; apoyo
Meaning
a person's face or expression; support or approval
Example
Her cheerful countenance brightened the room.
Su rostro alegre iluminó la habitación.
C1 noun /ˈsɪn.ɪˌsɪz.əm/

cynicism

cinismo
Meaning
An inclination to believe that people are motivated purely by self-interest; skepticism.
Example
His cynicism made it hard for him to trust anyone.
Su cinismo le dificultaba confiar en alguien.
C1 noun /səˈvɪləti/

civility

cortesía
Meaning
Polite and courteous behavior.
Example
He treated his opponent with civility despite their differences.
Trató a su oponente con cortesía a pesar de sus diferencias.
C1 noun /kræɡ/

crag

un acantilado o roca empinada
Meaning
a steep or rugged cliff or rock face
Example
The hikers climbed the jagged crag to reach the summit.
Los excursionistas subieron el acantilado escarpado para llegar a la cima.
C1 noun /ˌkɑːr.diˈɒl.ə.dʒɪst/

cardiologist

cardiólogo
Meaning
A doctor specializing in diagnosing and treating heart diseases.
Example
She made an appointment with a cardiologist for her chest pain.
Ella hizo una cita con un cardiólogo debido al dolor en su pecho.
C1 noun /ˈkʌˈs.tə.di/

Custody

custodia; detención; tutela
Meaning
the protective care or guardianship of someone or something; imprisonment or detention
Example
After the divorce, they shared custody of their children equally.
Después del divorcio, compartieron la custodia de sus hijos por igual.
C1 adjective /ˈkʌlpəbl̩/

culpable

culpable
Meaning
deserving blame or responsibility for a wrongdoing
Example
The judge found him culpable for the accident.
El juez lo consideró culpable del accidente.
C1 adjective /kənˈvɜːrdʒənt/

convergent

convergente
Meaning
tending to move toward a common point or result
Example
The two rivers have a convergent path before entering the lake.
Los dos ríos tienen un camino convergente antes de entrar al lago.
C1 noun /ˈkaʊərdɪs/

cowardice

cobardía
Meaning
lack of courage; behavior showing fear
Example
His cowardice prevented him from speaking up.
Su cobardía le impidió hablar.
C1 noun ˈklaɪmət ˌrɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən

climate regulation

regulación del clima
Meaning
The moderation of climate conditions through natural or artificial processes.
Example
Forests help in climate regulation by stabilizing local temperatures.
Los bosques ayudan a la regulación del clima estabilizando las temperaturas locales.
C1 noun /ˈkɜːrfjuː/

curfew

toque de queda
Meaning
a rule requiring people to stay indoors after a certain time, usually at night
Example
The city imposed a curfew during the unrest.
La ciudad impuso un toque de queda durante los disturbios.
C1 noun ˌkɒm.pjʊˈteɪ.ʃən

computation

cálculo
Meaning
The action of mathematical calculation.
Example
Complex computation is required for AI models.
Se requiere un cálculo complejo para los modelos de IA.
C1 noun /ˈklɛmənsi/

clemency

clemencia
Meaning
mercy, leniency, or forgiveness shown towards someone
Example
The judge showed clemency and reduced his sentence.
El juez mostró clemencia y redujo su sentencia.
C1 adjective kənˈkɝː.ənt

concurrent

concurrente, simultáneo, que ocurre al mismo tiempo
Meaning
Existing, happening, or done at the same time.
Example
The conference had concurrent sessions on various topics.
La conferencia tuvo sesiones concurrentes sobre varios temas.
C1 adjective /ˈsiːs.ləs/

Ceaseless

incesante; continuo
Meaning
continuing without pause or interruption; endless
Example
The ceaseless rain lasted for three days.
La lluvia incesante duró tres días.
C1 noun /ˈsɪvɪks/

civics

educación cívica
Meaning
the study of the rights and duties of citizens and how government works
Example
Civics helps students understand their responsibilities as citizens.
La educación cívica ayuda a los estudiantes a entender sus deberes como ciudadanos.
C1 noun /kəˈnɛəri/

canary

canario
Meaning
a small, usually yellow bird known for its singing; also used as a warning sign in dangerous conditions
Example
The canary sang beautifully in its cage.
El canario cantaba hermosamente en su jaula.
C1 verb /ˈkaʊər/

cower

agacharse por miedo
Meaning
to crouch down in fear
Example
The child cowered behind the sofa during the thunderstorm.
El niño se encogió detrás del sofá durante la tormenta.
C1 noun /kɔːr/

corps

rama del ejército, grupo
Meaning
a branch of the military or a group organized for a specific purpose
Example
He joined the army corps after graduation.
Se unió al cuerpo del ejército después de graduarse.
C1 adjective /kənˈteɪ.dʒəs/

Contagious

contagioso; infeccioso
Meaning
likely to spread to and affect others; infectious
Example
Her laughter is contagious and makes everyone smile.
Su risa es contagiosa y hace sonreír a todos.
C1 verb /ˈkælɪˌbreɪt/

calibrate

calibrar
Meaning
To adjust or mark something so it can be used accurately; to standardize.
Example
The technician calibrated the machine before starting the experiment.
El técnico calibró la máquina antes de comenzar el experimento.
C1 noun ˌkʌl.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən

culmination

culminación. El punto más alto o culminante de algo, especialmente alcanzado después de mucho tiempo.
Meaning
The highest or climactic point of something, especially as attained after a long time.
Example
The project reached its culmination after years of effort.
El proyecto alcanzó su culminación después de años de esfuerzo.
C1 verb /kənˈkɜːr/

concur

concurrir
Meaning
To agree with someone or something.
Example
I concur with your opinion on this matter.
Yo concuerdo con tu opinión sobre este asunto.
C1 adjective /ˈkjuːmjələtɪv/

cumulative

cumulativo
Meaning
Increasing gradually by addition; growing in quantity, force, or effect.
Example
The cumulative effect of stress can harm your health.
El efecto acumulativo del estrés puede dañar tu salud.
C1 noun kəˈrəʊ.ʒən

corrosion

corrosión
Meaning
The gradual destruction of materials by chemical or electrochemical reaction, especially of metals by oxidation.
Example
Corrosion in pipes leads to leakage.
La corrosión en las tuberías conduce a la fuga.
C1 noun /klaʊt/

clout

influencia
Meaning
influence or power, especially in politics or business
Example
The businessman has a lot of political clout.
El hombre de negocios tiene mucha influencia política.
C1 adjective ˈser.ɪ.brəl

cerebral

cerebral
Meaning
Of the cerebrum of the brain.
Example
Cerebral functions regulate thoughts.
Las funciones cerebrales regulan los pensamientos.
C1 noun /ˌkɒnstəˈneɪʃən/

consternation

consternación
Meaning
A feeling of anxiety, dismay, or confusion, often caused by something unexpected.
Example
The sudden announcement caused widespread consternation among the employees.
El anuncio repentino causó una consternación generalizada entre los empleados
C1 noun /ˈsɪtrɪk ˈæsɪd/

Citric Acid

ácido cítrico
Meaning
a natural acid found in citrus fruits, used as a food preservative and flavoring agent
Example
Add a pinch of citric acid to preserve the color of the fruit jam.
Añade una pizca de ácido cítrico para preservar el color de la mermelada de fruta.
C1 noun /ˈsɛntrɪˌfjuːdʒ/

centrifuge

centrífuga
Meaning
A machine that spins substances at high speed to separate different components.
Example
The lab technician used a centrifuge to separate the blood cells from the plasma.
El técnico de laboratorio usó una centrífuga para separar las células sanguíneas del plasma.
C1 adjective /ˈkrɛdɪtəbl/

creditable

digno de elogio
Meaning
Deserving praise or acknowledgment, though not necessarily outstanding.
Example
She made a creditable effort in completing the project on time.
Ella hizo un esfuerzo digno de elogio al completar el proyecto a tiempo.
C1 adjective /ˈkæni/

canny

astuto
Meaning
Having good judgment, especially in business or practical matters; shrewd.
Example
She made a canny investment in real estate.
Ella hizo una inversión astuta en bienes raíces.
C1 noun /klæn/

clan

clan
Meaning
a large family group or a close-knit community with shared interests or ancestry
Example
The entire clan gathered to celebrate the festival.
Todo el clan se reunió para celebrar el festival.
C1 noun kəˈmjunəl ˈhɑrməni

communal harmony

armonía comunal
Meaning
Peaceful coexistence and cooperation among different groups in a community.
Example
Maintaining communal harmony requires mutual respect and understanding.
Mantener la armonía comunal requiere respeto y comprensión mutuos.
C1 verb ˌkəʊ.əˈles

coalesce

fusionarse
Meaning
Come together and form one mass or whole; unite to form one organization or group.
Example
The different theories coalesced into one unified idea.
Las diferentes teorías se fusionaron en una idea unificada.
C1 adjective /ˈkɒnvɛks/

convex

convexo, redondeado hacia afuera
Meaning
curved or rounded outward
Example
The lens has a convex shape to focus light.
La lente tiene una forma convexa para enfocar la luz.
C1 noun kənˈfɔː.mə.ti

conformity

conformidad, obediencia, cumplimiento
Meaning
Compliance with standards, rules, or laws. Behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions.
Example
Strict conformity to the rules ensures order in society.
La estricta conformidad con las reglas asegura el orden en la sociedad.
C1 noun /ˈʃæpəroʊn/

chaperon

acompañante
Meaning
An older person who accompanies and supervises young people in social situations.
Example
The teacher acted as a chaperon during the school dance.
El maestro actuó como un acompañante durante el baile escolar.
C1 adjective /ˌser.ɪˈmoʊ.ni.əl/

Ceremonial

ceremonial
Meaning
relating to or used in ceremonies; formal and ritualistic
Example
The ceremonial dress was worn during the royal wedding.
El vestido ceremonial se usó durante la boda real.
C1 noun /ˌkɒnfləˈɡreɪʃən/

conflagaration

error ortográfico (de 'conflagration')
Meaning
This is a common misspelling of 'conflagration', which means a large, destructive fire.
Example
The term 'conflagaration' is often incorrectly used instead of 'conflagration'.
El término 'conflagaration' se usa a menudo incorrectamente en lugar de 'conflagration'.
C1 adjective /kəˈlæpsəbl̩/

collapsible

plegable
Meaning
able to be folded down or reduced in size
Example
She bought a collapsible chair for camping.
Ella compró una silla plegable para acampar.
C1 noun ˌkæp.ɪ.təl.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

capitalization

capitalización
Meaning
The total market value of a company's shares or the provision of capital for a company or activity.
Example
The company's capitalization reached $1 billion in market value.
La capitalización de la empresa alcanzó los $1 mil millones en valor de mercado.
C1 adjective /kənˈsɜːrtɪd/

concerted

concertado
Meaning
done with great effort, planned and performed together by multiple people
Example
The workers made a concerted effort to improve conditions.
Los trabajadores hicieron un esfuerzo concertado para mejorar las condiciones.
C1 noun ˈkeɪ.dəns

cadence

ritmo de habla con subida y bajada de tono
Meaning
The rhythm and flow of speech with rise and fall in tone.
Example
His speech had a natural cadence that captivated the audience.
Su discurso tenía una cadencia natural que cautivó a la audiencia.
C1 noun /ˈtʃænsələr/

chancellor

canciller / rector
Meaning
A senior state or legal official, or the head of a university.
Example
The chancellor delivered an inspiring speech at the graduation ceremony.
El canciller pronunció un discurso inspirador en la ceremonia de graduación.
C1 verb /kənˈtɛkstʃuəlaɪz/

contextualize

contextualizar
Meaning
to place something in a context or interpret it in relation to its surroundings
Example
The teacher contextualized the historical event to make it more relevant for students.
El maestro contextualizó el evento histórico para hacerlo más relevante para los estudiantes.
C1 verb ˌsɝː.kəmˈvent

circumvent

evitar hábilmente o encontrar una manera de eludir obstáculos o reglas
Meaning
To cleverly avoid or find a way around obstacles or rules.
Example
He tried to circumvent the security system.
Él intentó eludir el sistema de seguridad.
C1 verb /krɪndʒ/

cringe

encogerse
Meaning
To shrink back in fear, embarrassment, or discomfort.
Example
She cringed when she remembered her mistake.
Ella se encogió cuando recordó su error.
C1 noun /kəˈloʊkwiəˌlɪzəm/

colloquialism

coloquialismo
Meaning
a word or phrase used in informal speech or writing
Example
The novel is full of regional colloquialisms.
La novela está llena de coloquialismos regionales.
C1 noun koʊˈhisɪv ˈjunɪts

cohesive units

unidades cohesivas
Meaning
Groups or organizations that work together as unified wholes, with members closely bound together.
Example
Early humans formed cohesive units for survival.
Los primeros humanos formaron unidades cohesivas para sobrevivir.
C1 verb /kənˈdʒɛst/

congest

congestionar
Meaning
To block or overcrowd a space, making movement or flow difficult.
Example
Heavy traffic can congest the city streets during rush hour.
El tráfico pesado puede congestionarse las calles de la ciudad durante la hora punta.
C1 noun /kənˈtʃɛrtoʊ/

concerto

composición musical
Meaning
a musical composition for one or more solo instruments accompanied by an orchestra
Example
She played a Mozart concerto with the orchestra.
Ella tocó un concierto de Mozart con la orquesta.
C1 adjective /ˌʃoʊ.vəˈnɪs.tɪk/

chauvinistic

chauvinista
Meaning
Displaying or characterized by excessive or prejudiced loyalty or support, especially towards one's own gender or group.
Example
His chauvinistic attitude alienated many of his female colleagues.
Su actitud chauvinista alienó a muchas de sus compañeras de trabajo.
C1 adjective /ˈkoʊpiəs/

copious

copioso
Meaning
abundant in supply or quantity
Example
She took copious notes during the lecture.
Ella tomó copiosas notas durante la conferencia.
C1 noun /ˈkæv.əl.ri/

Cavalry

caballería
Meaning
soldiers who fight on horseback; the part of an army formerly composed of troops on horseback
Example
The cavalry charged across the field with great speed.
La caballería cargó a través del campo con gran velocidad.
C1 verb /kənˈsɛptʃuəlaɪz/

conceptualize

conceptualizar
Meaning
to form an idea or concept of something in your mind
Example
The artist conceptualized a new design for the exhibition.
El artista conceptualizó un nuevo diseño para la exposición.
C1 noun kəˈmɑːnd ɪˈkɒn.ə.mi

command economy

economía planificada
Meaning
An economic system where economic activities are controlled by the government.
Example
In a command economy, the government controls production and prices.
En una economía planificada, el gobierno controla la producción y los precios.
C1 verb /ˈkɒŋɡrɪɡeɪt/

congregate

congregarse, reunirse
Meaning
to gather together in a group; to assemble
Example
People congregate in the town square every evening.
la gente se reúne en la plaza del pueblo todas las noches.
C1 noun /ˈtʃaɪ.nə.weər/

China-ware

porcelana
Meaning
dishes, plates, cups, and other tableware made of porcelain or fine ceramic
Example
The expensive china-ware was displayed in the cabinet.
Los costosos platos de porcelana fueron exhibidos en el gabinete.
C1 verb /kənˈkɒkt/

concoct

crear o inventar
Meaning
to make something, especially food or a story, by mixing or inventing
Example
He concocted a story to explain his absence.
Él inventó una historia para explicar su ausencia.
C1 noun, adjective /ˈsɛntənəri/ or /sɛnˈtɛnəri/

centenary

centenario
Meaning
The hundredth anniversary of a significant event; relating to a period of 100 years.
Example
The school celebrated its centenary with a grand event.
La escuela celebró su centenario con un gran evento.
C1 verb /kɜːrˈteɪl/

curtail

reducir
Meaning
to reduce or limit something, especially something considered undesirable
Example
The company had to curtail its spending due to budget cuts.
La compañía tuvo que reducir su gasto debido a los recortes presupuestarios.
C1 noun /ˈsɪstərn/

cistern

cisterna
Meaning
A tank or container for storing water, usually for household use.
Example
The old house still had a cistern to collect rainwater.
La casa antigua todavía tenía una cisterna para recoger agua de lluvia.
C1 noun /ˈkɔːl.drən/

Cauldron

caldero
Meaning
a large metal pot with a lid and handle, used for cooking over a fire
Example
The witch stirred her potion in a large cauldron.
La bruja removió su poción en un gran caldero.
C1 noun /tʃæmp/

champ

campeón / ganador
Meaning
an informal word for champion or winner.
Example
He is the new champ of the boxing tournament.
Él es el nuevo campeón del torneo de boxeo.
C1 noun /kɑːrˈtɒɡrəfər/

cartographer

cartógrafo
Meaning
A person who makes maps.
Example
The cartographer carefully drew the map of the new territory.
El cartógrafo dibujó cuidadosamente el mapa del nuevo territorio.
C1 adjective /ˈtʃɛk.ərd/

checkered

a cuadros
Meaning
Having a pattern of alternating squares of different colors; also describing a past full of ups and downs or varied experiences.
Example
He had a checkered career with many highs and lows.
Él tuvo una carrera a cuadros con muchos altibajos.
C1 noun /ˈkroʊniˌɪzəm/

cronyism

clientelismo
Meaning
The practice of favoring friends or associates, especially in political appointments or business deals.
Example
The company was accused of cronyism in hiring practices.
La empresa fue acusada de clientelismo en las prácticas de contratación.
C1 noun /ˈkeɪ.sɪŋ/

Casing

cobertura; carcasa
Meaning
a cover or shell that protects or encloses something
Example
The mechanic removed the engine casing to examine the internal parts.
El mecánico quitó la carcasa del motor para examinar las piezas internas.
C1 noun /kənˈfaɪnmənt/

confinement

confinamiento
Meaning
the state of being confined or restricted
Example
The prisoner endured years of confinement.
El prisionero soportó años de confinamiento.
C1 noun /ˈkaʊntərˌpɔɪnt/

counterpoint

contrapunto
Meaning
an argument, idea, or theme contrasting with another; also a musical term for independent melody
Example
Her calm attitude was a counterpoint to his anger.
Su actitud tranquila fue un contrapunto a su ira.
C1 adjective, noun /ˈsɛlɪbət/

celibate

célibe; celibato
Meaning
abstaining from marriage and sexual relations; a person who does so
Example
He chose to remain celibate for religious reasons.
Eligió permanecer en celibato por motivos religiosos.
C1 noun /kəmˈprɛʃn̩/

compression

compresión
Meaning
The act of pressing or squeezing something into a smaller space.
Example
File compression helps reduce storage requirements.
La compresión de archivos ayuda a reducir los requisitos de almacenamiento.
C1 noun /ˈkæzəm/

chasm

grieta / gran diferencia
Meaning
a deep fissure in the earth's surface or a wide difference between people or ideas
Example
There was a great chasm between the two political parties.
Había una gran grieta entre los dos partidos políticos.
C1 adjective /kɔɪ/

coy

tímido, reservado
Meaning
reluctant to give details or reveal feelings; shy or reserved
Example
She gave a coy smile when asked about her plans.
Ella dio una sonrisa tímida cuando le preguntaron sobre sus planes.
C1 noun /ˈtʃæplɪn/

chaplain

capellán
Meaning
A member of the clergy attached to a private chapel, institution, hospital, or military unit.
Example
The army chaplain offered prayers before the battle.
El capellán del ejército ofreció oraciones antes de la batalla.
C1 adjective, noun /ˈkɔːrpərəl/

corporal

corporal
Meaning
relating to the body; a low-ranking officer in the military
Example
He suffered a corporal punishment for his mistake.
Él sufrió un castigo corporal por su error.
C1 noun /kliːˈʃeɪ/

cliche

cliché
Meaning
An overused expression or idea that has lost its originality or impact.
Example
The speech was filled with old clichés that failed to inspire the audience.
El discurso estaba lleno de viejos clichés que no lograron inspirar a la audiencia.
C1 noun /ˈkɒb.lər/

Cobbler

zapatero
Meaning
a person who repairs shoes and other leather goods
Example
The cobbler fixed my broken shoes perfectly.
El zapatero arregló mis zapatos rotos perfectamente.
C1 adjective /ˈʃɪvəlrəs/

chivalrous

caballeroso
Meaning
Behaving in a courteous, gallant, and honorable way, especially toward women.
Example
He was chivalrous, always opening doors for others.
Él era caballeroso, siempre abriendo puertas para los demás.
C1 noun /kənˈtɪn.ju.əns/

continuance

continuidad
Meaning
the state of continuing or being prolonged; persistence
Example
The continuance of the project depended on securing additional funding.
La continuación del proyecto dependía de asegurar fondos adicionales.
C1 verb kəˈrɒb.ə.reɪt

corroborate

corroborar
Meaning
Confirm or give support to a statement, theory, or finding.
Example
The witness corroborated the defendant's testimony.
El testigo corroboró el testimonio del acusado.
C1 adjective /ˈkɜːrsəri/

cursory

superficial
Meaning
Hasty and therefore not thorough or detailed.
Example
He gave the report only a cursory glance before the meeting.
Él echó un vistazo superficial al informe antes de la reunión.
C1 adjective sɪˈlɛstʃəl

celestial

celestial
Meaning
Positioned in or relating to the sky, or outer space as observed in astronomy.
Example
The celestial bodies in the sky were clearly visible last night.
Los cuerpos celestes en el cielo eran claramente visibles la noche pasada.
C1 noun /ˈkaʊn.tər kleɪm/

counter-claim

contrademanda
Meaning
a claim made to rebut a previous claim, often in legal contexts
Example
The defendant filed a counter-claim against the plaintiff.
El demandado presentó una contrademanda contra el demandante.
C1 noun /ˈkroʊ.bɑːr/

Crowbar

palanca
Meaning
a heavy iron bar with a curved end used as a lever for prying things apart
Example
He used a crowbar to remove the old nails.
Él usó una barra de hierro para sacar los clavos viejos.
C1 adjective /ˈkɒɡ.nɪ.zənt/

cognizant

consciente
Meaning
Having knowledge or being aware of something.
Example
He was cognizant of the risks before starting the project.
Él estaba consciente de los riesgos antes de comenzar el proyecto.
C1 noun /ˈkɒnstənsi/

constancy

constancia
Meaning
the quality of being faithful and dependable
Example
Her constancy in friendship is admirable.
Su constancia en la amistad es admirable.
C1 adjective, verb, noun /ˈkaʊntərfɪt/

counterfeit

falsificado
Meaning
made to look like something genuine in order to deceive
Example
The police seized a batch of counterfeit currency.
La policía confiscó un lote de billetes falsificados.
C1 adjective /kənˈtɛmptəbl/

contemptible

despreciable, abominable
Meaning
deserving of contempt; despicable
Example
His deceitful actions were truly contemptible.
Sus acciones engañosas fueron verdaderamente despreciables.
C1 noun /ˈkriː.dəns/

credence

creencia, aceptación
Meaning
belief in or acceptance of something as true
Example
The witness gave credence to the defendant's alibi.
El testigo dio credibilidad a la coartada del acusado.
C1 adjective /ˈkɔːʃənˌɛri/

cautionary

preventivo
Meaning
serving as a warning; intended to prevent problems or mistakes by giving advice or examples
Example
The report offers a cautionary message about unchecked spending.
El informe ofrece un mensaje preventivo sobre el gasto sin control.
C1 noun /ˌkɒnvəˈlɛsns/

convalescence

convalecencia
Meaning
the period of time spent recovering from an illness or medical treatment
Example
His convalescence lasted for almost two months after the accident.
Su convalecencia duró casi dos meses después del accidente.
C1 noun /kəmˈpʌl.ʃən/

Compulsion

compulsión; coacción;
Meaning
the action or state of forcing or being forced to do something; an irresistible urge to behave in a certain way
Example
He felt a strong compulsion to check his phone every few minutes.
Sintió una fuerte compulsión de revisar su teléfono cada pocos minutos.
C1 noun /ˈsɛtərə/

cetera

etcétera
Meaning
Latin for 'the rest' or 'others'; commonly used in the phrase 'et cetera' meaning 'and so on'.
Example
We need to buy pens, paper, notebooks, et cetera.
Necesitamos comprar bolígrafos, papel, cuadernos, etcétera.
C1 verb /kəmˈprɛs/

compress

comprimir
Meaning
to press or squeeze something so that it becomes smaller
Example
The file was compressed to save storage space.
El archivo fue comprimido para ahorrar espacio de almacenamiento.
C1 verb /ˌkaʊntərˈbæləns/

counterbalance

contrarrestar
Meaning
to offset or balance the effect of something
Example
Exercise can counterbalance the negative effects of stress.
El ejercicio puede contrarrestar los efectos negativos del estrés.
C1 noun /ˈkɒləmnɪst/

columnist

columnista
Meaning
a journalist who regularly writes articles or opinions for a newspaper or magazine
Example
The columnist wrote an article about climate change.
El columnista escribió un artículo sobre el cambio climático.
C1 adjective /kənˈkluː.sɪv/

Conclusive

conclusivo; definitivo; resolviendo completamente un asunto
Meaning
final; decisive; settling a matter completely
Example
The evidence was conclusive and left no room for doubt.
La evidencia fue concluyente y no dejó lugar para la duda.
C1 noun /ˌkɒk.əˈtuː/

Cockatoo

cóctel
Meaning
a large parrot with a prominent crest that can be raised or lowered
Example
The white cockatoo raised its beautiful crest.
El cóctel blanco levantó su hermosa cresta.
C1 noun /ˈkliː.vər/

Cleaver

cuchillo grande
Meaning
a heavy knife with a broad blade used for chopping meat or vegetables
Example
The chef used a cleaver to chop the chicken bones.
El chef usó un cuchillo grande para cortar los huesos del pollo.
C1 noun /kənˈtɪn.dʒən.si/

contingency

plan de contingencia
Meaning
A provision for an unforeseen event or circumstance, especially in financial planning.
Example
The company has a contingency plan for economic downturns.
La empresa tiene un plan de contingencia para las recesiones económicas.
C1 noun /koʊlt/

Colt

potro
Meaning
a young male horse, especially one under four years old
Example
The farmer trained the young colt to accept a saddle.
El granjero entrenó al joven potro para aceptar una silla de montar.
C1 verb /koʊˈhæbɪt/

cohabit

cohabitar
Meaning
To live together, often as partners without being married.
Example
They decided to cohabit before getting married.
Decidieron cohabitar antes de casarse.
C1 noun /kənˈspɪrə.tər/

conspirator

conspirador
Meaning
a person who secretly plans with others to do something unlawful or harmful
Example
The conspirator was arrested before the plan could be carried out.
El conspirador fue arrestado antes de que el plan pudiera llevarse a cabo.
C1 adjective /kəmˈpleɪsənt/

complacent

complaciente
Meaning
showing self-satisfaction and a lack of concern about potential dangers or problems
Example
The team grew complacent after a few victories and stopped practicing hard.
El equipo se volvió complaciente después de unas victorias y dejó de practicar duro.
C1 noun /kɔːrs flaʊər/

Course flour

harina gruesa
Meaning
coarsely ground flour with larger particles, typically used for baking bread
Example
She used course flour to make homemade bread with a rustic texture.
Ella usó harina gruesa para hacer pan casero con una textura rústica.
C1 noun kəmˈpleɪ.sən.si

complacency

autocomplacencia
Meaning
Excessive self-satisfaction with one's achievements that can hinder progress.
Example
His complacency led to a decline in his performance.
Su autocomplacencia llevó a una disminución en su rendimiento.
C1 verb koʊˈɜrs

coerce

coaccionar
Meaning
To force someone to do something against their will using threats or intimidation.
Example
The manager tried to coerce the employees into working overtime.
El gerente intentó coaccionar a los empleados para que trabajaran horas extras.
C1 noun/verb kənˈdʒɛk.tʃər

conjecture

conjetura
Meaning
An opinion or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete information; to form an opinion or supposition about something.
Example
The scientist's conjecture was later proven true.
La conjetura del científico fue luego comprobada como cierta.
C1 adjective /ˌkætəˈklɪzmɪk/

cataclysmic

catastrófico
Meaning
Relating to or denoting a violent natural event or upheaval.
Example
The war had cataclysmic effects on the nation's economy.
La guerra tuvo efectos catastróficos en la economía del país.
C1 noun /ˈkɔːkəs/

caucus

reunión política
Meaning
A meeting of members of a political party to select candidates or decide policy.
Example
The party held a caucus to nominate their candidate for president.
El partido celebró una reunión para nominar a su candidato presidencial.
C1 noun sɪˈmɛntɪd ɡreɪv

cemented grave

tumba cementada
Meaning
A grave that is constructed with cement for permanence.
Example
The cemented grave of the martyrs was seen near the river.
La tumba cementada de los mártires fue vista cerca del río.
C1 noun /ˈkæn.ɪ.bəl/

Cannibal

caníbal
Meaning
a person who eats the flesh of other human beings
Example
The explorer's journal described rumors of cannibals living on the remote island.
El diario del explorador describía rumores de caníbales viviendo en la isla remota.
C1 noun /ˈkæpɪˌlɛri/

capillary

capilar
Meaning
a very thin blood vessel that connects arteries and veins
Example
Oxygen passes from the blood into tissues through capillaries.
El oxígeno pasa de la sangre a los tejidos a través de los capilares.
C1 noun /kənˈfɔːrməns/

conformance

conformidad
Meaning
The act of conforming to a rule, standard, or law.
Example
The product was tested for conformance with safety standards.
El producto fue probado para su conformidad con los estándares de seguridad.
C1 adjective /klaɪˈmæktɪk/

climactic

climático
Meaning
Relating to the most exciting or important moment of something.
Example
The film ended with a climactic battle scene.
La película terminó con una escena de batalla climática.