clout
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C1 noun /klaʊt/

clout

influencia
Meaning
influence or power, especially in politics or business
Example
The businessman has a lot of political clout.
El hombre de negocios tiene mucha influencia política.
C1 noun /ˈtʃɪz.əl/

Chisel

cincel
Meaning
a tool with a sharp flat edge used for cutting or shaping wood, stone, or metal
Example
The carpenter used a chisel to carve the wood.
El carpintero usó un cincel para tallar la madera.
C1 verb /ˈkænvəs/

canvass

solicitar votos
Meaning
to solicit votes or opinions; to examine thoroughly; to discuss in detail
Example
They will canvass the neighborhood for votes.
Ellos harán campaña en el vecindario para obtener votos.
C1 noun/verb /kruːˈseɪd/

crusade

cruzada, campaña intensa
Meaning
a vigorous campaign for a social, political, or religious cause; to fight passionately for a cause
Example
She has been crusading for women's rights all her life.
ella ha estado cruzando por los derechos de las mujeres toda su vida.
C1 verb /ˈkəʊ.dɪ.faɪ/

codify

codificar
Meaning
to arrange laws, rules, or ideas into a clear and systematic code
Example
The committee worked to codify the existing laws.
El comité trabajó para codificar las leyes existentes.
C1 noun ˈkɔː.pəs

corpus

una gran colección de datos lingüísticos usados para el análisis e investigación del lenguaje
Meaning
A large collection of linguistic data used for language analysis and research.
Example
Linguists use a corpus to analyze language patterns.
Los lingüistas usan un corpus para analizar los patrones del lenguaje.
C1 noun /ˈkærɪkətjʊə/

caricature

caricatura
Meaning
A picture or description that exaggerates certain features for comic or satirical effect.
Example
The magazine published a caricature of the politician.
La revista publicó una caricatura del político.
C1 verb ˌsɝː.kəmˈvent

circumvent

evitar hábilmente o encontrar una manera de eludir obstáculos o reglas
Meaning
To cleverly avoid or find a way around obstacles or rules.
Example
He tried to circumvent the security system.
Él intentó eludir el sistema de seguridad.
C1 noun /ˈkɒnsəl/

consul

cónsul / embajador
Meaning
an official appointed by a government to live in a foreign city and protect its citizens and interests there
Example
The consul assisted travelers who lost their passports.
El cónsul asistió a los viajeros que perdieron sus pasaportes.
C1 adjective /ˌʃoʊ.vəˈnɪs.tɪk/

chauvinistic

chauvinista
Meaning
Displaying or characterized by excessive or prejudiced loyalty or support, especially towards one's own gender or group.
Example
His chauvinistic attitude alienated many of his female colleagues.
Su actitud chauvinista alienó a muchas de sus compañeras de trabajo.
C1 verb /ˈkɒnskrɪpt/

conscript

construir un ejército forzando a alguien a unirse
Meaning
to force someone into military service
Example
The government conscripted young men during the war.
El gobierno conscribió a los jóvenes durante la guerra.
C1 verb /kəˈleɪt/

collate

compilar
Meaning
to collect, arrange, and combine in order
Example
The secretary collated the reports before the meeting.
La secretaria recopiló los informes antes de la reunión.
C1 noun /kənˈfɔːrməns/

conformance

conformidad
Meaning
The act of conforming to a rule, standard, or law.
Example
The product was tested for conformance with safety standards.
El producto fue probado para su conformidad con los estándares de seguridad.
C1 noun /kənˈkʌrəns/

concurrence

concurrencia
Meaning
Agreement or union in action, opinion, or occurrence; simultaneous happening of events.
Example
The project was completed with the concurrence of all departments.
El proyecto se completó con la concurrencia de todos los departamentos.
C1 adjective /ˌkɒzməˈpɒlɪtən/

cosmopolitan

cosmopolita
Meaning
familiar with and at ease in many different countries and cultures
Example
He has a cosmopolitan outlook due to his extensive travels.
Él tiene una perspectiva cosmopolita debido a sus amplios viajes.
C1 noun/adjective /klɛft/

cleft

grieta
Meaning
a split or crack; a space or opening made by cleavage
Example
The goat disappeared into a cleft in the rocks.
La cabra desapareció en una grieta en las rocas.
C1 noun /kɑst/

Caste

casta; sistema de castas
Meaning
a social class system; a hereditary class of Hindu society
Example
The ancient caste system divided society into different social groups.
El antiguo sistema de castas dividió la sociedad en diferentes grupos sociales.
C1 noun /ˈkɒntrəbænd/

contraband

mercancías ilegales
Meaning
goods that are illegal to import, export, or possess
Example
The police seized a shipment of contraband cigarettes.
La policía incautó un cargamento de cigarrillos de contrabando.
C1 adjective /kəˈləʊ.kwi.əl/

colloquial

coloquial
Meaning
Used in ordinary conversation rather than formal speech or writing; informal language.
Example
His colloquial expressions made the speech relatable.
Sus expresiones coloquiales hicieron que el discurso fuera más accesible.
C1 noun /ˈkɔːkəs/

caucus

reunión política
Meaning
A meeting of members of a political party to select candidates or decide policy.
Example
The party held a caucus to nominate their candidate for president.
El partido celebró una reunión para nominar a su candidato presidencial.
C1 noun kəˈmɑːnd ɪˈkɒn.ə.mi

command economy

economía planificada
Meaning
An economic system where economic activities are controlled by the government.
Example
In a command economy, the government controls production and prices.
En una economía planificada, el gobierno controla la producción y los precios.
C1 noun kənˈsjuː.mə.rɪ.zəm

consumerism

consumismo
Meaning
The tendency to increase consumption of goods and the importance given to consuming products.
Example
Modern consumerism leads to increased demand for luxury goods.
El consumismo moderno lleva a una mayor demanda de productos de lujo.
C1 noun /krəˈnɒlədʒi/

chronology

cronología
Meaning
The arrangement of events or dates in the order of their occurrence.
Example
The chronology of the dynasty was carefully studied by historians.
La cronología de la dinastía fue cuidadosamente estudiada por los historiadores.
C1 adjective, noun /ˈkɔːrpərəl/

corporal

corporal
Meaning
relating to the body; a low-ranking officer in the military
Example
He suffered a corporal punishment for his mistake.
Él sufrió un castigo corporal por su error.
C1 adjective, noun /ˈkɑːr.dɪ.nəl/

cardinal

cardenal / principal
Meaning
As an adjective: of prime importance; as a noun: a high-ranking Catholic clergyman or a type of bird.
Example
Honesty is a cardinal virtue in life.
La honestidad es una virtud cardinal en la vida.
C1 noun kəmˈpleɪ.sən.si

complacency

autocomplacencia
Meaning
Excessive self-satisfaction with one's achievements that can hinder progress.
Example
His complacency led to a decline in his performance.
Su autocomplacencia llevó a una disminución en su rendimiento.
C1 adjective /kəmˈpleɪsənt/

complacent

complaciente
Meaning
showing self-satisfaction and a lack of concern about potential dangers or problems
Example
The team grew complacent after a few victories and stopped practicing hard.
El equipo se volvió complaciente después de unas victorias y dejó de practicar duro.
C1 adjective/verb /ˈkɒn.sə.mət/

consummate

completar o perfeccionar algo con gran habilidad
Meaning
To complete or perfect something with great skill
Example
He is a consummate artist with years of experience.
Él es un artista consumado con años de experiencia.
C1 verb, noun /klɑːɡ/

clog

obstruir / zapato de madera
Meaning
to block or become blocked; a type of heavy wooden shoe
Example
The sink was clogged with food waste.
El fregadero estaba obstruido con desperdicios de comida.
C1 noun kənˈsɔː.ti.əm

consortium

consorcio
Meaning
An association of several companies or organizations formed to undertake an enterprise beyond the resources of any one member.
Example
The consortium worked collaboratively to build the cable.
El consorcio trabajó de manera colaborativa para construir el cable.
C1 noun /ˈkæləs/

callus

parte engrosada de la piel
Meaning
A thickened and hardened part of the skin or soft tissue, especially in an area subjected to friction.
Example
A callus formed on his palm from using tools every day.
Se le formó un callo en la palma de la mano por usar herramientas todos los días.
C1 noun /kəˈmændər ɪn tʃiːf/

Commander-in-chief

comandante en jefe
Meaning
the supreme leader of a nation's armed forces
Example
The president serves as the commander-in-chief of the military.
El presidente actúa como el comandante en jefe de las fuerzas armadas.
C1 noun /ˈkɑːrkəs/

carcass

cuerpo muerto de un animal
Meaning
the dead body of an animal, especially after being slaughtered
Example
Vultures fed on the carcass left in the field.
Los buitres se alimentaron del cadáver dejado en el campo.
C1 noun ˌkɒm.pjʊˈteɪ.ʃən

computation

cálculo
Meaning
The action of mathematical calculation.
Example
Complex computation is required for AI models.
Se requiere un cálculo complejo para los modelos de IA.
C1 adjective /ˈkɔː.stɪk/

caustic

caústico, mordaz
Meaning
able to burn or corrode by chemical action; severely sarcastic
Example
Her caustic remarks hurt his feelings.
Sus comentarios caústicos hirieron sus sentimientos.
C1 noun kəˈmɛns.mənt

commencement

comienzo
Meaning
The beginning of something; a ceremony at which degrees or diplomas are conferred on graduating students.
Example
The commencement ceremony marked the start of a new journey.
La ceremonia de comienzo marcó el inicio de un nuevo viaje.
C1 adjective /ˈtʃɛkərd/

chequered

a rayas
Meaning
Having a pattern of squares, or marked by varied and contrasting experiences or periods.
Example
He had a chequered career with both great successes and failures.
Tuvo una carrera a rayas con grandes éxitos y fracasos.
C1 noun /ˈklaɪəntɛl/

clientele

clientela
Meaning
The clients or customers of a professional person or business.
Example
The salon's clientele includes many high-profile individuals.
La clientela del salón incluye a muchos individuos de alto perfil.
C1 verb /kəmˈprɛs/

compress

comprimir
Meaning
to press or squeeze something so that it becomes smaller
Example
The file was compressed to save storage space.
El archivo fue comprimido para ahorrar espacio de almacenamiento.
C1 adjective /ˈsiːs.ləs/

Ceaseless

incesante; continuo
Meaning
continuing without pause or interruption; endless
Example
The ceaseless rain lasted for three days.
La lluvia incesante duró tres días.
C1 verb /ˈkriːmeɪt/

cremate

cremar
Meaning
to burn a dead body to ashes as a funeral rite
Example
According to his wishes, they cremated his body after the funeral.
Según sus deseos, cremaron su cuerpo después del funeral.
C1 noun /kənˈstɪtʃuənsi/

constituency

circunscripción
Meaning
A geographical area whose residents elect a representative to a legislative body.
Example
She campaigned tirelessly across her constituency.
Hizo campaña incansablemente por su circunscripción.
C1 noun /ˈkɒlərə/

cholera

cólera
Meaning
An infectious disease of the small intestine causing severe vomiting and diarrhea.
Example
The village suffered an outbreak of cholera after the flood.
La aldea sufrió un brote de cólera tras la inundación.
C1 adjective /kənˈsɜːrtɪd/

concerted

concertado
Meaning
done with great effort, planned and performed together by multiple people
Example
The workers made a concerted effort to improve conditions.
Los trabajadores hicieron un esfuerzo concertado para mejorar las condiciones.
C1 adjective /kənˈtɪɡ.ju.əs/

contiguous

contiguo
Meaning
sharing a common border; touching
Example
The two continguous houses shared a wall.
Las dos casas contiguas compartieron una pared.
C1 noun ˈkəmˌpaʊndɪŋ

compounding

intereses compuestos
Meaning
The process whereby interest is added to an amount of money and future interest is calculated on the total.
Example
Compounding interest increases the value of investments over time.
Los intereses compuestos aumentan el valor de las inversiones con el tiempo.
C1 noun /kənˈtɛnʃən/

contention

contienda, desacuerdo
Meaning
heated disagreement or argument; a point asserted in debate
Example
The main contention between the two parties was over tax reform.
La principal contienda entre las dos partes fue sobre la reforma fiscal.
C1 noun /ˈtʃæs.tɪ.ti/

Chastity

castidad; virginidad; moderación;
Meaning
the practice of refraining from extramarital or premarital sexual relations; sexual purity
Example
Many religious traditions value chastity as a virtue of moral purity.
Muchas tradiciones religiosas valoran la castidad como una virtud de pureza moral.
C1 adjective /ˈkoʊvərt/

covert

secreto
Meaning
hidden, secret, or not openly acknowledged
Example
The spy conducted a covert operation behind enemy lines.
El espía llevó a cabo una operación encubierta detrás de las líneas enemigas.
C1 noun /kəˈluːʒən/

collusion

colusión
Meaning
A secret agreement or cooperation, especially for an illegal or dishonest purpose.
Example
There was evidence of collusion between the officials and the contractors.
Había evidencia de colusión entre los funcionarios y los contratistas.
C1 verb /kraʊtʃ/

crouch

agacharse
Meaning
to bend your knees and lower your body close to the ground
Example
The cat crouched before leaping at its prey.
El gato se agachó antes de saltar hacia su presa.
C1 noun /krɪˈden.ʃəl/

credential

credencial
Meaning
a qualification, achievement, or aspect of a person's background used to indicate suitability for something
Example
She presented her credentials before starting the new job.
Ella presentó sus credenciales antes de comenzar el nuevo trabajo.
C1 adverb /ˈkɔːrdiəli/

Cordially

cordialmente
Meaning
in a warm and friendly manner; sincerely
Example
You are cordially invited to our wedding ceremony.
Estás cordialmente invitado a nuestra ceremonia de boda.
C1 noun /ˌkɒnvəˈlɛsns/

convalescence

convalecencia
Meaning
the period of time spent recovering from an illness or medical treatment
Example
His convalescence lasted for almost two months after the accident.
Su convalecencia duró casi dos meses después del accidente.
C1 noun /ˈkaʊn.tər kleɪm/

counter-claim

contrademanda
Meaning
a claim made to rebut a previous claim, often in legal contexts
Example
The defendant filed a counter-claim against the plaintiff.
El demandado presentó una contrademanda contra el demandante.
C1 verb /kənˈtɛkstʃuəlaɪz/

contextualize

contextualizar
Meaning
to place something in a context or interpret it in relation to its surroundings
Example
The teacher contextualized the historical event to make it more relevant for students.
El maestro contextualizó el evento histórico para hacerlo más relevante para los estudiantes.
C1 adjective /ˈkoʊpiəs/

copious

copioso
Meaning
abundant in supply or quantity
Example
She took copious notes during the lecture.
Ella tomó copiosas notas durante la conferencia.
C1 noun /ˈkɒn.vɔɪ/

convoy

convoy
Meaning
a group of vehicles or ships traveling together, often for protection
Example
The military convoy moved through the desert at dawn.
El convoy militar atravesó el desierto al amanecer.
C1 noun /ʃæˈtoʊ/

chateau

castillo francés
Meaning
a large French country house or castle
Example
They stayed in a beautiful chateau in France.
Se alojaron en un hermoso castillo en Francia.
C1 noun ˈkɒnfluəns

confluence

confluencia
Meaning
An act or process of merging.
Example
The confluence of ideas from different cultures created a rich discussion.
La confluencia de ideas de diferentes culturas creó una discusión enriquecedora.
C1 verb /koʊks/

coax

persuadir
Meaning
to persuade someone gently or gradually to do something
Example
She managed to coax the cat out of the tree with some food.
Ella logró convencer al gato para que bajara del árbol con algo de comida.
C1 phrase ˌkæt.əˈɡɒr.ɪ.kəl.i rɪˈfjuː.tɪd

categorically refuted

totalmente refutado
Meaning
Completely and absolutely denied or disproved.
Example
The claims were categorically refuted by officials.
Las afirmaciones fueron categóricamente refutadas por los funcionarios.
C1 noun /ˈkoʊhɔːrts/

cohorts

cohortes
Meaning
Groups of people who share a common feature or experience.
Example
Researchers compared the health outcomes of different cohorts.
Los investigadores compararon los resultados de salud de diferentes cohortes.
C1 adjective /ˌkɒnsɪˈkwɛnʃəl/

consequential

trascendental
Meaning
Having important or significant consequences; resulting from something.
Example
The meeting was consequential for the future of the project.
La reunión fue trascendental para el futuro del proyecto.
C1 adjective /kəˈθɑːr.tɪk/

cathartic

catártico
Meaning
Providing psychological relief through the open expression of strong emotions.
Example
Writing about emotions can be a cathartic experience.
Escribir sobre las emociones puede ser una experiencia catártica.
C1 adjective /ˌkɒnvəˈlɛsnt/

convalescent

en recuperación, que se recupera de una enfermedad o tratamiento médico
Meaning
recovering from an illness or medical treatment
Example
The hospital has a special ward for convalescent patients.
El hospital tiene una sala especial para los pacientes en recuperación.
C1 noun /ˈklæmər/

clamor

alboroto
Meaning
a loud and confused noise, especially of people shouting insistently
Example
The clamor of the protesting crowd filled the square.
El alboroto de la multitud que protestaba llenó la plaza.
C1 noun /ˈkrɒkəri/

crockery

vajilla
Meaning
Dishes, plates, cups, and other items made of earthenware or china.
Example
The hotel provided clean crockery for the guests.
El hotel proporcionó vajilla limpia para los huéspedes.
C1 noun /kuː/

coup

golpe de estado
Meaning
a sudden, decisive action that brings about a change, especially in government
Example
The military staged a coup to overthrow the existing regime.
El ejército llevó a cabo un golpe para derrocar al régimen existente.
C1 adjective /ˈtʃɪə.ləs/

Cheerless

desolado; sombrío; triste; sin alegría
Meaning
lacking happiness or comfort; gloomy; depressing; without cheer
Example
The old house looked cheerless and abandoned in the winter rain.
La casa vieja se veía desolada y abandonada bajo la lluvia invernal.
C1 noun /kənˈsiːt/

conceit

vanidad
Meaning
excessive pride in oneself; vanity
Example
His conceit made him unpopular among his colleagues.
Su vanidad lo hizo impopular entre sus compañeros.
C1 noun /koʊˈhɪr.əns/

coherence

coherencia
Meaning
The quality of being logical and consistent; forming a unified whole.
Example
The essay lacked coherence, making it hard to follow.
El ensayo carecía de coherencia, lo que dificultaba su seguimiento.
C1 verb /ˈkæptɪveɪt/

captivate

cautivar, atraer
Meaning
to attract and hold the interest of; to charm or fascinate
Example
Her beautiful voice captivated the audience.
Su hermosa voz cautivó a la audiencia.
C1 noun /ˈkæn.ə.pi/

canopy

la capa superior de un bosque formada por las copas de los árboles; cobertura superior
Meaning
The upper layer of a forest formed by the crowns of trees; overhead cover.
Example
The rainforest canopy provides shelter to many birds and insects.
El dosel del bosque tropical proporciona refugio a muchas aves e insectos.
C1 adjective kənˈten.ʃəs

contentious

controvertido
Meaning
Causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial.
Example
The contentious issue divided global leaders.
El tema controvertido dividió a los líderes globales.
C1 adjective /kəmˈpʌlsɪv/

compulsive

compulsivo
Meaning
Resulting from or acting on an irresistible urge, especially one that is against one's conscious wishes.
Example
He is a compulsive gambler who cannot stop placing bets.
Él es un jugador compulsivo que no puede dejar de apostar.
C1 noun /kəˈnʌn.drəm/

conundrum

dilema complicado o acertijo
Meaning
A complex problem or puzzle without an easy solution
Example
The ethical conundrum puzzled the researchers.
El dilema ético desconcertó a los investigadores.
C1 adjective /kəmˈplaɪənt/

compliant

conforme
Meaning
Willing to agree with or follow rules, requests, or demands.
Example
She was compliant with all the safety requirements.
Ella estaba conforme con todos los requisitos de seguridad.
C1 noun /kənˈtʃɛrtoʊ/

concerto

composición musical
Meaning
a musical composition for one or more solo instruments accompanied by an orchestra
Example
She played a Mozart concerto with the orchestra.
Ella tocó un concierto de Mozart con la orquesta.
C1 adjective /kəˈmɛmərətɪv/

commemorative

conmemorativo
Meaning
Serving as a reminder or in honor of a person or event.
Example
They issued a commemorative coin for the independence anniversary.
Emitieron una moneda conmemorativa para el aniversario de la independencia.
C1 verb /ˈkætəˌlaɪz/

catalyze

catalizar
Meaning
To cause or accelerate a reaction or change.
Example
The new law catalyzed reforms across the sector.
La nueva ley catalizó reformas en todo el sector.
C1 adjective kənˈkɝː.ənt

concurrent

concurrente, simultáneo, que ocurre al mismo tiempo
Meaning
Existing, happening, or done at the same time.
Example
The conference had concurrent sessions on various topics.
La conferencia tuvo sesiones concurrentes sobre varios temas.
C1 noun /kənˈtɪn.dʒən.si/

contingency

plan de contingencia
Meaning
A provision for an unforeseen event or circumstance, especially in financial planning.
Example
The company has a contingency plan for economic downturns.
La empresa tiene un plan de contingencia para las recesiones económicas.
C1 noun /kəʊˈhiːʒən/

cohesion

cohesión
Meaning
The action or fact of forming a united whole.
Example
The team showed excellent cohesion throughout the project.
El equipo mostró excelente cohesión durante el proyecto.
C1 adjective /ˈkɜːrsəri/

cursory

superficial
Meaning
Hasty and therefore not thorough or detailed.
Example
He gave the report only a cursory glance before the meeting.
Él echó un vistazo superficial al informe antes de la reunión.
C1 noun /ˈkætərækt/

cataract

catarata / cascada
Meaning
A medical condition causing clouding of the eye's lens; also a large waterfall.
Example
The old man suffered from cataracts in both eyes.
El hombre mayor sufría de cataratas en ambos ojos.
C1 noun ˈkeɪ.dəns

cadence

ritmo de habla con subida y bajada de tono
Meaning
The rhythm and flow of speech with rise and fall in tone.
Example
His speech had a natural cadence that captivated the audience.
Su discurso tenía una cadencia natural que cautivó a la audiencia.
C1 verb /ˈkʌl.mɪ.neɪt/

culminate

culminar
Meaning
To reach the final or climactic stage of a process or activity.
Example
Years of hard work culminated in his success.
Años de trabajo arduo culminaron en su éxito.
C1 verb /kənˈspaɪər/

conspire

conspirar
Meaning
to secretly plan with others to do something harmful or illegal
Example
They conspired to overthrow the government.
Ellos conspiraron para derrocar al gobierno.
C1 adjective /kɜːrt/

curt

ríspido
Meaning
Rudely brief in speech or manner.
Example
His curt reply made everyone uncomfortable.
Su respuesta ríspida hizo que todos se sintieran incómodos.
C1 noun ˌkʌl.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən

culmination

culminación. El punto más alto o culminante de algo, especialmente alcanzado después de mucho tiempo.
Meaning
The highest or climactic point of something, especially as attained after a long time.
Example
The project reached its culmination after years of effort.
El proyecto alcanzó su culminación después de años de esfuerzo.
C1 noun /kəˈmoʊʃən/

commotion

alboroto
Meaning
A state of noisy confusion or disturbance.
Example
The sudden commotion in the market drew everyone's attention.
El repentino alboroto en el mercado atrajo la atención de todos.
C1 verb /koʊˈhæbɪt/

cohabit

cohabitar
Meaning
To live together, often as partners without being married.
Example
They decided to cohabit before getting married.
Decidieron cohabitar antes de casarse.
C1 noun /ˌkɒŋɡrɪˈɡeɪʃən/

congregation

congregación
Meaning
a group of people assembled for religious worship or a common purpose
Example
The congregation gathered to hear the sermon.
La congregación se reunió para escuchar el sermón.
C1 noun /krɪpt/

crypt

cripta
Meaning
an underground chamber, especially one beneath a church, used as a burial place
Example
The tourists explored the ancient crypt beneath the cathedral.
Los turistas exploraron la antigua cripta debajo de la catedral.
C1 noun /kənˈteɪdʒən/

contagion

contagio
Meaning
The communication of disease from one person to another by close contact; also the spread of harmful ideas or behaviors.
Example
Fear spread like a contagion through the crowd.
El miedo se extendió como un contagio entre la multitud.
C1 noun /ˌkɑːr.diˈɒl.ə.dʒɪst/

cardiologist

cardiólogo
Meaning
A doctor specializing in diagnosing and treating heart diseases.
Example
She made an appointment with a cardiologist for her chest pain.
Ella hizo una cita con un cardiólogo debido al dolor en su pecho.
C1 noun ˈklaɪmət ˌrɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən

climate regulation

regulación del clima
Meaning
The moderation of climate conditions through natural or artificial processes.
Example
Forests help in climate regulation by stabilizing local temperatures.
Los bosques ayudan a la regulación del clima estabilizando las temperaturas locales.
C1 verb /kəˈpɪtjʊˌleɪt/

capitulate

capitular
Meaning
to surrender or give in after resisting
Example
The army had no choice but to capitulate to the enemy.
El ejército no tuvo más opción que capitular ante el enemigo.
C1 noun/verb kənˈdʒɛk.tʃər

conjecture

conjetura
Meaning
An opinion or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete information; to form an opinion or supposition about something.
Example
The scientist's conjecture was later proven true.
La conjetura del científico fue luego comprobada como cierta.
C1 noun kəˈmjuːnɪti ˈsɜːrvɪs aɪˈdiːəlz

community service ideals

ideales de servicio comunitario
Meaning
Principles and standards of serving the community for social good.
Example
Community service ideals must be taught in schools.
Los ideales de servicio comunitario deben enseñarse en las escuelas.
C1 adjective /kɑːrˈnɪv.ər.əs/

Carnivorous

carnívoro
Meaning
feeding on other animals; meat-eating
Example
Lions are carnivorous animals that hunt other animals for food.
Los leones son animales carnívoros que cazan otros animales para alimentarse.
C1 noun /ˈkroʊniˌɪzəm/

cronyism

clientelismo
Meaning
The practice of favoring friends or associates, especially in political appointments or business deals.
Example
The company was accused of cronyism in hiring practices.
La empresa fue acusada de clientelismo en las prácticas de contratación.
C1 noun /ˈkaʊn.tə.nəns/

countenance

rostro, expresión; apoyo
Meaning
a person's face or expression; support or approval
Example
Her cheerful countenance brightened the room.
Su rostro alegre iluminó la habitación.
C1 noun /ˈkɒl.ə.bəʊn/

Collar-bone

clavícula
Meaning
either of the pair of bones joining the breastbone to the shoulder blades; clavicle
Example
He broke his collar-bone in the accident.
Se rompió la clavícula en el accidente.
C1 noun /ˈkɑr.nɪdʒ/

Carnage

carnicería
Meaning
the killing of a large number of people; widespread slaughter
Example
The battlefield was filled with carnage after the brutal war.
El campo de batalla estaba lleno de carnicería después de la guerra brutal.
C1 adjective /ˈkrɪm.zən/

Crimson

rojo intenso
Meaning
a deep purplish-red color
Example
The crimson sunset painted the sky with beautiful shades.
La puesta de sol roja intensa pintó el cielo con hermosos tonos.
C1 noun /ˈsɪstərn/

cistern

cisterna
Meaning
A tank or container for storing water, usually for household use.
Example
The old house still had a cistern to collect rainwater.
La casa antigua todavía tenía una cisterna para recoger agua de lluvia.
C1 verb /kənˈstrɪkt/

constrict

contraer
Meaning
to make narrower or tighter; to shrink or compress
Example
The snake constricted its prey before swallowing.
La serpiente contrajo a su presa antes de tragarla.
C1 adjective /kənˈtraɪvd/

contrived

artificial o forzado; no natural ni espontáneo
Meaning
artificial or forced; not natural or spontaneous
Example
The ending of the movie felt contrived and unrealistic.
El final de la película se sintió forzado e irreal.
C1 verb /kənˈdəʊn/

condone

condonar
Meaning
To accept or allow behavior that is morally wrong or offensive.
Example
The manager refused to condone harassment in the workplace.
El gerente se negó a condonar el acoso en el lugar de trabajo.
C1 noun sɜːrˈkeɪdiən ˈrɪðəm

circadian rhythm

ritmo circadiano
Meaning
The body's natural sleep-wake cycle that occurs within 24 hours
Example
Exposure to natural light regulates the circadian rhythm.
La exposición a la luz natural regula el ritmo circadiano.
C1 noun /kənˈveɪəns/

conveyance

transporte
Meaning
The action or process of transporting or carrying someone or something from one place to another.
Example
The conveyance of goods was delayed due to bad weather.
El transporte de mercancías se retrasó debido al mal tiempo.
C1 adjective ˈkrɪp.tɪk

cryptic

críptico, enigmático, ambiguo
Meaning
Having a meaning that is mysterious or obscure; difficult to understand.
Example
The message was cryptic and hard to decipher.
El mensaje era críptico y difícil de descifrar.
C1 noun /kənˈfaɪnmənt/

confinement

confinamiento
Meaning
the state of being confined or restricted
Example
The prisoner endured years of confinement.
El prisionero soportó años de confinamiento.
C1 noun /ˈsɪtəˌdɛl/

citadel

ciudadela
Meaning
A fortress protecting or dominating a city.
Example
The ancient citadel stood guard over the town for centuries.
La antigua ciudadela protegía la ciudad durante siglos.
C1 adverb kəmˈpæktli

compactly

compactamente
Meaning
In a closely packed or dense manner.
Example
Protons and neutrons are compactly arranged.
Los protones y los neutrones están organizados compactamente.
C1 noun /klæn/

clan

clan
Meaning
a large family group or a close-knit community with shared interests or ancestry
Example
The entire clan gathered to celebrate the festival.
Todo el clan se reunió para celebrar el festival.
C1 noun /ˌkɒndʒʊˈɡeɪʃən/

conjugation

conjugación
Meaning
the variation of the form of a verb to indicate tense, person, and number
Example
French verbs have complex conjugations.
Los verbos franceses tienen conjugaciones complejas.
C1 verb /kəˈmɛmɔˌreɪt/

commemorate

conmemorar
Meaning
To honor and remember someone or something through a ceremony or action.
Example
The statue was built to commemorate the fallen heroes.
La estatua fue construida para conmemorar a los héroes caídos.
C1 noun /ˈkʌˈs.tə.di/

Custody

custodia; detención; tutela
Meaning
the protective care or guardianship of someone or something; imprisonment or detention
Example
After the divorce, they shared custody of their children equally.
Después del divorcio, compartieron la custodia de sus hijos por igual.