citadel
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C1 noun /ˈsɪtəˌdɛl/

citadel

ciudadela
Meaning
A fortress protecting or dominating a city.
Example
The ancient citadel stood guard over the town for centuries.
La antigua ciudadela protegía la ciudad durante siglos.
C1 adjective /ˈkɔːrdiəl/

Cordial

cordial; sincero; afectuoso
Meaning
warmly friendly; sincere; heartfelt
Example
She gave us a cordial welcome at the front door.
Nos dio una cordial bienvenida en la puerta principal.
C1 adjective /ˌʃoʊ.vəˈnɪs.tɪk/

chauvinistic

chauvinista
Meaning
Displaying or characterized by excessive or prejudiced loyalty or support, especially towards one's own gender or group.
Example
His chauvinistic attitude alienated many of his female colleagues.
Su actitud chauvinista alienó a muchas de sus compañeras de trabajo.
C1 noun ˌkʌl.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən

culmination

culminación. El punto más alto o culminante de algo, especialmente alcanzado después de mucho tiempo.
Meaning
The highest or climactic point of something, especially as attained after a long time.
Example
The project reached its culmination after years of effort.
El proyecto alcanzó su culminación después de años de esfuerzo.
C1 verb /kənˈfleɪt/

conflate

fusionar / combinar
Meaning
To combine two or more things, often confusingly, into one.
Example
The article tends to conflate facts with opinions.
El artículo tiende a fusionar los hechos con las opiniones.
C1 verb /kɑːrp/

carp

quejarse
Meaning
to complain or find fault continually, often about trivial matters
Example
She tends to carp about the smallest inconveniences.
Ella tiende a quejarse por los inconvenientes más pequeños.
C1 noun ˌkæl.ɪˈbreɪ.ʃən

calibration

calibración
Meaning
The action or process of adjusting or determining the accuracy of measuring instruments.
Example
The accuracy of a scale depends on regular calibration.
La precisión de una balanza depende de una calibración regular.
C1 noun /ˈkælɪbər/

caliber

calibre
Meaning
The quality of someone's ability or character; the internal diameter of a gun barrel.
Example
The university attracts students of high caliber.
La universidad atrae a estudiantes de alto calibre.
C1 noun kəˈmjunəl ˈhɑrməni

communal harmony

armonía comunal
Meaning
Peaceful coexistence and cooperation among different groups in a community.
Example
Maintaining communal harmony requires mutual respect and understanding.
Mantener la armonía comunal requiere respeto y comprensión mutuos.
C1 noun /ʃəˈreɪd/

charade

farsa, juego de mímica
Meaning
an absurd pretense or act intended to deceive; also a word-guessing game
Example
The trial was nothing more than a political charade.
El juicio no fue más que una farsa política.
C1 verb /ˈkaʊər/

cower

agacharse por miedo
Meaning
to crouch down in fear
Example
The child cowered behind the sofa during the thunderstorm.
El niño se encogió detrás del sofá durante la tormenta.
C1 adjective /kənˈsɛntrɪk/

concentric

concentrico
Meaning
having a common center, as in circles or spheres
Example
The artist drew concentric circles on the canvas.
El artista dibujó círculos concéntricos en el lienzo.
C1 noun /kəˈpɪl.ər.iz/

capillaries

capilares
Meaning
Any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules.
Example
Broken capillaries cause dark circles.
Las capilares rotas causan círculos oscuros.
C1 noun /ˌkɒnstəˈneɪʃən/

consternation

consternación
Meaning
A feeling of anxiety, dismay, or confusion, often caused by something unexpected.
Example
The sudden announcement caused widespread consternation among the employees.
El anuncio repentino causó una consternación generalizada entre los empleados
C1 noun ˌkɒn.əˈteɪ.ʃən

connotation

significado implícito o sugerido
Meaning
The implied or suggested meaning of a word beyond its literal definition
Example
The word 'home' has a warm connotation of comfort and family.
La palabra 'hogar' tiene una connotación cálida de comodidad y familia
C1 adjective /ˌkætəˈklɪzmɪk/

cataclysmic

catastrófico
Meaning
Relating to or denoting a violent natural event or upheaval.
Example
The war had cataclysmic effects on the nation's economy.
La guerra tuvo efectos catastróficos en la economía del país.
C1 noun /sɛˈseɪʃən/

cessation

cesación
Meaning
The fact or process of ending or being brought to an end.
Example
There was a temporary cessation of hostilities.
Hubo una cesación temporal de las hostilidades.
C1 verb /ˈkæp.saɪz/

capsize

volcarse
Meaning
to overturn in the water
Example
The small fishing boat capsized during the storm.
El pequeño bote de pesca se volcó durante la tormenta.
C1 verb /ˈkætəˌlaɪz/

catalyze

catalizar
Meaning
To cause or accelerate a reaction or change.
Example
The new law catalyzed reforms across the sector.
La nueva ley catalizó reformas en todo el sector.
C1 adjective /kɑːrˈnɪv.ər.əs/

Carnivorous

carnívoro
Meaning
feeding on other animals; meat-eating
Example
Lions are carnivorous animals that hunt other animals for food.
Los leones son animales carnívoros que cazan otros animales para alimentarse.
C1 noun /kriːd/

creed

creencia, principio
Meaning
A system of religious or spiritual beliefs or a guiding principle.
Example
Freedom of speech is part of his personal creed.
La libertad de expresión es parte de su credo personal.
C1 verb /ˈkɒnfɪskeɪt/

confiscate

confiscar
Meaning
to take something away officially, often as a punishment
Example
The teacher confiscated the student's phone during class.
La profesora confiscó el teléfono del estudiante durante la clase.
C1 noun /kəˈnɛəri/

canary

canario
Meaning
a small, usually yellow bird known for its singing; also used as a warning sign in dangerous conditions
Example
The canary sang beautifully in its cage.
El canario cantaba hermosamente en su jaula.
C1 noun /krʌks/

crux

el núcleo
Meaning
the most important or decisive point of an issue
Example
The crux of the problem lies in poor communication.
El núcleo del problema radica en la mala comunicación.
C1 verb /kənˈsaɪn/

consign

consignar
Meaning
to deliver something to a person or place, often for selling or safekeeping
Example
He consigned the package to the shipping company.
Él consignó el paquete a la compañía de envíos.
C1 noun /kæʃ/

cache

caché
Meaning
A hidden storage of items or a high-speed memory in computing.
Example
The hikers found a cache of supplies hidden under the rocks.
Los excursionistas encontraron un almacén de suministros ocultos bajo las rocas.
C1 verb /ˈkænvəs/

canvass

solicitar votos
Meaning
to solicit votes or opinions; to examine thoroughly; to discuss in detail
Example
They will canvass the neighborhood for votes.
Ellos harán campaña en el vecindario para obtener votos.
C1 adjective /kənˈtraɪvd/

contrived

artificial o forzado; no natural ni espontáneo
Meaning
artificial or forced; not natural or spontaneous
Example
The ending of the movie felt contrived and unrealistic.
El final de la película se sintió forzado e irreal.
C1 noun /koʊˈhɪr.əns/

coherence

coherencia
Meaning
The quality of being logical and consistent; forming a unified whole.
Example
The essay lacked coherence, making it hard to follow.
El ensayo carecía de coherencia, lo que dificultaba su seguimiento.
C1 adjective /ˈkɒnvɛks/

convex

convexo, redondeado hacia afuera
Meaning
curved or rounded outward
Example
The lens has a convex shape to focus light.
La lente tiene una forma convexa para enfocar la luz.
C1 adjective /ˈkɔːʃənˌɛri/

cautionary

preventivo
Meaning
serving as a warning; intended to prevent problems or mistakes by giving advice or examples
Example
The report offers a cautionary message about unchecked spending.
El informe ofrece un mensaje preventivo sobre el gasto sin control.
C1 verb /kənˈtraɪv/

contrive

idear
Meaning
to plan or devise cleverly or skillfully
Example
She contrived a clever plan to surprise her friends.
Ella ideó un plan ingenioso para sorprender a sus amigos.
C1 noun /ˌkɔːriˈɒɡrəfi/

choreography

coreografía
Meaning
The art of designing and arranging dances and movements.
Example
The choreography of the ballet was breathtaking.
La coreografía del ballet fue impresionante.
C1 noun /klæn/

clan

clan
Meaning
a large family group or a close-knit community with shared interests or ancestry
Example
The entire clan gathered to celebrate the festival.
Todo el clan se reunió para celebrar el festival.
C1 noun /ˌkɒnfləˈɡreɪʃən/

conflagaration

error ortográfico (de 'conflagration')
Meaning
This is a common misspelling of 'conflagration', which means a large, destructive fire.
Example
The term 'conflagaration' is often incorrectly used instead of 'conflagration'.
El término 'conflagaration' se usa a menudo incorrectamente en lugar de 'conflagration'.
C1 adjective /ˈkɑːr.di.æk/

cardiac

cardíaco
Meaning
Relating to the heart.
Example
The patient was admitted with a cardiac condition.
El paciente fue admitido con una afección cardíaca.
C1 noun /kəˈnʌn.drəm/

conundrum

dilema complicado o acertijo
Meaning
A complex problem or puzzle without an easy solution
Example
The ethical conundrum puzzled the researchers.
El dilema ético desconcertó a los investigadores.
C1 noun /ˈkæn.ə.pi/

canopy

la capa superior de un bosque formada por las copas de los árboles; cobertura superior
Meaning
The upper layer of a forest formed by the crowns of trees; overhead cover.
Example
The rainforest canopy provides shelter to many birds and insects.
El dosel del bosque tropical proporciona refugio a muchas aves e insectos.
C1 noun /ˈkɑːrdəməm/

Cardamom

cardamomo
Meaning
aromatic seeds from a plant in the ginger family, used as a spice
Example
The recipe calls for a pinch of ground cardamom.
La receta requiere un poco de cardamomo molido.
C1 adjective /ˈkɒn.ɪ.fər.əs/

coniferous

relacionado con los árboles que producen conos
Meaning
Relating to cone-bearing trees that usually have needle-like leaves and remain green year-round.
Example
Pine trees are coniferous and grow in colder climates.
Los pinos son coníferos y crecen en climas más fríos.
C1 noun kəˈlɛktɪvɪzəm

collectivism

colectivismo
Meaning
The practice or principle of giving a group priority over each individual in it.
Example
Collectivism emphasizes the importance of group over individual interests.
El colectivismo enfatiza la importancia del grupo sobre los intereses individuales.
C1 noun /ˌkɔr.diˈæl.ɪ.ti/

Cordiality

cordialidad; amabilidad
Meaning
sincere affection and kindness; warm and friendly behavior
Example
The host's cordiality made all the guests feel welcome and comfortable.
La cordialidad del anfitrión hizo que todos los invitados se sintieran bienvenidos y cómodos.
C1 noun /ˈʃoʊ.və.nɪst/

chauvinist

persona excesivamente parcial
Meaning
A person displaying excessive or prejudiced loyalty to a group, cause, or gender.
Example
He was labeled a chauvinist after his remarks about women in the workplace.
Fue etiquetado como chauvinista después de sus comentarios sobre las mujeres en el lugar de trabajo.
C1 adjective /ˌkɒmprɪˈhɛnsəbl/

comprehensible

comprensible
Meaning
able to be understood; intelligible
Example
The teacher explained the topic in a comprehensible way.
El maestro explicó el tema de una manera comprensible.
C1 verb /ˌkɒntrəˈviːn/

contravene

contravenir
Meaning
to go against or act in opposition to a law, rule, or agreement
Example
He contravened the safety regulations and was fined.
Él contravino las normas de seguridad y fue multado.
C1 verb ˌkəʊ.əˈles

coalesce

fusionarse
Meaning
Come together and form one mass or whole; unite to form one organization or group.
Example
The different theories coalesced into one unified idea.
Las diferentes teorías se fusionaron en una idea unificada.
C1 adjective /ˈkoʊvərt/

covert

secreto
Meaning
hidden, secret, or not openly acknowledged
Example
The spy conducted a covert operation behind enemy lines.
El espía llevó a cabo una operación encubierta detrás de las líneas enemigas.
C1 noun kənˌsɒl.ɪˈdeɪ.ʃən

Consolidation

consolidación de la memoria
Meaning
The process of converting newly learned information into long-term memory
Example
Sleep plays a key role in memory consolidation.
El sueño juega un papel clave en la consolidación de la memoria.
C1 noun /ˈkʌˈs.tə.di/

Custody

custodia; detención; tutela
Meaning
the protective care or guardianship of someone or something; imprisonment or detention
Example
After the divorce, they shared custody of their children equally.
Después del divorcio, compartieron la custodia de sus hijos por igual.
C1 noun /tʃæmp/

champ

campeón / ganador
Meaning
an informal word for champion or winner.
Example
He is the new champ of the boxing tournament.
Él es el nuevo campeón del torneo de boxeo.
C1 noun /kənˈspɪrə.tər/

conspirator

conspirador
Meaning
a person who secretly plans with others to do something unlawful or harmful
Example
The conspirator was arrested before the plan could be carried out.
El conspirador fue arrestado antes de que el plan pudiera llevarse a cabo.
C1 noun /ˈkɒn.vɔɪ/

convoy

convoy
Meaning
a group of vehicles or ships traveling together, often for protection
Example
The military convoy moved through the desert at dawn.
El convoy militar atravesó el desierto al amanecer.
C1 noun /ˈklɛmənsi/

clemency

clemencia
Meaning
mercy, leniency, or forgiveness shown towards someone
Example
The judge showed clemency and reduced his sentence.
El juez mostró clemencia y redujo su sentencia.
C1 noun /krəˈʃɛndoʊ/

crescendo

aumento gradual del volumen
Meaning
a gradual increase in loudness or intensity, especially in music
Example
The orchestra built to a powerful crescendo before the finale.
La orquesta construyó un poderoso crescendo antes del final.
C1 noun /ˌkɒrəˈneɪʃən/

coronation

coronación
Meaning
the act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign or monarch
Example
The coronation of the new king was attended by thousands of people.
La coronación del nuevo rey fue presenciada por miles de personas.
C1 noun /ˈkændɪdnəs/

candidness

franqueza
Meaning
The quality of being open, honest, and straightforward
Example
Her candidness during the meeting impressed everyone.
Su franqueza durante la reunión impresionó a todos.
C1 adjective /ˈkʌlpəbl̩/

culpable

culpable
Meaning
deserving blame or responsibility for a wrongdoing
Example
The judge found him culpable for the accident.
El juez lo consideró culpable del accidente.
C1 noun /saɪˈteɪʃən/

citation

citación
Meaning
a quotation from or reference to a book, paper, or author
Example
The research paper included a citation from Shakespeare.
El artículo de investigación incluyó una cita de Shakespeare.
C1 noun /klaʊt/

clout

influencia
Meaning
influence or power, especially in politics or business
Example
The businessman has a lot of political clout.
El hombre de negocios tiene mucha influencia política.
C1 adjective /ˌkævəˈlɪər/

cavalier

despreocupado
Meaning
showing a lack of proper concern; dismissive or offhand
Example
He had a cavalier attitude toward safety regulations.
Tenía una actitud despreocupada hacia las normas de seguridad.
C1 adjective, noun /ˈkɑːr.dɪ.nəl/

cardinal

cardenal / principal
Meaning
As an adjective: of prime importance; as a noun: a high-ranking Catholic clergyman or a type of bird.
Example
Honesty is a cardinal virtue in life.
La honestidad es una virtud cardinal en la vida.
C1 noun /ˈkrɛvɪs/

crevice

grieta
Meaning
a narrow crack or opening, especially in a rock or wall
Example
The lizard hid in a crevice between the stones.
El lagarto se escondió en una grieta entre las piedras.
C1 noun kənˈɡlɒm.ər.ət

conglomerate

conglomerado
Meaning
A large corporation formed by the merging of separate and diverse firms.
Example
The company grew into a multinational conglomerate.
La compañía se convirtió en un conglomerado multinacional.
C1 adjective /klaɪˈmæktɪk/

climactic

climático
Meaning
Relating to the most exciting or important moment of something.
Example
The film ended with a climactic battle scene.
La película terminó con una escena de batalla climática.
C1 noun/verb /kruːˈseɪd/

crusade

cruzada, campaña intensa
Meaning
a vigorous campaign for a social, political, or religious cause; to fight passionately for a cause
Example
She has been crusading for women's rights all her life.
ella ha estado cruzando por los derechos de las mujeres toda su vida.
C1 verb, noun /klɑːɡ/

clog

obstruir / zapato de madera
Meaning
to block or become blocked; a type of heavy wooden shoe
Example
The sink was clogged with food waste.
El fregadero estaba obstruido con desperdicios de comida.
C1 noun /kənˈstɪtʃuənsi/

constituency

circunscripción
Meaning
A geographical area whose residents elect a representative to a legislative body.
Example
She campaigned tirelessly across her constituency.
Hizo campaña incansablemente por su circunscripción.
C1 adjective /kɜːrt/

curt

ríspido
Meaning
Rudely brief in speech or manner.
Example
His curt reply made everyone uncomfortable.
Su respuesta ríspida hizo que todos se sintieran incómodos.
C1 noun /ˈkɜːr.i liːvz/

Curry Leaves

hojas de curry
Meaning
aromatic leaves from the curry tree used in South Asian cooking
Example
Fresh curry leaves add authentic flavor to Indian dishes.
Las hojas de curry frescas añaden un sabor auténtico a los platos indios.
C1 adverb /ˌkɒnfɪˈdenʃəli/

Confidentially

de manera confidencial
Meaning
in a confidential manner; secretly; privately
Example
The information was shared confidentially between the two managers.
La información fue compartida confidencialmente entre los dos gerentes.
C1 noun kənˈsjuː.mə.rɪ.zəm

consumerism

consumismo
Meaning
The tendency to increase consumption of goods and the importance given to consuming products.
Example
Modern consumerism leads to increased demand for luxury goods.
El consumismo moderno lleva a una mayor demanda de productos de lujo.
C1 adjective /ˈkæni/

canny

astuto
Meaning
Having good judgment, especially in business or practical matters; shrewd.
Example
She made a canny investment in real estate.
Ella hizo una inversión astuta en bienes raíces.
C1 noun /tʃɪt/

Chit

nota, billete, recibo
Meaning
a short note, typically a brief informal letter; a voucher for a sum owed
Example
She left a chit on the table asking him to call her back.
Ella dejó un chit en la mesa pidiéndole que la llamara de vuelta.
C1 adjective /klænˈdɛstaɪn/

clandestine

clandestino
Meaning
kept secret or done secretly, especially for illicit purposes
Example
They held a clandestine meeting late at night.
Tuvieron una reunión clandestina tarde en la noche.
C1 noun, verb /ˈkɒmjuːn/

commune

comuna / comunicarse íntimamente
Meaning
Noun: a group of people living together and sharing possessions; Verb: to share one's thoughts or feelings intimately.
Example
She went to the countryside to commune with nature.
Ella fue al campo para comunicarse con la naturaleza.
C1 noun /kənˈkʌrəns/

concurrence

concurrencia
Meaning
Agreement or union in action, opinion, or occurrence; simultaneous happening of events.
Example
The project was completed with the concurrence of all departments.
El proyecto se completó con la concurrencia de todos los departamentos.
C1 verb /ˈklæmbər/

clamber

escalar con dificultad
Meaning
to climb with effort or difficulty, often using both hands and feet
Example
The children clambered over the rocks to reach the cave.
Los niños escalaron las rocas para llegar a la cueva.
C1 verb /kənˈfaʊnd/

confound

desconcertar
Meaning
to confuse or surprise someone, often by acting against their expectations
Example
The magician's trick seemed to confound the entire audience.
El truco del mago parecía desconcertar a toda la audiencia.
C1 verb /krɪndʒ/

cringe

encogerse
Meaning
To shrink back in fear, embarrassment, or discomfort.
Example
She cringed when she remembered her mistake.
Ella se encogió cuando recordó su error.
C1 noun /ˈsɪvɪks/

civics

educación cívica
Meaning
the study of the rights and duties of citizens and how government works
Example
Civics helps students understand their responsibilities as citizens.
La educación cívica ayuda a los estudiantes a entender sus deberes como ciudadanos.
C1 noun /ˈkoʊhɔːrt/

cohort

cohorte
Meaning
A group of people with a shared characteristic, usually of the same age or with a common experience.
Example
The study tracked a cohort of students over ten years.
El estudio siguió a una cohorte de estudiantes durante diez años.
C1 noun /kəˈlæm.ɪ.ti/

Calamity

calamidad; desastre
Meaning
an event causing great and often sudden damage or distress; a disaster
Example
The earthquake was a terrible calamity that affected thousands of families.
El terremoto fue una terrible calamidad que afectó a miles de familias.
C1 adjective kəˈlɒs.əl

Colossal

colosal
Meaning
Extremely large, gigantic, enormous in size or extent.
Example
The colossal pyramids of Egypt are a marvel of architecture.
Las colosales pirámides de Egipto son una maravilla de la arquitectura.
C1 verb /kəmˈpjuːt/

compute

calcular
Meaning
To calculate or determine by using a computer or mathematical methods.
Example
The software can compute the total cost in seconds.
El software puede calcular el costo total en segundos.
C1 adjective /kræs/

crass

tosco, sin sensibilidad o refinamiento
Meaning
lacking sensitivity, refinement, or intelligence
Example
His crass remarks offended everyone at the meeting.
Sus comentarios groseros ofendieron a todos en la reunión.
C1 noun /ˌkɒn.təmˈpleɪ.ʃən/

contemplation

profunda reflexión
Meaning
The action of looking thoughtfully at something for a long time; deep reflective thought.
Example
She sat in contemplation before making her decision.
Ella se sentó en profunda reflexión antes de tomar su decisión.
C1 noun /ˈkælkjʊləs/

calculus

cálculo
Meaning
A branch of mathematics concerned with rates of change and accumulation; also a hard mineral deposit in the body such as on teeth.
Example
Calculus is essential for advanced studies in physics and engineering.
El cálculo es esencial para los estudios avanzados en física e ingeniería.
C1 verb /ˈkʌn.dʒər/

conjure

conjurar
Meaning
to summon something as if by magic; to imagine vividly
Example
The magician conjured a rabbit out of the hat.
El mago conjuró un conejo de su sombrero.
C1 adjective ˈklaɪ.mət rɪˈzɪl.i.ənt

climate-resilient

resistente al clima
Meaning
Able to cope with the adverse effects of climate change; sustainable and adaptable.
Example
Climate-resilient crops can survive extreme weather conditions.
Los cultivos resistentes al clima pueden sobrevivir a condiciones meteorológicas extremas.
C1 noun /ˈkroʊ.bɑːr/

Crowbar

palanca
Meaning
a heavy iron bar with a curved end used as a lever for prying things apart
Example
He used a crowbar to remove the old nails.
Él usó una barra de hierro para sacar los clavos viejos.
C1 verb /ˈkɒr.ə.leɪt/

correlate

establecer una relación
Meaning
To have a mutual relationship or connection; to establish a relationship between two or more things.
Example
Researchers found that diet and mental health correlate strongly.
Los investigadores descubrieron que la dieta y la salud mental se correlacionan fuertemente.
C1 adjective /ˈkræfti/

crafty

astuto, ingenioso, tramposo
Meaning
skilled at achieving goals through cunning or deceit; sly
Example
The crafty fox evaded the hunters again.
El astuto zorro evadió a los cazadores nuevamente.
C1 adjective /koʊˈɪnsɪdənt/

coincident

coincidente
Meaning
Occurring at the same time; occupying the same position in space or time.
Example
The festival was coincident with the national holiday.
El festival fue coincidente con el día festivo nacional.
C1 adjective ˈkrɪp.tɪk

cryptic

críptico, enigmático, ambiguo
Meaning
Having a meaning that is mysterious or obscure; difficult to understand.
Example
The message was cryptic and hard to decipher.
El mensaje era críptico y difícil de descifrar.
C1 noun ˈkɔː.pəs

corpus

una gran colección de datos lingüísticos usados para el análisis e investigación del lenguaje
Meaning
A large collection of linguistic data used for language analysis and research.
Example
Linguists use a corpus to analyze language patterns.
Los lingüistas usan un corpus para analizar los patrones del lenguaje.
C1 noun /kɑst/

Caste

casta; sistema de castas
Meaning
a social class system; a hereditary class of Hindu society
Example
The ancient caste system divided society into different social groups.
El antiguo sistema de castas dividió la sociedad en diferentes grupos sociales.
C1 noun /ˌkɒnvəˈlɛsns/

convalescence

convalecencia
Meaning
the period of time spent recovering from an illness or medical treatment
Example
His convalescence lasted for almost two months after the accident.
Su convalecencia duró casi dos meses después del accidente.
C1 noun /kəmˈprɛʃn̩/

compression

compresión
Meaning
The act of pressing or squeezing something into a smaller space.
Example
File compression helps reduce storage requirements.
La compresión de archivos ayuda a reducir los requisitos de almacenamiento.
C1 verb /kəˈmɛmɔˌreɪt/

commemorate

conmemorar
Meaning
To honor and remember someone or something through a ceremony or action.
Example
The statue was built to commemorate the fallen heroes.
La estatua fue construida para conmemorar a los héroes caídos.
C1 adjective /kənˈsɪliətɔːri/

conciliatory

conciliatorio
Meaning
intended to make someone less angry or more agreeable; soothing
Example
She spoke in a conciliatory tone to ease the tension.
Ella habló en un tono conciliatorio para calmar la tensión.
C1 adjective /kənˈtɪn.ju.əl/

Continual

continuo; ininterrumpido;
Meaning
happening repeatedly over a long period of time; constant and uninterrupted
Example
The continual noise from the construction site was very annoying.
El ruido continuo del sitio de construcción era muy molesto.
C1 noun /ˌkɒnfləˈɡreɪʃən/

conflagration

gran incendio destructor
Meaning
A large, destructive fire that destroys a great deal of land or property.
Example
The forest was devastated by a massive conflagration that lasted for days.
El bosque fue devastado por un enorme incendio que duró varios días.
C1 noun /kənˈteɪdʒən/

contagion

contagio
Meaning
The communication of disease from one person to another by close contact; also the spread of harmful ideas or behaviors.
Example
Fear spread like a contagion through the crowd.
El miedo se extendió como un contagio entre la multitud.
C1 noun /kɒzˈmɒlədʒi/

cosmology

cosmología
Meaning
the science of the origin and development of the universe
Example
She studied cosmology to understand the origins of the universe.
Estudió cosmología para entender los orígenes del universo.
C1 adjective/noun /ˈkɜːrsɪv/

cursive

letra cursiva
Meaning
Written with characters joined together in a flowing manner.
Example
The teacher asked students to write the essay in cursive handwriting.
El maestro pidió a los estudiantes que escribieran el ensayo con letra cursiva.
C1 noun /ˈtʃæplɪn/

chaplain

capellán
Meaning
A member of the clergy attached to a private chapel, institution, hospital, or military unit.
Example
The army chaplain offered prayers before the battle.
El capellán del ejército ofreció oraciones antes de la batalla.
C1 verb /ˈkrʌmpəl/

crumple

arrugar
Meaning
to crush something into folds or wrinkles
Example
He crumpled the paper and threw it in the bin.
Él arrugó el papel y lo tiró a la papelera.
C1 verb /siːd/

cede

ceder
Meaning
to give up power, territory, or rights to another
Example
The country ceded territory after losing the war.
El país cedió territorio después de perder la guerra.
C1 adjective ˈser.ɪ.brəl

cerebral

cerebral
Meaning
Of the cerebrum of the brain.
Example
Cerebral functions regulate thoughts.
Las funciones cerebrales regulan los pensamientos.
C1 noun /ˈtʃæs.tɪ.ti/

Chastity

castidad; virginidad; moderación;
Meaning
the practice of refraining from extramarital or premarital sexual relations; sexual purity
Example
Many religious traditions value chastity as a virtue of moral purity.
Muchas tradiciones religiosas valoran la castidad como una virtud de pureza moral.
C1 noun /krɛst/

crest

cima
Meaning
the top of a hill, wave, or mountain; a symbol of identity
Example
The hikers reached the crest of the mountain at sunrise.
Los excursionistas llegaron a la cima de la montaña al amanecer.
C1 noun /krɪˈden.ʃəl/

credential

credencial
Meaning
a qualification, achievement, or aspect of a person's background used to indicate suitability for something
Example
She presented her credentials before starting the new job.
Ella presentó sus credenciales antes de comenzar el nuevo trabajo.
C1 noun /kjʊˈreɪtər/

curator

curador
Meaning
a person who is responsible for the care and management of a museum, gallery, or collection
Example
The curator organized a new exhibition of ancient artifacts.
El curador organizó una nueva exposición de artefactos antiguos.
C1 noun kənˈvɜː.dʒəns

convergence

convergencia
Meaning
The process of coming together from different directions to meet at a common point; unification or integration.
Example
The convergence of technologies is revolutionizing industries.
La convergencia de tecnologías está revolucionando las industrias.
C1 noun /kənˈtɛnʃən/

contention

contienda, desacuerdo
Meaning
heated disagreement or argument; a point asserted in debate
Example
The main contention between the two parties was over tax reform.
La principal contienda entre las dos partes fue sobre la reforma fiscal.
C1 noun /krʌˈsteɪʃən/

crustacean

animal acuático con caparazón duro
Meaning
an aquatic animal with a hard shell, such as crabs, lobsters, and shrimps
Example
Crabs and lobsters are well-known crustaceans.
Los cangrejos y langostas son conocidos crustáceos.
C1 adjective,noun /kənˈtɪn.dʒənt/

contingent

dependiente / contingente
Meaning
dependent on something else; a group of people representing an organization
Example
Attendance is contingent on prior registration. / A contingent of students attended the conference.
La asistencia depende de la inscripción previa. / Un contingente de estudiantes asistió a la conferencia.
C1 verb /ˌkɒndɪˈsɛnd/

condescend

mirar desde arriba con amabilidad
Meaning
to behave as if one is superior while being gracious to others
Example
He would not condescend to answer such a trivial question.
Él no se dignaría a responder una pregunta tan trivial.
C1 noun ˈkɒnfluəns

confluence

confluencia
Meaning
An act or process of merging.
Example
The confluence of ideas from different cultures created a rich discussion.
La confluencia de ideas de diferentes culturas creó una discusión enriquecedora.
C1 verb /kənˈdʒɛst/

congest

congestionar
Meaning
To block or overcrowd a space, making movement or flow difficult.
Example
Heavy traffic can congest the city streets during rush hour.
El tráfico pesado puede congestionarse las calles de la ciudad durante la hora punta.
C1 noun /kəˈmoʊʃən/

commotion

alboroto
Meaning
A state of noisy confusion or disturbance.
Example
The sudden commotion in the market drew everyone's attention.
El repentino alboroto en el mercado atrajo la atención de todos.